State v. Yee Guck

195 P. 363 | Or. | 1921

BURNETT, C. J.

The affray resulting in the death of the deceased was part of a tong war between rival Chinese factions and was staged in the streets surrounding a city block in Portland bounded on the south by Flanders Street, on the east by Sixth, on the north ,by Glisan, and on the west by Broadway. According to the story of the defendant, he and one of his codefendants known as Shee Fong were walking west on Flanders Street when they came to the northeast corner of the intersection of Flanders and Sixth Streets. About that time they saw members of a rival Chinese tong on the opposite side of the street. The defendant here claims that those on the west side of Sixth Street began firing at him and his companion, Shee Fong. They immediately returned the fire, and* during the ensuing fusillade they crossed Sixth Street, where the defendant stopped and reloaded his pistol. He claims that at that moment he saw his companion, Shee Fong, running north on the west side of Sixth Street, pursued by the decedent, and he himself immediately took up the pursuit of the deceased to prevent him from hurting Shee Fong. The three, according to his story, ran in that order west on the south side of Glisan Street, Shee Fong in the lead, pursued by the decedent, and Yee Guck bringing up the rear. He claims that the deceased was shooting at Shee Fong. The race continued to Broadway, where there was a street-car standing. According to the defendant’s story, his companion, Shee Fong, ran to the right and west of the streetcar, while the decedent turned to the left or east of the car and rán south on Broadway. From the street-car, south, the decedent was running away from the two defendants, Yee Guck and Shee Fong, but they continued in pursuit of him, shooting at him until they arrived at the southwest corner of the intersection of Broadway and Flanders Streets, where the decedent fell dead.

There was testimony given to the effect that immediately afterwards Yee Guck ran west a short distance on Flanders Street, but was arrested by a police officer about thirty feet away from the body of Chin Hong, and that his codefendant, Shee Fong, fled north on Broadway, retracing his steps, until he came to Glisan Street, turned west to West Park Street, and thence north, and was captured by a pursuing crowd of white men and brought back to where the policeman had Yee Guck in custody, all within a few minutes. It is also in evidence that several Chinamen were engaged in the fusillade on Sixth Street near Flanders, hut that only the thre,e mentioned joined in the race west on Glisan- Street and thence south on Broadway to the spot where Chin Hong fell.

At the trial the state called Mr. and Mrs. Libby, husband and wife, who were eye-witnesses of the| death of Chin Hong, and they described the occur-i rence and the actions of the defendant. On cross-! examination it was developed that these witnesses had been interviewed by the district attorney, whose stenographer took notes of their statements and afterwards transcribed them. At a subsequent interview in the prosecutor’s office, before the trial, this transcription w,as read to the witnesses. When this was ascertained on cross-examination the defendant’s counsel demanded of the district attorney the production of the transcript for the use of the defense in cross-examination. Counsel for the state offered to produce it, provided the defendant would consent that it be read in evidence in full. The defendant excepted to the conduct of the counsel in making the offer, conditioned, as it was, that the whole document should be read to the jury. The court directed the jury to disregard the offer of counsel for the state and give it no effect.

1. The defendant further objected to the refusal of the court to compel the production of the writing for the defendant’s use in cross-examination. Among the contentions of the state on this point is one based on the last clause in Section 733, Or. L., reading thus :

“A public officer shall not be examined as to communications made to him in official confidence, when the public interest would suffer by the disclosure.”

Assuming, without deciding, that the conversation’ between the witnesses and the district attorney was privileged, it is a privilege of the officer—in this case the one in control of the prosecution. It is within his prerogative to waive the exemption embodied in the clause quoted. In offering the whole document for the jury’s consideration he waived the exemption, and, moreover, was clearly of the opinion that the public interest would not suffer by submitting the transcription to the jury. This section, therefore, must be laid out of the case.

