Opinion
11 Justin George Wright challenges his conviction for aggravated sexual abuse of a child on three grounds. First, Wright contends that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in investigating and presenting his defense. Wright next argues that the district court erred when it permitted the jury to hear inadmissible expert testimony. Finally, he asserts prosecutorial misconduct during closing statements. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
12 Wright was charged by information with two counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a child after his daughter (Daughter) reported that Wright "put his hands down her pants and touched her buttocks and vaginal area" while they were lying on a couch. She also reported that Wright sometimes "put his hand down her shirt and touched her breast area." According to Daughter, this conduct began when she was six or seven years old and continued until August or September 2007, when she was nine years old, at which time Wright moved to Las Vegas to attend school. Daughter did not report the abuse until July 2008, approximately ten months after it had ended. She first told her eleven-year-old cousin but made her cousin promise not to tell because she did not want them to get in trouble if they were not believed and because she was afraid that Wright might go to jail and then kidnap her once he was released. In August 2008, Daughter disclosed the abuse to her mother (Mother) and Mother's fiancé.
1 8 Wright was tried by jury on May 5-6, 2009. At the trial, Daughter testified that when she visited Wright at his apartment, they would watch television while lying on the couch. Wright would lis behind Daughter and move the telephone behind him. Wright would then put his hands down her pants, under her underwear, touching her vagina and her buttocks, and, on occasion, under her shirt, placing his hand over her heart. Daughter reported that Wright touched her in this way "[mJlaybe more than 10" times with the last incident occurring "a few weeks before he moved." Daughter further testified that she did not tell Mother right away because Daughter "was afraid she wouldn't - believe - [her]." Nevertheless, Daughter explained that she was able to disclose the abuse to her cousin because she "felt like [she] could trust her" but that she still feared what might happen if the cousin revealed the abuse, including that Wright might kidnap her. Daughter testified that *891 her fear of being kidnapped stemmed from a television episode of America's Most Wanted that she had viewed sometime in 2007 or early 2008, in which the "dad ... was touching his daughter ... inappropriately" and "went to jail[, then] he got out and he kid-naped her." In response to defense counsel's questions about her visits with Wright after he moved to Las Vegas, Daughter testified that he did not touch her sexually during those visits and that she had "a pretty good time visiting him." Daughter also confirmed that her relationship with her father was "physically affectionate" and that Wright never threatened her or told her not to report the touching to anyone.
{4 Mother and her fiancé each testified about the cireumstances that led to the disclosure and what Daughter had told them. According to them, Mother, her fiancé, and Daughter were out to dinner when Daughter told them that Wright had threatened to sue Mother for custody. Daughter seemed "ner-yous" about the situation, but Mother told Daughter not to worry about it because "liJt's an adult situation" that Wright "shouldn't be bringing ... up with [Daughter] in the first place." Mother told Daughter that she would "talk to [Wright] about it" and "just kind of let it go." The next morning, however, Mother "felt bad" because she typically "trlied] to keep the communication open" by "mak[ing Daughter] talk to [her] about what she was feeling" when she was upset. Fearing that she may have been too dismissive with Daughter and noticing that Daughter was "still a little quiet," Mother assured Daughter that she could "tell me things," even if someone had made a threat, and analogized the situation to when they had discussed the difference between good and bad touching and why Daughter should tell Mother if someone touched her inappropriately. Daughter then disclosed the abuse. Mother called the Division of Child and Family Services, which referred her to Detective Peggy Faulkner, an investigator assigned to the Family Crimes Unit of the Salt Lake County Sheriffs Office Investigations Divi-gion.
15 Detective Faulkner interviewed Daughter as part of the investigation that ensued from the sexual abuse Daughter reported. Detective Faulkner also testified at trial. In the course of its direct examination, the State asked Detective Faulkner, "Is it uncommon for you to have cases involving a disclosure that comes years after an initial event of touching?" Detective Faulkner responded, "No. No." Wright's counsel did not object to this question. But when the State followed up by asking how many cases Detective Faulkner had handled where the disclosure occurred a significant period of time after the abuse, Wright's counsel did object, arguing that Detective Faulkner was never designated as an expert witness and that the question seemed to require expert testimony. He also objected on grounds of "relevance." The court overruled Wright's objections. Detective Faulkner then answered, "I would be willing to say that at least a third of my cases . are victims where they have either become 18 and are [o]lder or they've endured the abuse living with the suspect without telling anyone for years."
