Donald Leroy STAVINOHA, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
No. 567-89
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.
Feb. 13, 1991.
808 S.W.2d 76
That he was able to keep these sexual aberrations secret from his family and friends over an extended period of time evinces a personal recognition of his abnormalcy. Virtually all persons with whom he was acquainted, including his teachers, the customers at his natural father‘s service station, where he worked, his wife and ex-wife, and his siblings, regarded him as stable, sensible, hardworking, polite, and generous. But at times his sexual fantasies became too great to resist, especially when he was under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. At such times, he suffered from a true psychosis in which episodes of violent criminal behavior were typically followed by feelings of intense remorse.
If true, all of these circumstances are widely regarded, according to some contemporary social standards, as redeeming personality traits or factors which tend to ameliorate fault. See Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302 (1989). As such, the sentencer in a capital proceeding must be authorized to mitigate punishment if it finds that a defendant‘s personal moral culpability was thereby reduced. This is not to say that the jury must assess a penalty less than death for all defendants who offer mitigating evidence at trial. But jurors may not be precluded from doing so by omission from the court‘s charge of a means to express their will. Penry v. Lynaugh, supra.
We hold that absent some functionally equivalent instructive device, that the jury could consider and give effect to the mitigating circumstances, the jury was not afforded the opportunity to express its judgment whether appellant, even if likely to be a continuing threat to society, should receive the death sentence.
Because under current law we have no authority to remand this cause for a new punishment hearing only, the trial court‘s judgment of conviction and sentence of death are reversed and the cause remanded to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
MILLER and CAMPBELL, JJ., with regard to the requested “mitigation charges” that are contained in footnote 3 of the majority opinion, believe that the one labeled “(Point 17)” is the best of the options that were given the trial judge under the “punishment” facts that went to appellant‘s “personal culpability.” Furthermore, in the treatment of appellant‘s point of error # 12, they concur in the result only. With these remarks, they join the majority opinion.
WHITE, J., concurs in the result.
McCORMICK, P.J., and BERCHELMANN and STURNS, JJ., dissent.
Stanley G. Schneider, Houston, for appellant.
John B. Holmes, Jr., Dist. Atty., and J. Harvey Hudson, James Buchanan and Jon Munier, Asst. Dist. Attys., Houston, Robert Huttash, State‘s Atty., Austin, for State.
OPINION ON APPELLANT‘S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
PER CURIAM.
Appellant pled guilty before the jury of the offense of aggravated sexual assault, and his punishment was assessed at nine years, nine months confinement, and a $10,000.00 fine. See
Appellant is a Catholic priest who was discovered by a Houston police officer performing fellatio upon a nine year old parishioner in the back of a church van in a darkened public parking lot at about 11:00 p.m., on the night of April 30, 1986. Complainant‘s mother, a single parent, was allowed to testify that since this offense she and her son had changed residence, complainant had been placed in a new school, and they had quit attending church. She also testified she was getting psychological counseling and had made arrangements for her son to receive such counseling as well. In addition, a psychologist who had examined both mother and son, Dr. Michael Cox, was permitted to testify as follows:
“A. What I have seen are first, I think, depression, guilt, a compromise, damaged self-image, and an inability to trust, particularly authority figures, fears of males, fears of the church, social withdrawal symptoms including night errors [terrors], bedwetting, increase in sleep disturbance.
Q: Are these some of the type of personality manifestations that work themselves into a syndrome that provides the individual so afflicted with problems that might manifest themselves in later years as sexual offenses?
A: That‘s correct.
*
*
*
*
*
*
A: The mother suffers from moderate to occasionally severe depression that‘s beset by serious feelings of guilt. Her sense of herself as a parent, as a mother, has been impaired as well. She is prone to excessive tension, worry, anxiety as a result of all that.
Q: Is there an interacting cycle between the mother‘s depression and anxieties and child‘s behavior?
A: Yes, there is, to the extent the mother feels bad, feels worse, the child will also feel worse. Conversely, when this child experiences nightmares, social withdrawal problems in school and so on, that makes the mother feel more guilty therefore depressed. You get his kind of spiraling cycle.”
The court of appeals held this testimony was admissible on the strength of the Sixth Court of Appeals’ holding in Killebrew v. State, 746 S.W.2d 245, at 247-48 (Tex.App. - Texarkana 1987, pet. ref‘d).1 Appellant now contends that this holding is irreconcilable with this Court‘s decision in Brown v. State, 757 S.W.2d 739 (Tex.Cr.App. 1988). We disagree.
Brown involved a prosecution for rape. The accused did not contest that the complainant had been raped, but presented evidence of alibi. The State proved that since the assault the complainant had twice attempted suicide, and had suffered “weight gain, job loss, fear of being outside and loss of confidence[.]” Id., at 740. This Court held that, consent not being an issue, such evidence was not relevant at the guilt phase of trial under
Disposition of this cause is instead controlled by our recent holding in Miller-El v. State, 782 S.W.2d 892 (Tex.Cr.App. 1990). There, the State proffered evidence that as a result of an attempted capital murder the victim had been rendered a paraplegic. The State was allowed to present testimony as to future hardship that would befall the victim on account of his disability. We held that this latter testimony was inadmissible at the guilt phase of the trial as having no tendency to make more or less probable the existence of any fact of consequence at that stage of the proceedings.