2-4. A proper conception of the situation is essential. The court was engaged in taking evidence at the trial: If the document in question had any evidentiary value, the defendant could have compelled its production by a subpoena dieces tecum served upon the individual having custody of it. It would seem also that Section 533, Or. L., would be applicable in a proper case to the matter in hand:

“The court or judge thereof, while an action or suit is pending, may order either party to give the other, within a specified time, an inspection and copy, or permission to take a copy, of any book, document, or paper in his possession, or under his control, containing evidence or matters relating to the merits of the action or suit, or the defense therein. * * ”

The power of the court under this section is clearly discretionary. The language is not mandatory. Moreover, the paper or document must contain evidence or matters relating to the merits of the action or suit, before the court even in its discretion can compel an inspection thereof by the adverse party. Discovery cannot be used as a mere exploring expedition. The paper here involved was not admissible as evidence in the case. The utmost that can be claimed for it is that it is a hearsay, unverified declaration of what the witnesses said in conversation with the prosecuting officer. The only possible way that those witnesses could be affected by the conversation would be to impeach them by asking if they had made declarations on that occasion in the presence of the officer and the stenographer inconsistent with their testimony at the trial. If they denied the statement appearing in the transcript in possession of the district attorney, that paper would not be competent in itself to impeach them. They had not subscribed it, nor, so far as appears in the testimony, had they authorized its making. In order'to impeach them, the stenographer or someone else who heard the statements would have to be called. The stenographer heard what the witnesses said in the interview with the prosecutor. It is plain that the attorneys for the defendant could not compel the stenographer to converse with them and inform them about what the witnesses had said in that interview. By a parity of reasoning they cannot compel the officer to furnish them a transcript of what was said.

The only case cited by the defendant in support of his contention in this matter is People v. Becker, 210 N. Y. 274 (104 N. E. 396). In that case an avowed accomplice of the defendant was called as a witness by the people. On cross-examination it was developed that he had entered into a written contract with the prosecuting officer for immunity from prosecution, provided he would testify in support of the indictment. It appears from the report of the case that he had also prepared and placed in the possession of the district attorney a written confession of his connection with the crime. He proved a reluctant witness in his statements about the terms of the contract, and there, as here, the defendant demanded an inspection of the contract and the confession, for use in cross-examination. But the court refused at first to compel their production. Later on in the same case, while another accomplice was on the stand under cross-examination, the defendant moved the court to direct the opening of certain depositions that had been taken in Arkansas, by which he proposed to contradict the witness after having called attention to his contrary statements; but this was refused. The Becker case is not parallel with the present issue. Those depositions were original evidence in the case, while the memorandum made by the unsworn stenographer here does not come within that category. The contract for immunity signed by the witness, and his own prepared statement possibly might be contradictory of his declarations on the witness-stand and so in certain conditions could be used in evidence. The unverified notes of the stenographer in the instant case would not of themselves be contradictory of the witnesses, and if the latter were to be impeached, those who heard their contrary statements would of necessity be called to testify. The mere hearsay, unsigned, unverified transcript made by a private individual would not, of itself be competent for that purpose. This question was thoroughly examined in State v. Rhoads, 81 Ohio St. 397 (91 N. E. 186, 18 Ann. Cas. 415, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 558), and in an exhaustive opinion it was held that the production of such a document is not to be compelled at the instance of the defendant. As shown in the note to Pearson v. Yoder, 39 Okl. 105 (134 Pac. 421, 48 L. R. A. (N. S.) 334), reported anew in Ann. Cas 1916A, 62, much apparent confusion has arisen about the protection of privileged communications owing to the purpose for which they were demanded, but, in our judgment, the defendant had no right to an inspection of the paper described in this instance, under the attendant circumstances. His right to cross-examine the witnesses for the state was not abridged. All that happened was that the court declined to compel the prosecutor to assist in that cross-examination by producing the notes of Ms search for evidence. In other words, the court declined to compel the prosecutor or his stenographer, or what was the same, the stenographer’s transcript, to submit to an interview by the attorneys for the defendant.

5. Another view of this branch of the case may be derived from an application of Section 859, Or. L.:

“A witness is allowed to refresh his memory, respecting a fact, by anything written by himself, or under his direction, at the time when the fact occurred or immediately thereafter, or at any other time when the fact was fresh in his memory, and he knew that the same was correctly stated in the writing; but in either case the writing must be produced, and may be inspected by the adverse party, who may, if he choose, cross-examine the witness upon it, and may read it to the jury. So, also, a witness may testify from such a writing, though he retain no recollection of the particular facts; but such evidence shall be received with caution.”