'I 6 The defense called Wright's mother, his sister, and Wright himself. Wright's mother testified that Wright and Daughter were "very affectionate," "[allways" "snuggling on the couch, watching TV" with Wright lying behind Daughter. Wright also testified about the "affectionate" nature of his relationship with Daughter. Wright explained that his family was physically "[vlery lovingl, vlery affectionate" and that he raised Daughter the same way. In particular, Wright described how he would "lay [on] his [grandfather's] lap and have him scratch [his] back{[ ]." Wright drew a comparison between that activity and his lying on the couch with Daughter and tickling her stomach and back. Wright also testified about how he had planned to "gain partial custody" of Daughter once he moved back to Utah. According to Wright, he told Mother about his plan shortly before he moved and "it caused a big fight." He also explained that while he was living in Las Vegas, his phone contact with Daughter became less frequent.
T7 Wright's mother described her own relationship with Daughter as "very close" and explained that they would regularly engage in "girl talk," during which Wright's *892 mother had talked to Daughter about inappropriate touching and Daughter told her "private things." Daughter never disclosed that Wright was inappropriately touching her during these talks. Wright's sister testified that Daughter was "like [her] little sister" and they too were "really close." Wright's sister explained that Daughter was comfortable talking to her and sometimes talked to her about boys she liked, but Daughter had never reported or even hinted that Wright was sexually abusing her.
8 In his closing statement, defense counsel suggested that Daughter's testimony could be the product of her imagination based on events that occurred on age-inappropriate television programs that Daughter watched, such as America's Most Wanted. According to counsel, the abuse was not real, but Daughter had recast an event she had seen on television as something that had happened to her by transforming, over time, Wright's innocent and affectionate touching into something inappropriate. Defense counsel attributed this to Daughter's recent decision to call Mother's fiancé, "Dad," and her resulting guilt from "turning her back on [Wright] for another father. But if over time she has convinced herself that he's a pedophile, that he's abused her from an emotional perspectivel,] it makes it easier and it makes it okay." Counsel also argued that "[it worked" because Daughter "has gotten exactly what she wants. She is with the family she wants to be withl and sJhe doesn't have to see [Wright]." The prosecutor responded,
[TJhere is absolutely no reason not to believe [Daughter], who, as I told you before gave you every single piece of evidence that you need for the elements of this crime. [Daughter] doesn't want to hurt her father. She loved him even after he did horrible things to her. She just wants him to stop hurting her. You have the power to make that stop.
1 9 The jury convicted Wright on one count of aggravated sexual abuse of a child and acquitted him on the other count. 1 Wright appealed, and on his motion, this court remanded the case to the district court to conduct a hearing pursuant to rule 28B of the Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure on the claims that trial counsel had been ineffective because he had not reasonably investigated or pursued a fabrication defense and he did not effectively use available witnesses and evidence at trial. See Utah R. App. P. 28B(a) ("A party to an appeal in a criminal case may move the [appellate] court to remand the case to the trial court for entry of findings of fact, necessary for the appellate court's determination of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel."). The district court on rule 28B remand concluded that Wright's trial counsel had not been ineffective. The court supported its decision with detailed factual findings.
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Wright makes three claims on appeal. First, he argues that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance when he failed to adequately investigate the merits of both the defense urged by Wright (fabrication) and the defense trial counsel pursued (mistake). Wright also asserts that counsel underutilized available evidence and witnesses at trial. "In ruling on an ineffective assistance claim following a Rule 23B hearing, [appellate courts] defer to the trial court's findings of fact, but review its legal conclusions for correctness." State v. Bredehoft,
¢11 Next, Wright asserts that the district court erred in allowing Detective Faulkner to testify about the incidence of delayed reporting in sexual abuse cases when Detective Faulkner had not been designated or qualified as an expert witness. Ordinarily, we review evidentiary rulings regarding the admissibility of witness testimony for abuse of discretion. State v. Tarrats,
T12 Finally, Wright claims prosecutorial misconduct during the State's closing statement. Because Wright did not object to the prosecutor's statements in the district court, we review the claim under the doctrines of plain error and ineffective assistance of counsel. See Sellers,
ANALYSIS
I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
113 Wright argues that he is entitled to a new trial because he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel. To estab-Tish ineffective assistance, "a defendant must ... demonstrate that counsel's performance was deficient, in that it fell below an objective standard of reasonable professional judg-mentl,] ... [and] show that counsel's deficient performance was prejudicial-i.e., that it affected the outcome of the case." State v. Litherland,
T14 Wright claims that his counsel was ineffective because he failed to adequately investigate Wright's preferred defense of fabrication, failed to adequately investigate the mistake defense counsel advocated, and failed to make effective use of the available witnesses and evidence at trial. On Wright's motion, we remanded the case to the district court to make findings necessary to the determination of whether trial counsel failed to reasonably investigate a fabrication defense and to make appropriate use of the available witnesses and evidence. 2 Wright has raised the failure to investigate a mistake defense for the first time on appeal. In this section, *894 we will first address Wright's claims that counsel failed to investigate the two possible defenses, including his claim that a complete investigation of the fabrication defense would have caused counsel to "realize[] that his reasons for doubting the viability of the defense were unfounded." We will then consider counsel's decisions not to use the exhibits Wright provided him and not to call certain witnesses at trial. Finally, we will evaluate Wright's claim that counsel did not effectively examine Wright's mother and sister at trial.
