57 Conn. App. 566 | Conn. App. Ct. | 2000
Opinion
The defendant, Michael A. Young, appeals from the judgments of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of three counts of criminal violation of a protective order in violation of General Statutes § 53a-110b and one count each of breach of the peace in violation of General Statutes § 53a-181 (a) (2), disorderly conduct in
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. On August 18, 1994, the court issued a protective
The first incident occurred on August 4, 1995. The defendant knocked on Breedlove’s door at approximately 1 a.m. Breedlove refused to let him into her home. The defendant then went to Breedlove’s car and started pulling out wires from the engine. Breedlove told the defendant that she was going to call the police and the defendant left. Breedlove then called the police and reported the incident. Shortly thereafter, the defendant called Breedlove and inquired about the whereabouts of the police. Breedlove told him that the police had been called and were on their way.
State Trooper Jack Richard Sauve arrived at the scene and began taking Breedlove’s statement. The telephone rang and Breedlove answered. She told Sauve that the defendant was on the telephone and handed the telephone to him. Sauve said, “Michael, this is Trooper Sauve. Where are you?” The defendant replied, “I’m around. Why do you want to know?” At no point did the caller deny being the defendant. Initially, Breedlove did not sign the statement prepared by Sauve. Three weeks later she contacted Sauve and signed the statement, alleging that the defendant had continued to harass her.
The second incident occurred on November 25,1995. Breedlove and Robert Cormier were at a bar in Stafford. As they were leaving, the defendant and a friend, Lanny Martin, arrived at the parking lot in the defendant’s car. The defendant got out of the car, walked to Breedlove, spit on her, pushed her to the ground and then started fighting with Cormier. The fight was broken up by patrons of the bar. Breedlove and Cormier got into Breedlove’s car and drove away.
The third incident occurred on November 30, 1995. The defendant telephoned Breedlove at home approximately fifteen times and drove by her home later that night. The defendant was charged in a separate information stemming from each incident. We affirm the judgments of conviction that were based on the first and third incidents (Docket Nos. CR 95-58530 and CR 95-59206) and reverse the judgment of conviction that was based on the second incident (Docket No. CR 95-59207).
I
The defendant first claims that the court improperly instructed the jury, and allowed the state to argue, pursuant to Secondino v. New Haven Gas Co., 147 Conn. 672, 675, 165 A.2d 598 (1960), that the jury could infer from the defendant’s failure to call Martin as a witness to the November 25 incident that Martin’s testimony would have been unfavorable to the defendant. We agree.
At the close of all of the evidence but prior to summation, the state filed a request for a Secondino missing witness instruction to be given to the jury. The defendant objected and made an offer of proof outside the presence of the jury. Defense counsel offered the testimony of Phillip N. Armentano, an attorney for Martin in his pending criminal trial. Armentano testified that if Martin were to take the witness stand, he would advise him to invoke his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The court concluded that the privilege was personal to Martin and overruled the objection. The court found that Martin was available and that he was a witness whom the defendant naturally would be expected to call to testify. The court refused to speculate as to whether Martin would invoke his fifth amendment privilege and granted the state’s request for the Secondino instruction.
After this appeal was argued, our Supreme Court decided State v. Malave, 250 Conn. 722, 737 A.2d 442 (1999) (en banc), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1170, 120 S. Ct. 1195, 145 L. Ed. 2d 1099 (2000), in which the court abandoned the missing witness doctrine of Secondino v. New Haven Gas Co., supra, 147 Conn. 672. The defendant’s conviction in Malave was affirmed because the Supreme Court concluded that the Secondino instruction constituted harmless error under the circumstances of that case. State v. Malave, supra, 743.