A similar question was involved in State v. Magers, 36 Or. 38 (58 Pac. 892). The defendant, having been arrested, was taken before the chief of the Portland police and interrogated respecting his connection with the murder of which he was afterwards accused. A stenographer present took notes of the conversation and transéribed them, leaving the transcript in the possession of the officer. Magers was afterwards indicted in Polk County. The chief of police was called there as a witness at the trial. Before going he read over the transcript of the conversation he had with the defendant, but did not produce it at the trial. He said the notes were of some assistance to him in refreshing his memory. But at the time of the trial he had an independent recollection of the substance of the conversation with the defendant, and he did not use the transcript while on the witness stand. The question was raised there in the form of a motion to strike out the testimony of the officer because he did not produce the memorandum which had refreshed his memory. Speaking by Mr. Chief Justice Wolverton, the court gave the matter an extended examination, citing many authorities, among others this excerpt from Greenleaf on Evidence, Section 437, classifying writings of the kind in question:

“(1) Where the writing is used only for the purpose of assisting the memory of the witness. In this case it does not seem necessary that the writing should be produced in-court, though its absence may afford matter of observation to the jury; for the witness at last testifies from his own recollection. (2) Where the witness recollects having seen the writing before, and, though he has now no independent recollection of the facts mentioned in it, yet he remembers that at the time he saw it he knew the contents to be correct. In this case the writing itself must be produced in court, in order that the other party may cross-examine; not that such writing is thereby made evidence of itself, but that the other party may have the benefit of the witness refreshing his memory by every part.”

The opinion sums up the discussion thus:

“The case falls clearly within the first class designated by the authorities, and, the witness not having referred to or used the notes while undergoing examination, for the purpose of refreshing his memory, the defendant had no right to their production in court. It would have been otherwise if the witness, after refreshing his memory, could not have spoken from independent recollection, but could only testify that he knew the facts at the time they were written down, that they were written correctly, that he could not recall them, but that he knew them to be true as stated in the memorandum. Such a case would fall under the second class, and the defendant would then be entitled to the privilege of having the notes in court for his inspection.

In the instant case Mr. and Mrs. Libby, as witnesses, had no occasion to use the memorandum, even out of court. They seem to have retained an independent recollection of what they saw, and did not use the memorandum at all while testifying at the trial. There was no error in refusing to compel the district attorney to produce it, there being no evidentiary value to be attributed to it: People v. Glaze, 139 Cal. 154 (72 Pac. 965); People v. Salsbury, 134 Mich. 537 (96 N. W. 936); State v. Jackson (Mo. App.), 194 S. W. 1078; Williams v. Duluth Street Ry., 169 Wis. 261 (171 N. W. 939); Chandler v. State, 60 Tex. Cr. Rep. 329 (131 S. W. 598); C. W. Hull Co. v. Marquette Cement Mfg. Co., 208 Fed. 260 (125 C. C. A. 460).

6,7. The next assignment of error noted in the defendant’s brief is the admission in evidence of the short flight of the codefendant and his arrest and return to the place where the decedent fell. It is, indeed, an error to admit the declarations of co-conspirators made after the commission of the object of the conspiracy. A combination of individuals having been shown to exist for the accomplishment of a criminal purpose, it may be likened to a partnership wherein the declarations of any partner will bind the firm; but when the contract of partnership is ended, the firm business wound up, and the firm dissolved, the declarations of any former partner will not bind any of those who were once associated with him in the business. It is on this analogy that the subsequent declarations of a conspirator can bind only himself and not his criminal associates. The following precedents have been cited in support of the defendant’s position on this assignment of error: Sheppard v. Yocum, 10 Or. 402, 417; Osmun v. Winters, 30 Or. 177 (46 Pac. 780); State v. Tice, 30 Or. 457 (48 Pac. 367); State v. Magone, 32 Or. 206 (51 Pac. 453); State v. Hinkle, 33 Or. 93 (54 Pac. 155); Logan v. United States, 144 U. S. 263 (36 L. Ed. 429, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 617); Sparf v. United States, 156 U. S. 51 (39 L. Ed. 343, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 273, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes). In all of these cases, without exception, the matter considered by the opinions of the court consisted of declarations of a conspirator uttered after the accomplishment of the purpose, wherein he made statements prejudicial to his associate in the crime they jointly had committed. Here no such condition occurs. During his flight and after his arrest and return to the custody of the officer, where the decedent fell, Shee Pong made no statement appearing in evidence respecting his own connection, or that of his codefendant, with the homicide. The matter was so closely connected with what had gone before that it may safely be said to be part of the res gestae. It became important to identify all of the participants in the homicidé, in pursuance of which it was certainly admissible, although urn necessary, to be followed with great detail, to allow witnesses who saw him engaged, as they say, in the killing, to show that the comrade of the defendant was kept in their view during the pursuit and capture, so that he could be identified by them as a participant in the killing. It is akin to the principle laid down in State v. Aiken, 41 Or. 294 (69 Pac. 683), where it was held that the physical appearance of a codefendant after the homicide was admissible against the one on trial.

