80 N.C. App. 54 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1986
I
Defendant first assigns error to the court’s sentencing him for assault on a female, on the grounds that assault on a female is not a lesser included offense of attempted rape. We note that defendant did not object to the submission of the offense to the jury. Failure to object at trial ordinarily waives the right to assert error on appeal. App. R. 10(b)(2). However, the sufficiency of a criminal charge may be challenged without any exceptions or assignment of error having been made. App. R. 10(a). It is well established that an indictment for a greater offense is a sufficient charge of all lesser included offenses. G.S. 15-170; State v. Young, 305 N.C. 391, 289 S.E. 2d 374 (1982). By analogy, whether assault on a female is charged as a lesser included offense by an indictment charging attempted rape questions the sufficiency of the indictment. Accordingly, the issue may be raised on appeal, even in the absence of timely objection at trial. App. R. 10(a). Compare State v. Odom, 307 N.C. 655, 300 S.E. 2d 375 (1983) (absent plain error, which did not occur, must be timely objection to lack of instruction on proper lesser included offense).
A
In State v. Weaver, 306 N.C. 629, 295 S.E. 2d 375 (1982), our Supreme Court definitively held that the determination of whether one crime is a lesser included offense of another is made on a definitional, not a factual, basis. The Court expressly rejected the contention that under certain factual circumstances one offense might become a lesser included offense of another. Rather, all essential elements of the lesser offense must be completely covered by the essential elements of the greater offense. Id. at 635, 295 S.E. 2d at 378-79. Followed State v. Roberts, 310 N.C. 428, 312 S.E. 2d 477 (1984); State v. Odom, supra. Defendant relies heavily on the Weaver definitional test.
B
Defendant was indicted for attempted rape, not rape itself. While both attempted rape and assault on a female are lesser included offenses of rape, as recognized by G.S. 15-144.1 and G.S. 15-169, it does not necessarily follow from that fact alone that assault on a female is a lesser included offense of attempted rape.
The two essential elements of attempted rape are: (1) the intent to commit the rape and (2) an overt act done for that purpose which goes beyond mere preparation but falls short of the completed offense. State v. Freeman, 307 N.C. 445, 298 S.E. 2d 376 (1983); followed State v. Bell, 311 N.C. 131, 316 S.E. 2d 611 (1984). Compare 65 Am. Jur. 2d, Rape, Section 26 (1972) (force necessary element). By the sexual acts involved, rape and attempted rape necessarily require a male perpetrator and a female victim. See State v. Barnes, 307 N.C. 104, 296 S.E. 2d 291 (1982). Although the statute prescribing penalties, G.S. 14-27.6, distinguishes between attempts to commit first-degree rape and attempts to commit second-degree rape, the above definition of the crime does not. Nevertheless the definition applies to both levels of the crime of attempted rape. Freeman, supra (second-degree), Bell, supra (first-degree).
The distinction between “mere preparation” and “attempt” cannot always be drawn with precision. The overt act necessary for an attempt must be some step in a direct movement toward the commission of the offense after the preparations are made, which act in the ordinary course of things would result in consummation of the crime. State v. Addor, 183 N.C. 687, 110 S.E. 650 (1922); see State v. Jones, 227 N.C. 402, 42 S.E. 2d 465 (1947); see also United States v. Jackson, 560 F. 2d 112 (2d Cir.) (“substantial step” required), cert. denied sub nom. Jackson v. United States, 434 U.S. 941, 54 L.Ed. 2d 301, 98 S.Ct. 434 (1977), cert. denied sub nom. Allen v. United States, 434 U.S. 1017, 54 L.Ed. 2d 762, 98 S.Ct. 736 (1978).