“In Malave, our Supreme Court abandoned the Secondino rule in criminal cases. The Malave decision applies retroactively to this case because so doing will not produce substantial inequitable results and because our Supreme Court did not stipulate that the Malave decision should apply prospectively only. See Marone v. Waterbury, 244 Conn. 1, 10, 707 A.2d 725 (1998) (‘judgments that are not by their terms limited to prospective application are presumed to apply retroactively’); Neyland v. Board of Education, 195 Conn. 174, 180, 487 A.2d 181 (1985) (where retroactive application of decision could produce substantially inequitable results, injustice or hardship may be avoided by holding of nonretroactivity). When our Supreme Court has intended a decision to apply prospectively only, it knows how to say so clearly. State v. Delvalle, 250 Conn. 466, 475-76, 736 A.2d 125 (1999) (‘we . . . direct our trial courts to refrain from using the [jury instruction at issue in that case] in the future’ . . . ); State v. Troupe, 237 Conn. 284, 305, 677 A.2d 917 (1996) (en banc) (‘rule that we announce today will apply only to . . . [testimony admitted after] the date of the publica
Applying Malave here “will not produce substantially inequitable results” because the only person who relied on the Secondino instruction was the prosecuting attorney. The principle that retroactivity should be denied unless it causes unfairness or undue hardship applies “to a party's conduct, not to an attorney’s strategy.” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) George v. Ericson, 250 Conn. 312, 326, 736 A.2d 889 (1999). We now turn to the question of whether the Secondino instruction harmed the defendant.
In State v. Malave, supra, 250 Conn. 741, our Supreme Court acknowledged that the standard for establishing harm had not been articulated consistently in the court’s prior decisions. “One line of cases states that the defendant must establish that it is more probable than not that the erroneous action of the court affected the result. . . . Another line of cases states that the defendant must establish that the trial court error caused him substantial prejudice.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. The Supreme Court did not view Malave as an appropriate vehicle for clarifying the harm question because neither formulation of harm was satisfied in Malave. We are not hampered by this lack of resolution because we conclude here that both formulations, if they are indeed functionally different, are satisfied.
Breedlove’s credibility was critical to the state’s case as to the charges stemming from the November 25, 1995 incident. Three of the four potential witnesses, Breedlove, Cormier and the defendant, testified. The prosecuting attorney could have been almost certain that Martin would not testify because he was a codefen
We are aware that the Malave court did not “prohibit counsel from making appropriate comment, in closing arguments, about the absence of a particular witness, insofar as that witness’ absence may reflect on the weakness of the opposing party’s case.” Id., 739. The Malave court went on to state that such comment is permissible “[s]o long as counsel does not directly exhort the jury to draw an adverse inference by virtue of the witness’ absence . . . .’’Id. While the prosecuting attorney did not directly ask the jury to draw such an adverse inference here, the argument, coupled with the court’s instruction that such an inference was permissible, constitutes the harm.
This conclusion requires reversal of the judgment of conviction arising out of the events of November 25, 1995. We will address the defendant’s second claim, that by precluding evidence of Breedlove’s misconduct, the court infringed on the defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense. We also will review those claims that relate to the two judgments of conviction that we affirm. We do not address whether the court improperly allowed the state to impeach the defendant with evidence of his prior arrests and misconduct. The defendant testified as to the November 25,1995 incident only and invoked his privilege against self-incrimination as to the other two charged offenses. He was not impeached as to the offenses stemming from the August 4 and November 30, 1995 incidents, and this issue is unlikely to arise in the new trial concerning the November 25, 1995 incident.
The defendant claims that the court improperly excluded evidence of Breedlove’s previous assaultive conduct toward the defendant because the rulings infringed on his constitutional right to present a defense. We disagree.