8. The defendant claims that he and his companion, Shee Pong, were attacked by some four or five members of an antagonistic tong, and on that basis complains that the following instruction was not given:

“If the defendant honestly believed, and the circumstances were such that a reasonably prudent man would have been led to such belief, that the life of his companion was in danger at the hands of Chin Hong or his associates, then he had the right to take such measures as were in his power to prevent the commission of such crime, even though it would lead to the death of Chin Hong.”

There are several objections to this instruction. After the definition in Section 1908, Or. L., of justifiable killing when committed by public officers or those acting in their aid and assistance and by their command, Section 1909, Or. L., makes justifiable—

“The killing of a human being * * by any person * * (1) to prevent the commission of a felony upon such person or upon his or her husband, wife, parent, child, master, mistress or servant; (2) to prevent the commission of a felony upon the property of such person, or upon property in,his possession, or upon or in any dwelling-house where such person may be; (3) in the attempt, by lawful ways and means, to arrest a person who has committed a felony or in the lawful attempt to suppress a riot or preserve the peace.”

There is no pretense in the testimony that the defendant here was attempting to arrest the decedent or to suppress a riot, preserve the peace, or to prevent a felony upon property. The instruction under consideration leaves it solely to the defendant’s discretion what to do in defense of himself and Ms companion, without regard to whether it was reasonT able or in proportion to the danger real or apparent, but to take “such measures as were in Ms power to prevent the commission of such crime.” It is hombook law that self-defense is. a merely preventive remedy, and must not be out of proportion to the real or apparent danger. This principle is disregarded in the form of the instruction presented. Again,- it is not every danger -which will excuse a homicide. It must be an imminent dang*er of death or great bodily harm. The imminence of danger is left out of the requested instruction.

In substance, the defendant requested the court to charge that, if the- decedent and those associated with him were acting together for the purpose of attacking the members of the rival tong, the decedent would be bound by the acts of Ms associates, and that the defendant on trial would have a right to act on appearances and to “take such measures, as were necessary to protect himself and his companion from such attacks, even though such measures resulted in taking the life of Chin Hong.” A similar instruction was to the effect that one who joins as a member of a mob or crowd in an unlawful attack upon the life of another, has no reason to complain if the victim attacked shoots into the crowd in the protection of his own life, and kills an unarmed member thereof; and that if the deceased was a member of such a crowd and made an attack upon the defendant and his companion unlawfully, wrongly, and maliciously, the defendant and his companion would have a right to act upon the appearance of danger to' themselves and their lives, and to defend themselves, even though they took human life.

9. The objections- to these instructions are that there are no observances of the principle that the defense must not exceed the real or apparent danger of the attack, and that the peril spoken of in the requested charge does not appear to be imminent. Moreover, these instructions are not applicable to the situation described by the testimony on the part of the defendant. He avows that the only reason he pursued Chin Hong and shot him was to protect Shee Fong. In a proper case the defendant rightfully could operate under Section 1806, Or. L., declaring that—

“Resistance to the commission of a crime may be lawfully made by the party about to be injured, or by any other person in his aid or defense, * * to prevent a crime against his person. * * ”

The defendant cannot justify himself under this section, however, in doing more in the defense of Shee Fong than the latter could do for himself: 5 C. J. 751; 2 R. C. L. 554. But even as to that, granting that it is true that the decedent was pursuing Shee Fong, that pursuit ended at the intersection of Glisan and Broadway Streets, where Shee Fong ran to the right and the decedent to the left of the streetcar; the latter continuing his flight south on Broadway to the southwest corner of the intersection of that street with Flanders. All of the testimony shows without dispute that from the street-car on the decedent was running from the defendants and being pursued by them. It is. primary learning in criminal law that self-defense cannot be turned into an instrument of vengeance or reprisal, and that when the danger has passed or ceased to be imminent, the right to kill in resistance ceases: State v. Erickson, 57 Or. 262 (110 Pac. 785, 111 Pac. 17); State v. Burton, 18 Del. (2 Penne.) 472 (47 Atl. 619); Hadley v. State, 58 Ga. 309; People v. Mullen, 179 Ill. App. 262; State v. Black, 86 N. J. L. 520 (93 Atl. 91); Marrow v. State, 37 Tex. Cr. Rep. 330 (39 S. W. 944); Malone v. State (Tex. Cr. App.), 35 S. W. 991; Yeldell v. State (Tex. Cr. App.), 25 S. W. 424.