A. - Counsel Did Not Fail To Investigate the Potential Defenses, and His Pursuit of a Mistake Defense Was a Reasonable Tactical Decision.
T15 Wright claims that counsel failed to reasonably investigate either Wright's preferred defense of fabrication or the mistake defense that counsel actually presented. With regard to the fabrication defense, Wright argues that counsel, having heard Daughter's and Mother's testimonies at the preliminary hearing, did not fully consider all of the testimony about the acrimony between Mother and Wright as well as the circumstances leading to Daughter's disclosure that Wright's witnesses were prepared to provide in response at trial. In particular, the witnesses could have explained that Mother had recently insisted that Daughter call Mother's fiancé, "Dad," and that Mother had told Daughter that Wright was planning to seek custody of Daughter. Wright claims that had counsel conducted such an investigation, counsel not only would have seen the viability of a fabrication defense but also would have viewed it as superior to the mistake defense. With respect to his claim that counsel failed to conduct an adequate investigation of the mistake defense, Wright asserts that counsel did not research the defense sufficiently to be able to effectively explain to the jury why Daughter was mistaken.
{16 The Utah Supreme Court has stated that "counsel can make a reasonable decision to call or not to call particular witnesses for tactical reasons" in presenting a defense "only after an adequate inquiry" into "the underlying facts of a case, including the availability of prospective defense witnesses." State v. Templin,
1117 Wright also claims that counsel's investigation of the mistake defense was incomplete because he relied on Daughter's exposure to "adult content" in age-inappropriate television programs and books without researching their contents. According to Wright, had counsel investigated, he would have learned that the television programs Daughter may have been exposed to covered the topics of sexuality, family discord, and use of abuse allegations to alienate an accused parent and that Daughter was reading books that contained sexual content "too graphic for a ten-year-old child." The State counters that Wright's claim requires speculation that the contents of the television shows and books would have bolstered the defense. We agree. Wright's claim is based on the premise that additional research into the content of the media to which Daughter might have been exposed would have provided information useful to the mistake defense. While there is evidence in the record that Daughter "loved" watching Oprah and also watched America's Most Wanted and Dr. Phil on occasion, Wright has failed to support, with specific facts, his contention that counsel's failure to look further into this subject would likely have provided substantial
*895
additional evidence to support a mistake defense. For example, Wright identifies the suggestive titles of several episodes of Dr. Phil (eg., "Is there a Predator in the House?," "Family Court Battles," "Controversial Love Affairs," and "You're a Liar"). He fails, however, to show either that Daughter actually watched the specific episodes he identifies, which he claims would have provided her with information helpful to the fabrication of her abuse allegations or may have caused her to misinterpret innocent touching as sexual and inappropriate, or that she watched the programs frequently enough that her exposure to specific programs could reasonably be inferred. Nor has Wright adequately identified what he claims to be the graphic sexual content of the books she read or analyzed how the content of such books might be shown to have affected her disclosure. As a consequence, his contentions are too vague to support more than speculation that counsel was deficient in not further investigating either the television or book matters. Cf. Allen v. Friel,
I 18 Furthermore, the evidence counsel actually presented at trial to portray Daughter as confused or mistaken about appropriate and inappropriate touching indicates that he was reasonably informed of Daughter's potential exposure to the subject matter. For example, he established that Daughter sometimes watched Oprah, Dr. Phil, and America's Most Wanted and followed up on Daughter's admission that her fear about disclosing the abuse stemmed from an episode of America's Most Wanted, in which the father had been touching his daughter inappropriately and kidnapped her after she reported it; he elicited testimony from Detective Faulkner that when asked if "anyone else touched you in a way that made you uncomfortable," Daughter had reported innocent touching of her chest and buttocks by other children while they were playing; and he pointed out that Mother "specifically ... brought up the good touch/bad touch analogy" in the context of a discussion with Daughter about Wright seeking custody that ultimately led to Daughter's disclosure.