D
The essential elements of assault on a female, G.S. 14-33(b)(2), are (1) assault (2) upon a female person (3) by a male person. State v. Craig, 35 N.C. App. 547, 241 S.E. 2d 704 (1978). Age is not an essential element of the offense. Id. An assault is an overt act or an attempt, with force and violence, to do some immediate physical injury to the person of another, which show of force or menace of violence must be sufficient to put a person of reasonable firmness in fear of immediate bodily harm. State v. Jeffries, 57 N.C. App. 416, 291 S.E. 2d 859, disc. rev. denied and appeal dismissed, 306 N.C. 561, 294 S.E. 2d 374 (1982). While the civil
E
Whether the overt act involved in attempted rape necessarily includes the overt act in assault on a female is the determinative question here. Our decision in State v. Rick, 54 N.C. App. 104, 282 S.E. 2d 497 (1981), while helpful, does not control. In Rick we considered an indictment which charged attempted rape of the victim “by force and against her will by overcoming her resistance and procuring her submission by the use of a deadly weapon,” holding that this charge included assault on a female as a lesser offense. Id. at 109, 282 S.E. 2d at 500-1. The Rick indictment’s language did not charge attempted rape in general terms, as in the instant case, but instead specifically charged attempted first-degree rape with the use of a deadly weapon. G.S. 14-27.2(a).
F
Applying the definitional test established in Weaver, we conclude that the definition of attempted rape necessarily includes assault on a female. Rape is, after all, a crime of violence. Force sufficient to accomplish the act of intercourse can constitute sufficient force to support a conviction. State v. Aiken, 73 N.C. App. 487, 326 S.E. 2d 919 (victim helpless), disc. rev. denied and appeal dismissed, 313 N.C. 604, 332 S.E. 2d 180 (1985). The victim of rape has obviously suffered “immediate bodily harm” simply by the act of non-consensual intercourse. Since assault has always been a lesser included offense of rape, both before and after Weaver, G.S. 15-144.1, it follows under Weaver that the same force and harm can suffice to support a conviction for either offense. As a practical matter, we cannot conceive of any act which would constitute a step in a direct movement toward a rape and which would in the ordinary course of events result in a consummated rape which would not put a person of reasonable firmness in apprehension of such immediate bodily harm. See State v. Addor, supra; State v. Musselwhite, supra. Accordingly, we hold that an
In reaching this result we rely in part on State v. Freeman, supra. There, without discussing the Weaver definitional test, the Supreme Court held that defendant was properly convicted of assault on a female under an indictment charging “attempted rape.” Because defendant in Freeman did not challenge the sufficiency of the charge or assign error to the submission of the lesser offense, Records & Briefs, N.C. Supreme Court, State v. Freeman, No. 514A82 (1982), the question before us here was not squarely presented there. We presume, however, that the Freeman court reached its decision in full awareness of its decision in Weaver. See Cole v. Cole, 229 N.C. 757, 51 S.E. 2d 491 (1949) (overruling by implication not favored). Accordingly, we overrule defendant’s first assignment of error.
II
Defendant’s second assignment of error attacks the sufficiency of the evidence of first-degree burglary on the grounds that the State failed to show the requisite felonious intent. The indictment charged that the burglary was committed with the intent to commit rape and larceny. As to this assignment, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, with every reasonable and favorable inference therefrom. State v. Earnhardt, 307 N.C. 62, 296 S.E. 2d 649 (1982). We note that the evidence clearly establishes, and that defendant does not dispute, that a breaking and entering took place. See State v. Yarborough, 55 N.C. App. 52, 284 S.E. 2d 550 (1981) (defendant cut screen and stuck arm through hole; sufficient).
A
Our court recently reversed a conviction for first-degree burglary where the only evidence of intent to rape was that defendant entered the room of a sleeping woman and threatened her with a gun. State v. Rushing, 61 N.C. App. 62, 300 S.E. 2d 445, aff'd, 308 N.C. 804, 303 S.E. 2d 822 (1983). We held there that in the absence of “some overt manifestation of an intended forcible sexual gratification,” Id. at 66, 300 S.E. 2d at 449, the conviction could not stand. See also State v. Freeman, supra (no overt sexual conduct; only evidence of intent ambiguous statement; re
Here, however, there was evidence of an overt manifestation of intended sexual gratification: that while the victim slept defendant slit open the crotch of the panties she was wearing. This constituted overt “sexual behavior” from which a rational trier of fact could find an intent to commit rape. State v. Powell, 74 N.C. App. 584, 328 S.E. 2d 613 (1985) (defendant entered bedroom, undressed, and fondled his private parts; conviction upheld); see also State v. Norman, 14 N.C. App. 394, 188 S.E. 2d 667 (1972) (physical assault, but no evidence of sexual conduct other than touching breast; conviction upheld); State v. Boon, 35 N.C. (13 Ired.) 244 (1852) (grasped ankle; conviction upheld). Indeed, we can think of no purpose, other than a sexual purpose, for an adult male to slit open the crotch of the panties worn by a sleeping adult female. In addition, the victim testified that the intruder was leaning over her, “getting ready to crawl on top” of her. Taken together this evidence adequately supported a finding of intent to rape.
