Opinion
The defendant, Nancy Burton, a disbarred attorney, appeals 1 pro se from the judgment of the trial court in favor of the plaintiff, the statewide grievance committee, in the plaintiffs presentment complaint against her. In its judgment, the trial court disbarred the defendant from the practice of law in this state and prohibited her from applying for reinstatement for a period of five years after she has satisfied all of the conditions for reinstatement to the bar *408 imposed on her as a result of a prior disbarment. 2 The defendant’s disbarment at issue in the present case arose from a letter she wrote in 1995 to the then chief justice of this court accusing three Superior Court judges of judicial misconduct. 3 On appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly: (1) determined that the defendant had violated rules 8.2 (a) 4 and 8.4 (4) 5 of the Rules of Professional Conduct because she asserts that the statements in her letter were true, that she submitted the letter in good faith, and that the contents of the letter were protected speech because the defendant has a duty as an attorney to submit grievances concerning judicial misconduct to the proper authorities; (2) determined that the defendant had violated rules 8.2 (a) and 8.4 (4) of the Rules of Professional Conduct because the court improperly disregarded and distorted the language of the defendant’s letter, impermissibly narrowed the scope of inquiry and failed to articulate accepted standards of judicial conduct; (3) granted the attorney general’s motion to quash certain of the defendant’s subpoenas; (4) displayed prejudice and bias against the defendant; (5) denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss the plaintiffs presentment after the plaintiff had rested its case; and (6) determined that the presentment had not subjected the defendant *409 to duplicative discipline in that the pendency of the presentment herein was cited as an aggravating factor supporting the defendant’s prior disbarment for unrelated conduct occurring in 2000. We reject all of these claims and, accordingly, affirm the judgment of the trial court.
The record reveals the following undisputed facts and procedural history. In December, 1995, the defendant, a member of the Connecticut bar, wrote a letter to the then chief justice of this court accusing three Superior Court judges of participating in civil actions “in a manner presenting the stark appearance of judicial corruption” and requesting that this court investigate their conduct. Although the defendant claimed that she had “witnesses, documentation and transcripts” to support her allegations, the only evidence she produced was her own affidavit. The chief justice subsequently informed the defendant by letter that the court had reviewed the letter and had decided not to conduct a formal investigation.
In December, 2003, the plaintiff filed a presentment complaint against the defendant, alleging that the accusations contained in the letter were false and that her conduct violated rules 8.2 (a) and 8.4 (4) of the Rules of Professional Conduct. Rule 8.2 (a) provides in relevant part that “[a] lawyer shall not make a statement that the lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judge . . . .” Rule 8.4 (4) provides that it is professional misconduct for an attorney to “[e]ngage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice . . . .” The presentment further alleged that in November, 2001, the defendant had been disbarred for unrelated professional misconduct that *410 had occurred in 2000. 6 In addition to the defendant’s prior disbarment, the presentment also referred to four other incidents for which the defendant had been reprimanded by the plaintiff, and it asserted that the defendant “has been guilty of misconduct, involving her character, integrity, and professional standing . . . .”
Prior to the hearing in the present matter, the trial court ordered, sua sponte, that the presentment be dismissed on the ground that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over it because the defendant had already been disbarred from the practice of law in this state as a result of misconduct that had occurred in 2000. See
Sullivan
v.
Monroe,
Superior Court, judicial district of Fairfield, Docket No. CV 00-0370545 (November 2, 2001) (disbarring same defendant on grounds that she had violated several Rules of Professional Conduct by, inter alia, engaging in unauthorized legal representation of several individuals and making misrepresentations to court), writ dismissed,
Burton
v.
Mottolese,
*411 The matter then proceeded to trial. After the plaintiff presented its case, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the presentment on the basis of her claim that the plaintiff had failed to establish its case by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court found that the plaintiff had sustained its burden and denied the motion. As part of her defense, the defendant then attempted to subpoena as witnesses two of the judges whom she had accused of impropriety. The attorney general’s office filed an appearance on behalf of the judges and moved to quash the defendant’s subpoenas on the ground of judicial immunity. The trial court granted the motion to quash, finding that the judges’ anticipated testimony would not be sufficient to abrogate the principles of judicial immunity, as the defendant had failed to show that there was a compelling need for them to testify. In its decision, the trial court determined that there was a transcript of the judges’ testimony from prior proceedings and that its review of the transcript revealed that, in those prior proceedings, the defendant had fully explored the areas of inquiry that she claimed were relevant to the present proceeding. As a result, the court determined that the defendant’s ability to defend herself against the claims alleged in the presentment was protected.