{19 Wright's claim that counsel's investigation of the mistake defense was deficient therefore amounts merely to speculation about what more counsel might have done. Furthermore, his use of the available information to pursue such a defense otherwise appears appropriate. As a result, Wright's claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately investigate the mistake defense is unpersuasive.
$20 Finally, Wright asserts that the mistake defense was strategically "inferi- or" to the fabrication defense "because it is incomplete: It explained how [Daughter] could manufacture false allegations of abuse, but not why she would." Wright's attack on trial counsel's strategic decision at this stage in the proceeding, however, is made with the benefit of hindsight. Even if Wright's proposed approach to his defense might actually have amounted to a better strategy than the one his counsel chose, we will not conclude that trial counsel was ineffective unless "there is a lack of any conceivable tactical basis for counsel's actions," State v. King,
"judicial serutiny of counsel's performance must be highly deferential" because "it is all too easy for a court, examining counsel's [performance] after it has proved un *896 successful, to conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable." Therefore, the court must "eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight ... and ... evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time."
Menzies v. Galetka,
121 The district court's findings on this subject, which Wright does not challenge, demonstrate that there were legitimate bases for counsel's decision to rely on a mistake defense at trial The court explained that although at least one available witness had information with which counsel could have formulated a fabrication defense, "the theory that [Daughter] was induced [by Mother] to lie or decide on her own to falsify the allegations in order to prevent her father from obtaining custody is at odds with the evidence of [Daughter's] disclosure to her cousin" in July 2008, in which she urged the cousin not to tell anyone else, and with Mother's failing to "suspect[] abuse, allow[ing Daughter] to go on trips to visit [Wright] unsupervised, and believ{ing Wright] to be a good and loving father." Rather, the court reasoned, counsel judged that a mistake defense would be more persuasive to jurors, who would want an explanation for "how a child who came across as credible and intelligent would make up allegations against her father." The court concluded that, given the totality of the available evidence, counsel's decision to pursue a mistake defense rather than a fabrication defense was a "reasonable trial strategy."
122 We conclude that the district court's conclusion was supported by the evidence. The district court found that trial counsel interviewed all but one of the available defense witnesses and was aware of the information to which each witness was prepared to testify. From this available information, counsel elected to pursue a mistake defense rather than a fabrication defense. While a fabrication defense appears viable, the exercise of professional judgment in choosing one approach over another is an endeavor that often involves a complex weighing of benefits and risks, and the decision counsel made in this instance amounted to a reasonable trial strategy given the totality of the evidence. Because there was a "conceivable tactical basis for counsel's action," State v. King,
B. Counsel's Decision Not To Call Additional Witnesses or Present Documentary Evidence Falls Within the Scope of Legitimate Trial Strategy.
123 Wright next contends that trial counsel had no legitimate strategie reason for not calling additional defense witnesses or presenting certain photographs, videos, and phone (audio and text) messages that documented his and Daughter's loving and appropriate relationship. At the rule 23B hearing, the trial court concluded that counsel did not perform deficiently in choosing not to call certain additional defense witnesses because, although those witnesses appeared to be credible, they were on balance unlikely to have added substantively to the defense. For example, the court found that if Wright's brother had been called at trial, his testimony would have been much the same as that of Wright's mother and sister. Yet calling him posed some risk because he "was ambivalent about being a witness in light of his divided feelings" for Daughter, his niece, and Wright, his brother. Wright's aunt may have "added some information" about Daughter and Wright's relationship, but she was so focused on defending the family's practice of physically showing affection (specifically through back scratching) that she became "non-responsive to questions and seemingly very defensive" as soon as this issue was raised. A third witness offered information that was largely inadmissible.