B
Defendant makes much of the fact that as soon as the victim screamed, he fled. The requisite felonious intent need exist only at the time of the breaking and entering. It is no defense that the defendant later abandoned his intent because of unexpected or startling resistance or outcry. See State v. Sweezy, 291 N.C. 366, 230 S.E. 2d 524 (1976); State v. Hooper, 227 N.C. 633, 44 S.E. 2d 42 (1947).
C
The indictment charged first-degree burglary with intent to commit the felonies of rape and larceny. It is well established that evidence of unauthorized entry at night and flight upon discovery, in the absence of any other explanation, will support an inference of larcenous intent. State v. Goodman, 71 N.C. App. 343, 322 S.E. 2d 408 (1984), disc. rev. denied, 313 N.C. 333, 327 S.E. 2d 894 (1985), following State v. Sweezy, supra, and State v. McBryde, 97 N.C. 393, 1 S.E. 925 (1887). The fact that the jury found that defendant did not accomplish the larceny does not negate the inference, since it is the intent at the time of the breaking and entering that is determinative. Cases such as State v. Lamson, 75
Ill
Finally, defendant assigns error to the admission of the evidence of defendant’s involvement in the other incident. As noted above, the other incident also involved unauthorized entry into the home of a sleeping female and the surreptitious slitting open of her pants or panties preparatory to a sexual assault. Defendant argues that this evidence was not admissible under G.S. 8C-1, R. Ev. 404.
A
Such evidence of other crimes may be admissible inter alia as proof of intent, plan or identity. G.S. 8C-1, R. Ev. 404(b). Rule 404 is consistent with prior North Carolina practice. Id., Commentary; see 1 H. Brandis, N.C. Evidence, Section 92 at 352 n. 19 (Supp. 1983). Under North Carolina practice, evidence of similar sex crimes has historically been more readily admitted. See State v. Greene, 294 N.C. 418, 241 S.E. 2d 662 (1978).
Rule 404 is virtually identical to Federal Rule of Evidence 404, the legislative history of which tends to favor admissibility. 10 J.. Moore, Moore’s Federal Practice 404.01 [3] (2d ed. 1985). Under the federal rule, evidence of other “signature” crimes, committed in a similar unusual manner, has generally been held ad
B
Our Supreme Court has only recently reached the same result, although without discussing Rule 404(b). State v. Riddick, 316 N.C. 127, 340 S.E. 2d 422 (1986). In Riddick the Court considered evidence of defendant’s commission of similar break-ins and assaults six years earlier in Connecticut. The Court held that this evidence was admissible to show defendant’s identity as the perpetrator since it included “unusual facts” also present in the North Carolina crime under consideration. The perpetrator in each instance cut off telephone or power lines and attempted ineptly to handcuff the victim. In each break-in the perpetrator stole fresh fruit from the premises, a circumstance the Court found “most telling.” Id. The Court rejected defendant’s contention that remoteness in time required exclusion of the other crimes evidence:
Remoteness in time is less important when the other crime is admitted because its modus operandi is so strikingly similar to the modus operandi of the crime being tried as to permit a reasonable inference that the same person committed both crimes. It is reasonable to think that a criminal who has adopted a particular modus operandi will continue to use it notwithstanding a long lapse of time between crimes.
Id. at 134, 340 S.E. 2d at 427. Compare State v. Shane, 304 N.C. 643, 285 S.E. 2d 813 (1982) (evidence not admissible for any purpose, despite “striking similarity” of modus operandi, where seven month interval between occurrences). Under Riddick, the evidence of the other incident, involving the identical unusual modus operandi, was relevant to prove defendant’s identity and
IV
We have carefully considered each of defendant’s assignments and found them all without merit. No reversible error appears on the face of the record. Defendant received a fair trial.
No error.