The defendant sought to introduce evidence that Breedlove (1) contacted him after obtaining the protective order, (2) attacked him on several occasions when she was jealous and (3) told his mother that she was going to make sure that he went to jail. The defendant claims that this evidence was relevant to refute the state’s evidence that Breedlove suffered from battered woman’s syndrome,* ***
We note that “[r]obing garden variety claims [of an evidentiary nature] in the majestic garb of constitutional claims does not make such claims constitutional in nature. . . . Moreover, our Supreme Court has clearly stated that the right to present a defense does not include the right to offer evidence that is incompetent, irrelevant or otherwise inadmissible. . . . Every evidentiary ruling that denies a defendant a line of inquiry to which he thinks he is entitled is not constitutional error. [Here] the defendant has put a constitutional tag on a nonconstitutional claim. . . . Putting a constitutional tag on a nonconstitutional claim will no more change its essential character than calling a bull a cow will change its gender.” (Citations omitted; internal quo
The court’s rulings were based on its application of the mies of evidence and did not violate the defendant’s rights. To hold otherwise would mean that the court would have to admit all evidence proffered by a defendant in a criminal case, even if improper under the mies of evidence, lest the court violate the defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense. State v. Jones, supra, 46 Conn. App. 646, prohibits such transformation of evidentiary claims into constitutional ones.
Moreover, the juiy heard evidence of the defense because the defendant testified that Breedlove was the aggressor and had assaulted him in the past, and another defense witness was allowed to testify about Breedlove’s fighting another person. We note also that the court charged the jury on self-defense and that the jury acquitted the defendant of the assault charge. We conclude that the court did not infringe on the defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense.
With respect to the evidentiary claims that are relevant to the two judgments of conviction for violating the protective order that we do not reverse, we first set forth our standard of review. “The trial court is given broad discretion in determining the relevancy of evidence and its decision will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of that discretion. State v. Holliman, 214 Conn. 38, 50, 570 A.2d 680 (1990).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Weber, 31 Conn. App. 58, 65, 623 A.2d 506, cert. denied, 226 Conn. 908, 625 A.2d 1379 (1993).
The defendant claims that Breedlove’s action in contacting him after the protective order was issued should have been allowed into evidence. We fail to see the relevance of such evidence where it was not related
Finally, Mary Dolloff, the defendant’s mother, proffered testimony outside the presence of the jury that Breedlove had told her that Breedlove was going to make sure that the defendant went to jail. The court precluded this evidence because there was no indication that Breedlove was going to lie to accomplish that purpose. Although the defendant asserts that this evidence was relevant to bias and motive to testify, we cannot conclude that the court abused its discretion in precluding the evidence. In and of itself, Breedlove’s desire to see the defendant punished for violating the protective order was not indicative of bias or an improper motive.
Ill
The defendant next claims that, with respect to the August 4, 1995 incident, the court improperly admitted hearsay testimony about Trooper Sauve’s telephone conversation with the defendant because the state did not lay a proper foundation. We disagree.
The defendant objected to the admission of evidence about this conversation on the grounds of hearsay, prejudice and lack of foundation. The court overruled the
“Communications offered over the telephone may be authenticated by circumstantial evidence, if the party calling, in addition to stating his identity, relates facts and circumstances that, taken with other established facts, tend to reveal his identity.” State v. Berger, 249 Conn. 218, 233-34, 733 A.2d 156 (1999). On the basis of the foregoing facts and inferences therefrom relied on by the court, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in finding sufficient authentication to admit the challenged conversation.
Once the proper authentication had been established, the court properly admitted the evidence as nonhearsay. First, “[hjearsay has long been defined as an out-of-court statement that is offered to establish the truth of the facts contained in the statement. See State v. Sharpe, 195 Conn. 651, 661, 491 A.2d 345 (1985); Murray v. Supreme Lodge, N.E.O.P., 74 Conn. 715, 718, 52 A. 722 (1902).” State v. Jurgensen, 42 Conn. App. 751, 755, 681 A.2d 981, cert. denied, 239 Conn. 931, 683 A.2d 398 (1996). “If the substance of the conversation was sought to be admitted not for the truth of its content, but to establish that the conversation itself had taken place, it is not hearsay. State v. Miller, 154 Conn. 622, 629, 228 A.2d 136 (1967).” State v. Watley, 195 Conn. 485, 490, 488 A.2d 1245 (1985).
The challenged statement was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted, namely, that the defendant
IV
The defendant next claims that the court improperly precluded him from impeaching Breedlove with alleged acts of fraud. We are unpersuaded.