124 With respect to the documentary evidence, the court concluded that counsel *897 acted reasonably in not presenting photographs, videos, and phone messages from Daughter, provided to him by Wright and his family, which Wright contends showed that Daughter was happy and loving with him. The court found that counsel had explained that most of the photographs were of Daughter "smiling" "in the course of some fun or happy event" with Wright. Counsel did not want to admit too many of these photographs because he believed that the jury found Daughter to be both credible and compelling and was concerned that "the jury would look at the cute photos of [Daughter] in the jury room" and be "remind[ed of] ... how much they believed her." Furthermore, many of the photographs were of Daughter's visit with Wright in Las Vegas after the abuse had stopped. And there was no dispute that Daughter had positive interactions with Wright after he moved to Las Vegas and the abuse stopped. Daughter even testified at trial that she "hald] a pretty good time visiting [Wright] in Vegas."
25 Counsel omitted the remaining documentary evidence for similar reasons. The court found that the videos and phone messages showing Wright and Daughter interacting positively did "not carry much weight" because Daughter herself had testified that she loved Wright and that they usually did fun activities together. The court also noted that counsel was reluctant to use a video "where [Wright] said, 'Tell me you love me'" to Daughter because he thought it "could be perceived as creepy by the jury" when viewed in the context of the abuse allegations. Wright has not challenged these findings. Therefore, we accept the facts as the district court found them. See State v. Bredehoft,
126 These facts support the district court's conclusion that trial counsel's decision to exclude the documentary evidence did not amount to ineffective representation. For example, trial counsel determined that a fabrication defense would be unlikely to be successful because, among other things, it was "at odds with the evidence of [Daughter's] disclosure to her cousin .... [and] urg[ling] her cousin not to tell anyone." Counsel therefore decided to present a defense that Daughter had mistaken innocent touching and manifestations of affection as sexual and inappropriate-a misperception fueled by her growing relationship with Mother's fiancé and exposure to age-inappropriate media. - Counsel's decisions about which witnesses to call and the seope of the testimony he sought from them were thus intended to be consistent with a mistake defense. Counsel's decision not to use the photograph and video exhibits of Daughter was based on a similar rationale: counsel judged Daughter's testimony to be "very compelling" and "(hle didn't want to inject her into the jury room ... because the jury would look at the cute photos of [Daughter] . and the photos would remind them how much they believed her." Further, multiple photographs of Daughter enjoying the time she spent with Wright might undermine his theory that Daughter was simply mistaken or confused about the abuse, while the video evidence could cause the jury to view Wright's relationship with Daughter as "creepy." The court concluded that these exhibits had "limited evidentiary value" in that they "were not exculpatory because they "did not establish that the abuse did not occur" but instead "were, at best[,] cumulative of other exhibits and testimony that showed that [Wright] and [Daughter] appeared to have a loving and affectionate relationship" and, at worst, could be perceived negatively by the jury, as counsel feared. Counsel's other decisions regarding which evidence to present were also based on his concern that Daughter's credibility not be inadvertently enhanced by evidence that was of only limited value to the defense.
3
Therefore, the court's conclusion that counsel had a plausible strategic basis for declining to call additional defense witnesses or to introduce the additional documentary evidence Wright provided appears to be well founded. When there is a conceivable trial strategy for coun
*898
sel's decision, his performance is not deficient. State v. King,
C. Counsel Was Not Deficient in Limiting the Use of Wright's Mother's and Sister's Testimonies.
127 Finally, Wright contends that counsel was ineffective for failing to fully utilize the defense witnesses on direct examination. Specifically, he asserts that counsel failed to question his mother and sister about their knowledge of information that could rebut the prosecution witnesses' testimonies. For example, Wright contends that his mother and sister could have countered Daughter's testimony that she did not love her dad and was scared during the time the abuse was occurring with specific examples of instances when Wright and Daughter demonstrated love and affection toward one another. He further claims that his mother and sister would have offered testimony to show that Daughter was visibly distressed during a visit with Wright in August 2008, which was very close in time to her disclosure to Mother. Wright explains that Daughter's visit was immediately preceded by a vacation with Mother and her fiancé, during which Mother insisted that Daughter call the fiancé, "Dad." Wright's sister could also have testified that Daughter had disclosed during the visit that Mother had told her that Wright was trying to get custody so as to take her away from Mother. According to Wright, testimony about the cireumstances surrounding that visit with Daughter would have demonstrated Daughter's "motive to misinterpret innocent touches as abuse" because she was confused about how her relationships with Wright and Mother's fiancé could co-exist and she was worried that Wright might take her away from Mother. Wright further contends that the evidence could have shown that Mother had "a motive to encourage [Daughter] to allege abuse" to ensure that Wright would not receive custody of Daughter.