After a trial to the court, the trial court found that the plaintiff had carried its burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant had violated rules 8.2 (a) and 8.4 (4) of the Rules of Professional Conduct and that the defendant had failed to produce any credible evidence to support her contention that the allegations in the letter were based on an objective, reasonable belief that the allegations were true. The court noted that the defendant’s claim of wrongdoing on the part of the judges had consisted of references to prior rulings by the judges, or of outcomes of prior cases or proceedings over which they presided, which *412 were adverse to the defendant or her clients. As a result, the court disbarred the defendant from the practice of law in this state. As part of the judgment, the defendant was prohibited from applying for reinstatement for five years after she had satisfied all of the conditions for reinstatement to the bar imposed on her as a consequence of her prior disbarment. This appeal followed.
I
The defendant first claims that the trial court improperly found that the defendant had violated rules 8.2 (a) and 8.4 (4) of the Rules of Professional Conduct. We first address the appropriate standard of review. In
Brunswick
v.
Statewide Grievance Committee,
An attorney asserting allegations of corruption against a judge must have a reasonable, objective belief in the truth of the statements. In the absence of such a belief, the court will infer that the allegations were either false or made in reckless disregard to truth or falseness.
Notopoulos
v.
Statewide Grievance Committee,
A
Specifically, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly concluded that she had violated rules 8.2 (a) and 8.4 (4) of the Rules of Professional Conduct because the statements contained in the letter were: (1) true; (2) submitted in good faith; and (3) protected free speech. We disagree.
In this case, the plaintiff proved its case by placing the letter to the then chief justice into evidence and examining the defendant as to the basis of her allegations contained therein. Much of that basis appeared to be that the judges previously had ruled against her in several separate matters. There was no objective proof submitted regarding judicial corruption. The only “proof’ on the matter was the defendant’s personal opinion.
The defendant claims, however, that she subjectively believed the truth of her allegations and, thus, cannot be disciplined for her speech. This court has adopted an objective test for attorney speech pursuant to which an attorney speaking critically of a judge or a court must have an objective basis for the statements. See
Notopoulos
v.
Statewide Grievance Committee,
supra,
In the alternative, the defendant contends that the letter to the then chief justice was privileged and constitutionally protected speech. We previously have held that reasonable restrictions on an attorney’s speech critical of a judge or a court do not amount to a constitutional violation.
Notopoulos
v.
Statewide Grievance Committee,
supra,
B
The defendant further claims that the trial court disregarded the clear language of the letter, distorted the language of the letter, impermissibly narrowed the scope of inquiry and failed to articulate accepted standards of judicial conduct. We disagree. At trial, the defendant asserted that the words “ ‘stark appearance of judicial corruption’ ” in the letter did not mean that she had alleged judicial corruption, but instead meant that she had asked for an investigation into whether there was judicial corruption. The trial court rejected the defendant’s claim as contrary to the plain meaning of the letter and found that, “[b]y taking a position so contrary to the plain meaning of the letter which she authored, the defendant presented a defense that had no legitimate basis . . . .” We point out that the defendant made allegations without including either record *415 references or legal support. After a thorough review of the record, we conclude that the trial court properly considered the language of the letter, defined the proper scope of inquiry, and articulated the correct and accepted standards of judicial conduct. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s conclusion that the defendant had violated rules 8.2 (a) and 8.4 (4) of the Rules of Professional Conduct was not clearly erroneous.
II
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly granted the attorney general’s motion to quash the subpoenas for the two judges she sought to examine. We disagree. The standard under which we review evi-dentiary claims depends on the specific nature of the claim presented.
State
v.
Saucier,
We previously have held that a judge may be called as a witness only “[w]here there is a compelling need for a judge’s testimony as to observed facts in order that justice be done . . . .”
Gold v. Warden,
Ill
The defendant next claims that the trial court displayed bias and prejudice against her. We disagree. In reviewing a claim of judicial bias, this court employs a plain error standard of review.
Knock
v.