Prior to trial, the state filed a motion in limine to prevent the defendant from making reference to Breedlove’s occupation as an exotic dancer on the grounds that it was irrelevant and prejudicial. The defendant wanted to impeach Breedlove’s veracity through cross-examination about her alleged receipt of state public assistance benefits while she was employed. Defense counsel learned of this alleged impropriety from the defendant, Breedlove’s former boyfriend. The court granted the motion in limine.
The defendant attempts to transform this claim into one of constitutional magnitude, but it does not even rise to the level of evidentiary error. Defense counsel relied solely on his claim that “a couple of parties,” including the defendant, had informed him that Breedlove had collected welfare benefits while she was working as an exotic dancer. He offered no evidentiary foundation for the questions and failed to conduct a voir dire of Breedlove outside the presence of the jury to establish a proper foundation. The court properly refused to allow the defendant to pursue this line of questioning.
The judgment in Docket No. CR 95-59207
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
This claim is based on the “missing witness rule” of Secondino v. New Haven Gas Co., 147 Conn. 672, 165 A.2d 598 (1960), wherein, under certain circumstances, the trier of fact is allowed to draw an adverse inference from a party’s failure to produce a witness or witnesses. The rationale and requirements for a missing witness instruction are well known. “The failure to produce a witness for trial who is available and whom a party would naturally be expected to call warrants an adverse inference instruction against the party who would be expected to call that witness. . . . [T]he two requirements for a Secondino adverse inference instruction against a party are that the witness: (1) is available; and (2) could reasonably be expected, by his relationship to the party or the issues, to have peculiar or superior information material to the case that, if favorable, the party would produce. . . . The party seeking the adverse inference instruction bears the burden of proving both prongs of the test, and the trial court must make a preliminary determination that there is evidence in the record to support these elements. . . . Whether a party has established the requirements for a Secondino instruction is a factual determination that is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Lewis, 245 Conn. 779, 813-14, 717 A.2d 1140 (1998).
The defendant also claims that the court improperly allowed the state to argue the missing witness inference to the jury. This claim is subsumed in our discussion of the propriety of the instruction itself.
The prosecutor argued: “And I ask you ladies and gentlemen, where is Lanny Martin? Lanny Martin was the other person that was at that scene, and he is a friend of this [defendant]. Why isn’t he here to testify? Why didn’t the defendant call him and put him on the stand? Why do you think, ladies and gentlemen, that didn’t happen? . . .
“That is also a lame excuse. And where is Lanny Martin to confirm all this, I would like to know. Where is he? He is [the defendant’s] friend.” The prosecutor continued in this vein in her rebuttal argument:
“And, once again, I ask you, where is Lanny Martin? [The defendant’s] friend, Lanny Martin, who was there and saw everything. He was holding the bottle to, broken bottle to [Cormier]. . . . Why isn’t he here to testily to tell us what happened? He is [the defendant’s] friend. And the state is not only relying on Brandis Breedlove’s testimony. The state has Rob Cormier’s testimony.”
Under cross-examination by the state, the defendant volunteered that the police "arrest me for things I don’t do.” Over the defendant’s objection,
The state offered evidence of battered woman’s syndrome to explain why Breedlove recanted certain statements and said that the defendant had done nothing. The state’s expert explained that battered women often withdraw complaints out of fear or to minirnize the situation.
Although the defendant argues in his brief that evidence of such contacts contradicted Breedlove’s testimony that she did not contact the defendant while the protective order was in effect, the record does not indicate that this claim was made to the trial court. We are not required to review claims that were not distinctly raised in the trial court. See Practice Book § 60-5.
In Docket No. CR 95-59207, the defendant was convicted of criminal violation of a protective order in violation of § 53a-110b, breach of the peace in violation of § 53a-181 (a) (2), disorderly conduct in violation of § 53a-182 (a) (1), reckless endangerment in the second degree in violation of § 53a-64 and criminal mischief in the third degree in violation of § 53a-117 (a) (1) (A).