28 The district court determined, however, that trial counsel knew that Wright's mother and sister were prepared to testify to these things but that this "additional testimony would not have advanced [trial counselt's theory of the case," which was mistake. The court reiterated that pursuing a mistake defense was a reasonable trial strategy that "the Court must sanction ..., even if it appears flawed in retrospect." Wright has not challenged the district court's finding that counsel was aware that this testimony was available. And because counsel knew about this information but elected not to elicit it at trial based on his judgment that it would not further the mistake defense, Wright has failed to overcome the presumption that counsel's performance "fell below an objective standard of reasonable professional judgment" that would render his performance ineffective. See State v. Litherland,
{29 The district court, however, did criticize one decision that trial counsel made regarding the seope of Wright's sister's testimony. As discussed above, the sister was prepared to testify that, in August 2008, 4 Daughter told her and Wright's mother about a conversation in which Mother had told Daughter that Wright was trying to get custody of her and take her away from Mother. Apparently based on his decision to pursue a defense of mistake rather than fabrication, counsel did not present this testimony. The court concluded that "[tlhere was no legitimate trial strategy that would have allowed [counsel] to fail to put on this evi-denee." This conclusion is difficult to reconcile with the court's earlier determinations that the underlying decision not to pursue a fabrication defense was a legitimate strategie approach and that counsel was not deficient in failing to elicit this very testimony from Wright's sister because it would not have supported the mistake defense counsel chose.
*899 130 After carefully reviewing the district court's entire decision regarding counsel's trial performance, we have concluded that the apparent inconsistency results from the format of the court's decision. When we remanded for a rule 23B hearing, we asked the district court to make findings and conclusions about counsel's decisions regarding three specific categories of evidence: documentary exhibits, uncalled defense witnesses, and utilized defense witnesses. The court set up its written findings of fact and conclusions of law in this same arrangement. An overarching issue, however, in both the motion to remand and the arguments made at the rule 23B hearing was whether trial counsel adequately investigated the fabrication defense before he elected to pursue a mistake defense. As a result, the court made determinations in the context of each category of evidence about counsel's investigation of the fabrication defense and his decision to instead defend on the basis of mistake. In all but this one instance regarding the sister's testimony about Wright seeking custody, the court determined that counsel had a legitimate strategic reason for his decision to use only the evidence supporting a mistake defense. When the court evaluated counsel's decisions regarding the sister's testimony, it again stated that "counsel's strategy of not maligning [Mother] and to try to present [Daughter] as confused was a legitimate strategy." Yet it then went on to say that counsel was deficient for precluding sister's testimony about Daughter's statement because "this evidence could have provided a basis to believe that [Daughter] and/or [Mother] had a motive to falsify the allegations."
1 31 The court appeared to be stating that in this category of evidence-the use of Wright's mother's and sister's testimonies-there was some factual basis for a fabrication defense. The court went on to conclude, however, that when viewed in the context of the evidence as a whole, a fabrication defense still would have been unlikely to succeed because even if the jury believed the sister's testimony, an event the court deemed unlikely, there was a dearth of other evidence to corroborate a claim that the abuse allegations had been fabricated. This assessment of the relative strength of the fabrication défense thus seems consistent with the court's earlier statement that "(allthough the testimony offered by ... [Wright's sister] may have been material to a jury, counsel's strategy ... to try to present [Daughter] as confused was a legitimate strategy."
132 As previously discussed, we agree that the district court's uncontested findings regarding the substance and content of available witness testimony and documentary evidence support a conclusion that it was reasonable trial strategy for trial counsel to pursue a defense of mistake rather than fabrication. And based on our view of the totality of the evidence and the court's decision as a whole, we do not see the court's isolated criticism of trial counsel's performance to undermine its overarching decision that counsel did not perform deficiently in deciding on a defense strategy, even when the potential value of Wright's sister's testimony is taken into account. See State v. Bredehoft,
{33 In summary, we agree with the district court's conclusions that trial counsel's investigation provided him with sufficient information about available witnesses and exhibits to allow him to make an informed decision about whether to pursue a fabrication defense or a mistake defense at trial. Counsel had a legitimate basis for choosing the mistake defense and making decisions about what evidence to present. Because his decisions not to present the documentary exhibits or the testimony of Wright's brother, aunt, and friend and to limit the seope of the testimony of Wright's mother and sister were based on this strategic decision and tactical considerations about credibility and effectiveness of particular evidence, they did not *900 amount to deficient performance. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not err in determining that counsel provided effective assistance in investigating possible defenses and defending Wright at trial.