Knock,
From our review of the record, it appears that the defendant’s claims of bias stem from the trial court’s refusal to issue subpoenas “at least [twenty-two] days before the proceedings . . . .” The defendant further claims that the trial court displayed a pervasive pattern of badgering her, putting words in her mouth, and twisting and contorting her testimony. The defendant has failed to point to any specific part of the record that adequately supports her allegations. The trial court’s
*417
ruling against the defendant does not mean that she was discriminated against.
Bieluch
v. Bieluch,
IV
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly denied her motion to dismiss the presentment after the plaintiff had rested its case. We disagree. As an initial matter, we set forth the governing principles and applicable standard of review. Practice Book § 15-8 provides in relevant part: “If, on the trial of any issue of fact in a civil matter tried to the court, the plaintiff has produced evidence and rested, a defendant may move for judgment of dismissal, and the judicial authority may grant such motion if the plaintiff has failed to make out a prima facie case. ...” “A prima facie case, in the sense in which that term is relevant to this case, is one sufficient to raise an issue to go to the trier of fact. ... In order to establish a prima facie case, the proponent must submit evidence which, if credited, is sufficient to establish the fact or facts which it is adduced to prove. ... In evaluating [the denial of] a motion to dismiss, [t]he evidence offered by the plaintiff is to be taken as true and interpreted in the light most favorable to [the plaintiff], and every reasonable inference is to be drawn in [the plaintiffs] favor. . . . Whether the plaintiff has established a prima facie case entitling the [plaintiff] to submit a claim to a trier of fact is a question of law over which our review is plenary.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)
Winn
v.
Posades,
*418
In the present case, the plaintiff called the defendant as a witness and the record amply supports the trial court’s determination that the defendant had no basis upon which to make her allegations of judicial impropriety because she could not articulate a reasonable basis for her beliefs. Accordingly, the trial court properly concluded that the statements were either false or made with reckless disregard as to their falsity. See
Noto-poulos
v.
Statewide Grievance
Committee, supra,
V
Finally, the defendant claims that the presentment sought duplicative discipline and therefore should have been dismissed. We disagree. The issue of whether the presentment in the present case seeks duplicative discipline is a question of law, over which we exercise plenary review. See, e.g.,
State
v.
Tabone,
The defendant’s claim of duplicative discipline arises from her belief that she has been subjected to double jeopardy because the pendency of this case had been referenced by the trial corut in the defendant’s unrelated disbarment proceedings stemming from her conduct in 2000. See
Sullivan
v.
Monroe,
supra, Superior Court, Docket No. CV 00-0370545. It is clear, however, from the decision in
Sullivan
that the defendant’s present disciplinary proceedings were considered only as one of several aggravating factors. There is no indication that the trial court in
Sullivan
considered the present matter on its merits, and the defendant has failed to provide any evidence demonstrating that the exis
*419
tence of this case was of more import than any of the other nine matters listed as aggravating factors, all of which, without consideration of the present matter, supported a finding of aggravating circumstances. Additionally, the trial court in
Sullivan
was careful to note that the reprimand initially issued in the present case had been reversed on procedural grounds; see
Burton
v.
Statewide Grievance Committee,
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
Notes
The defendant appealed from the judgment of the trial court to the Appellate Court, and we transferred the appeal to this court pursuant to General Statutes § 51-199 (c) and Practice Book § 65-1.
The defendant previously had been disbarred for unrelated professional misconduct that had occurred in 2000. See generally
Burton
v.
Mottolese,
In her brief to this court, the defendant occasionally refers to this letter as her “petition.” For purposes of clarity, we refer to this as the letter.
Rule 8.2 (a) of the Rules of Professional Conduct provides: “A lawyer shall not make a statement that the lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judge, adjudicatory officer or public legal officer, or of a candidate for election or appointment to judicial or legal office.”
Rule 8.4 of the Rules of Professional Conduct provides in relevant part: “It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to . . .
“(4) Engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice . . . .”
See
Sullivan
v.
Monroe,
Superior Court, judicial district of Fairfield, Docket No. CV 00-0370545 (November 2, 2001). In that matter, in which the defendant in the present case also was named as a defendant, the defendant filed a writ of error to this court contesting her disbarment, which this court dismissed, thereby upholding the disbarment. See
Burton v. Mottolese,