It may be said in passing that this doctrine as applied to this case is made to depend upon the statement of the defendant himself. Disinterested Caucasian witnesses in considerable numbers testified with one accord that the decedent was being pursued by the defendant and his companion throughout the fatal course from Sixth Street up Glisan and south on Broadway to his death, and that he was unarmed. After the melée on Sixth Street, where there were so many participants in the general discharge of firearms, there were no others concerned in the homicide of the decedent, so far as the testimony shows, except the defendant Yee Guck and his associate, Shee Fong. There is no testimony that they were pursued or attacked by any mob or crowd after leaving Sixth Street. The only dispute in the testimony is whether the decedent chased Shee Fong from Sixth Street to Broadway, or was himself pursued by Shee Fong. From there on to the scene of his death, Chin Hong was being pursued by the defendant and the latter’s associate, according to Yee Guck’s own story. The only concern the defendant had was his avowed purpose to kill the decedent to prevent him in turn from killing or seriously wounding Shee Fong. The instructions on that point were not applicable to the case, put in its most favorable light by the defendant himself.

Much reliance is placed upon an excerpt from the opinion of Mr. Justice Wolverton in State v. Gibson, 43 Or. 184 (73 Pac. 333), where, after having discoursed about the duty of a defendant to avert an attack, if he can do so without danger to himself, this language was used:

“But the doctrine has no place in criminal law where the assault is precipitated without provocation, and is of such a character as to indicate to a reasonable mind acting upon appearances that the danger to life or the infliction of great bodily harm is imminent. In such case the assailed is justifiable in killing his aggressor if necessary to avert the consequences upon himself, and need not consider on the moment whether he may avert the impending danger or avoid the taking of the life of his antagonist by retreating, or resorting to some other expedient less violent.”

As has been pointed out, this instruction is not applicable to the case made by the defendant’s testimony. The learned judge evidently did not, intend to lay down the rule that where the decedent was in full flight, endeavoring to escape from the defendant, the latter had a right to follow him and kill him.

The court very fully instructed the jury upon the right of a defendant to act upon real or apparent danger to his life in the defense of himself, and it was not confined to the conduct merely of the decedent. On the contrary, it was said to the jury that:

“In determining whether the deceased was killed by the defendant under the reasonable apprehension of death or great bodily harm, you should consider what would be the reasonable apprehension of the defendant, Yee Guck, in the situation in which from the evidence you find him at the time of the alleged killing of Chin Hong. You should consider all the evidence relating to the position the deceased and the defendant, their companions and other actors were in at the time of the alleged commission of the crime, the relative sizes, strength, and physical abilities of the parties, together with all of the evidence hearing upon the scene of the conflict, as yon have received it in the evidence produced.”

This language clearly distinguishes the case in hand from that of State v. Adler, 146 Mo. 18 (47 S. W. 794). There the decedent was one of a crowd said to be pursuing the defendant with the apparent purpose of killing him or doing him great bodily harm. The trial court, charging the jury, confined the appearance of danger to the acts of the decedent alone, without reference to his companions acting with him, and for this error the conviction was reversed. But, as shown above, the situation indicative of danger to the instant defendant was made to depend upon the actions of all those concerned, including the decedent.

10. From the whole record we are of the opinion that the rights of the defendant were substantially preserved at the trial. Minor errors are suggested, but they are sufficiently disposed of in what has already been said. From the beginning of the present Criminal Code it has always been the rule that—

“After hearing the appeal the court must give judgment, without regard to the decision of questions which were in the discretion of the court below, or to technical errors, defects, or exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties”: Section 1626, Or. L.

We are convinced that the defendant had a fair trial, and the judgment must be affirmed.

Affirmed.

McBride, Bean and Harris, JJ., concur.