II. Detective Faulkner's Testimony
§34 Wright next challenges Detective Faulkner's testimony regarding the prevalence of delayed reporting of sexual abuse. Wright's challenge involves two statements: (1) Detective Faulkner's response, "No. No." when the State asked, "Is it uncommon for you to have cases involving a disclosure that comes years after an initial event of touching?" and (2) Detective Faulkner's statement, in response to the State's inquiry about how many of the cases she had investigated involved a significant delay in reporting, that "at least a third of my cases ... are victims where they have either become 18 and are [ollder or they've endured the abuse living with the suspect without telling anyone for years."
185 Utah courts have recognized that " '[dJelayed discovery and reporting are common in [child sexual abuse] cases." " State v. Bair,
136 Detective Faulkner's testimony, however, went a step beyond recognition of the general principle that delayed reporting is common when she reported that one-third of the "[hlundreds" of "child sex abuse" cases that she has investigated over five years involved delayed reporting of the abuse. According to Wright, this kind of quasi-statistical information falls within the realm of "knowledge [that] is not within the ken of the average bystander," State v. Rothlisberger,
137 We agree with the State. Even assuming for purposes of appeal that Detective Faulkner's testimony about the percentage of cases involving delayed reporting was inadmissible, Wright has not demonstrated any harm that resulted from its admission. Wright argues that because the jury acquitted him of one charge of aggravated child sexual abuse, it likely would have acquitted him of the second charge had it not heard Detective Faulkner's testimony. Wright does not, however, contend that Detective Faulkner lacked the knowledge or experience to offer such information, even conceding that she had investigated "(hJundreds" of *901 sexual abuse cases. Nor does he contest the accuracy of her statement. Indeed, an incidence of "one-third" appears to be generally consistent with her testimony that delayed reporting is not uncommon-testimony that the jury could properly hear-and the increment of precision it adds to the more general statement seems too small to undermine the defense in any material way. 5 Without any showing that the admission of Detective Faulkner's statement was likely to have unfairly affected the outcome of the proceedings, we will not disturb the jury's verdict, even if the testimony was erroneously admitted.
III. Prosecutor's Closing Remarks
T38 Finally, Wright contends that the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during its closing argument. Specifically, Wright takes issue with the prosecutor's response to trial counsel's contention that Daughter transmuted an innocent touch into an inappropriate one to help her justify referring to Mother's fiancé as "Dad" and to eliminate Wright from her life. Wright's counsel argued that Daughter "has gotten exactly what she wants. She is with the family she wants to be with{ and sJhe doesn't have to see [Wright]." The prosecutor responded directly to this argument in rebuttal:
[Tlhere is absolutely no reason not to believe [Daughter], who, as I told you before gave you every single piece of evidence that you need for the elements of this crime. [Daughter] doesn't want to hurt her father. She loved him even after he did horrible things to her. She just wants him to stop hurting her. You have the power to make that stop.
Wright argues that these remarks were improper because they "divert(ed] the jury from its duty to decide the case on the evidence." See State v. Todd,
$39 "Generally speaking, in argument to the jury, counsel for each side has considerable latitude and may discuss fully from their viewpoints the evidence and the inferences and deductions arising therefrom." State v. Tillman,
$40 We agree with the State that the first four sentences of the prosecutor's response fall within the fair reply doctrine. Wright encouraged the jury to view the facts and inferences from the evidence in a manner that supported his theory that Daughter was mistaken about how Wright had touched her, and in closing suggested that her mis *902 take had an aspect of calculation to it in that it furthered her goal of getting Wright out of her life so she could be "with the family she wants to be with." In response, the State was entitled to argue from the evidence at trial that Daughter had a different motivation for the accusations than simply eliminating Wright from her life, that is, to protect herself from abuse.