“In Murphy a plurality of the Court noted that admissibility of evidence at the punishment phase of a non-capital felony offense is a function of policy rather than relevancy. This is so because by and large there are no discreet [sic: discrete] factual issues at the punishment stage. [footnote omitted] There are simply no distinct ‘fact[s] of consequence’ that proffered evidence can be said to make more or less likely to exist.
Rule 401, supra . Rather, ‘[d]eciding what punishment to assess is a normative process, not intrinsically factbound.’ Murphy, supra, at 63. What evidence should be admitted to inform that normative decision is not a question of logical relevance, but of policy. Apart fromArticle 37.07, § 3(a), V.A.C.C.P. , however, the Legislature has not set a coherent policy to guide courts in discerning what evidence is appropriate to the punishment deliberation. Moving to fill the policy void, this Court has declared that, subject to limitations imposed byArticle 37.07, § 3(a), supra , evidence of ‘the circumstances of the offense itself or the defendant himself’ will be admissible at the punishment phase. Murphy, supra, at 63, quoting Stiehl v. State, 585 S.W.2d 716, 718 (Tex.Cr.App. 1979).”
Miller-El v. State, supra, at 895-96.2 We went on to observe that victim impact evi-
dence may be admissible as a circumstance of the offense, even in a capital prosecution, so long as that evidence “has some bearing on the defendant‘s ‘personal responsibility and moral guilt.‘” Id., at 896, quoting Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496, at 502, 107 S.Ct. 2529, at 2533, 96 L.Ed.2d 440, at 448 (1987), which quotes in turn Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 801, 102 S.Ct. 3368, 3378, 73 L.Ed.2d 1140, 1154 (1982). A fortiori, such evidence would be admissible in a non-capital case.
Turning to the factual scenario at hand in Miller-El, supra, we concluded that the evidence of the complainant‘s paralysis and the future hardship it would cause:
“did not outrun [Miller-El‘s] moral culpability - she either intended or should have anticipated [complainant‘s] death. In either event she is ‘blameworthy,’ even in contemplation of Booth v. Maryland, supra. Under these circumstances we deem it appropriate, in absence of legislative authority to the contrary, to allow the sentencing jury to consider the full extent of the damage done, even as to likely future pain and suffering. Unless we are to hold that retribution is not a permissible component of a jury‘s otherwise unfettered discretion to assess whatever punishment it sees fit given the circumstances of the offender and the offense, we must conclude this jury was entitled to hear and consider [victim impact testimony] to inform that discretion.”
Likewise, we believe a jury could rationally hold appellant morally accountable for the psychological trauma to both complainant and his mother, and for the consequences of that trauma. There was evidence that appellant was in charge of youth activities in his parish, and in that capacity he had cultivated a particular relationship of trust with complainant‘s mother over a period of several years, bringing her gifts of prayer candles and taking her son to church, to the movies and to play video games. Appellant knew these parishioners well, and preyed upon their vulnerabilities as single parent and child, respectively. He could easily have anticipated the impact his betrayal of trust would have on both mother and child. Given this background, the psychological damage described by Dr. Cox, and the manifestations of that damage as related by complainant‘s mother, can readily be attributed to appellant‘s conduct. We conclude that the evidence had a bearing on appellant‘s personal responsibility and his moral guilt, and we therefore hold it was admissible. Miller-El v. State, supra.
The judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.
TEAGUE, J., dissents.
MALONEY, J., not participating.
BAIRD, Judge, concurring.
This petition for discretionary review was granted to determine whether the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that “testimony concerning the effect of a sexual assault is relevant and admissible in evidence at the punishment phase of a trial in contravention of the dictates of
While victim impact evidence is clearly admissible, I do not, however, endorse the broad language expressed by the majority concerning the admissibility of evidence of psychological trauma experienced by the victim‘s mother, Stavinoha, slip op. at 4-5, because such evidence typically falls beyond the scope of “circumstances of the offense.” Murphy v. State, 777 S.W.2d 44, 63 (Tex.Cr.App.1988) (opinion on reh‘g); Stiehl v. State, 585 S.W.2d 716, 718 (Tex.Cr.App.1979).1 In the instant case, however, I construe the evidence of the mother‘s trauma admissible due to the psychological testimony concerning the “interacting cycle” or “spiraling cycle” between the victim‘s emotions and those of his mother‘s. Stavinoha, slip op. at 2.
This case was tried before the 1989 amendment to
With these comments, I concur in the result reached by the majority.
Angel RIVERA, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
No. 69640.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.
Feb. 20, 1991.