141 We agree with Wright, however, that the prosecutor's final statement-"You have the power to make that [ (the abuse) ] stop."-is beyond the seope of a fair reply. It does not rebut any statements made by Wright; instead, the statement calls on the jury to assume the responsibility of ensuring Daughter's safety. Such a statement appeals to the jurors' emotions by contending that the jury has a duty to protect the alleged viectim-to become her partisan-which diverts their attention from their legal duty to impartially apply the law to the facts in order to determine if Wright had committed the crimes of aggravated sexual abuse of a child for which he was on trial. See generally Tosh,
The test of whether the remarks made by counsel are so objectionable as to merit a reversal in a criminal case is, did the remarks call to the attention of the jurors matters which they would not be justified in considering in determining their verdict, and were they, under the cireumstances of the particular case, probably influenced by those remarks.
.... If prosecutorial misconduct is established, the State must show that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. 154 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) (setting forth this standard in context of plain error review). 6
*903
142 "In reviewing whether the jury was influenced by the [prosecutor's] statement, we consider the cireumstances of the case as a whole." State v. Kozlov,
T43 Accordingly, we are persuaded that the prosecutor's isolated statement to the jury was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Wright's prosecutorial misconduct claim therefore fails.
IV. Cumulative Error
[ 44 Wright contends that even if the errors by the court and counsel were individually harmless, they cumulatively require reversal of his conviction. "Under the cumulative error doctrine, [appellate courts] will reverse only if the cumulative effect of the several errors undermines our confidence ... that a fair trial was had." State v. Dunn,
145 We have rejected each of Wright's numerous claims of error, concluding that either no error occurred or any error was harmless. Our assessment does not change when we view the one error and the one presumed error (the detective's anecdotal evidence of the incidence of late reporting and the prosecutor's statement on rebuttal) in conjunction with one another. The errors were relatively minor in the context of the trial as a whole and do not take on significance when considered together. Accordingly, we do not find Wright's cumulative error argument persuasive.
CONCLUSION
146 The district court correctly determined that Wright did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel when his trial attorney legitimately decided to pursue a mistake defense rather than one based on fabrication and commensurately limited the evidence and witnesses he presented. Although we concluded that the prosecutor's final remark in closing argument was error and we assumed, without deciding, that the admission of Detective Faulkner's testimony on the percentage of cases which involved delayed reporting was error, neither was sufficiently prejudicial to require reversal, whether considered alone or together. Accordingly, we affirm Wright's conviction for aggravated sexual abuse of a child.
Notes
. Wright was tried on two counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a child for the first and the last times that he purportedly sexually touched Daughter. During deliberation, the jury sent a note to the court, inquiring,
"We would like some clarification on the different counts. We take the separate counts to mean separate instances of the alleged crime. If so, we feel the evidence may support different conclusions for each count.
For instance the evidence of the incident happening in August 2007 [as opposed to the incident occurring in March 2005] is stronger. Therefore, if we conclude guilty for this date, which count, (Count I or II) would this apply?"
Upon the advice of counsel, the court instructed the jury, "Count one applies to the earlier date. Count two applies to the later date." The jury convicted Wright on count two.
. We commend the district court for the care and detail with which it entered its findings and conclusions.
. For instance, the court concluded that counsel had a "legitimate strategy" in "not want[ing] to dwell on the back-scratching"' because although it served to corroborate Wright's description of his family members as physically affectionate with one another, it could also raise questions about their understandings of appropriate boundaries.
. - In its findings, the court stated that this disclosure occurred in August 2010. Based on other portions of the record, it appears that the conversation must have occurred in 2008. We therefore treat the 2010 date as a typographical error.
. The statement that only one-third of the cases involved delayed reporting, a relatively low percentage, could even be seen as somewhat helpful to the defense because it eliminated any speculation that "not uncommon" might be a significantly greater proportion.
. Whether the defendant or the State bears the burden of showing harm and what the standard of proof is if the burden shifts to the State (whether harmless beyond a reasonable doubt or some lesser standard) are questions that we do not resolve because the issue has not been briefed in a meaningful way and the questions are not readily resolvable under our current precedent. The Utah Supreme Court in State v. Ross,
Nor does our own precedent simplify the issue. In State v. King,
In our decision here, in deference to the language of Ross, we take Kozglov's approach, assuming that the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard applies, even though the challenge to the error was unpreserved and does not involve a violation of a fundamental constitutional right, on the basis that "if the State can show that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, Defendant would be unable to establish that the error was prejudicial" enough to make *903 out a showing of plain error or ineffective assistance of counsel, in any event. Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The questions of when burden-shifting occurs in a prose-cutorial misconduct case and the applicable standard for showing harmlessness if it does, however, remain unsettled and should be addressed in an appropriate case.