68 Ohio St. 3d 70 | Ohio | 1993
Lead Opinion
Appellant presents ten propositions of law for our consideration. We have considered appellant’s propositions of law, independently weighed the statutory aggravating circumstance against the evidence presented in mitigation, and reviewed the death penalty for appropriateness and proportionality. Upon
I
In his first proposition of law, appellant urges that the trial court erred in allowing the state to introduce evidence of other “unrelated” crimes and wrongful acts committed by appellant. Specifically, appellant claims that the trial court erred in allowing the testimony that appellant shot at Mark Stevenson and attempted to rob him. Appellant also claims error from the introduction of the testimony of Alan Hill, who, on redirect examination, indicated that appellant wanted to rob someone at a McDonald’s restaurant sometime prior to Akram’s murder. Appellant suggests that the evidence of these other crimes or bad acts was irrelevant and highly prejudicial, and that such evidence should have been excluded by the trial court under Evid.R. 404(B). We find no reversible error.
Evid.R. 404(B) provides:
“Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” (Emphasis added.)
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or bad acts independent of, and unrelated to, the offenses for which a defendant is on trial is generally inadmissible to show criminal propensity. State v. Wickline (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 114, 120, 552 N.E.2d 913, 920. However, the evidence of the attempted carjacking in this case was not used for an impermissible purpose. The evidence of appellant’s attempt to shoot and to rob Stevenson tended to establish appellant’s identity as the triggerman involved in the aggravated murder of Akram. The evidence also helped to prove appellant’s motive and intent with respect to the robbery and murder of Akram, as well as the element of prior calculation and design. Additionally, this evidence demonstrated, rather convincingly, appellant’s overall plan to forcibly commandeer vehicles with expensive tires and rims from unsuspecting motorists. In our judgment, the evidence concerning the attempted carjacking of Stevenson’s vehicle was extremely relevant and was properly admitted by the trial court.
With regard to the testimony of Alan Hill, we find no prejudicial error warranting reversal, particularly in light of the overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt. Additionally, we note that the trial court properly instructed the jury as to the limited purposes for which such “other act” evidence could be consid
Accordingly, appellant’s first proposition of law is not persuasive.
II
Gary Hill, John Woods and Curt Thompson were also indicted for the aggravated murder of Akram. Gary Hill testified at appellant’s trial as part of a plea bargain arrangement in which Hill pled guilty to the lesser offense of murder. During appellant’s cross-examination of Hill, Hill admitted to having previously robbed people of their vehicles at gunpoint. However, Hill denied possessing any weapons on the night of Akram’s murder. The trial court sustained the state’s objection when appellant asked Hill what type of weapon Hill had used on prior occasions of robbing people.
In his second proposition of law, appellant contends that the trial court unduly restricted his right to cross-examine Gary Hill concerning Hill’s possible possession of the murder weapon. However, as we have noted on a previous occasion, the limits to which a witness may be cross-examined are within the sound discretion of the trial court. See State v. Green (1993), 66 Ohio St.3d 141, 147, 609 N.E.2d 1253, 1259. Absent an abuse of discretion, the trial court’s determination to limit appellant’s cross-examination of Hill will not be disturbed on appeal. We find no abuse of discretion here. Appellant’s question concerning the type of gun normally used by Hill in prior robberies was essentially irrelevant to the issue whether Hill possibly possessed some type of firearm on the night of Akram’s murder. Additionally, the trial court did, in fact, permit appellant to question Hill rather extensively concerning Hill’s contact with weapons on the evening of the murder. Accordingly, appellant’s second proposition of law is not well taken.
Ill
In his third proposition of law, appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury during the guilt phase that, with respect to the R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) death penalty specification, the jury was required to unanimously find either that appellant was the principal offender or that he acted with prior calculation and design. Appellant suggests that the jury’s verdict might have been a “patchwork verdict” with some (but not all) jurors convicting appellant of the specification on the basis that appellant was the principal offender, and others finding that appellant acted with prior calculation and design.
Initially, we note that appellant neither requested such an instruction nor objected to the instructions given. Thus, our discretionary review of the alleged
After the jury had begun its deliberations in the guilt phase, the jury requested that the trial court respond to a number of questions. Several of the jury’s inquiries related to the death penalty specification in Counts One and Two of the indictment. One of the jury’s questions was: “Are the specifications about being the principal offender, or if not the principal offender, then with prior calculation and design mutually exclusive?” The trial court responded by stating, “[w]ell, you can find either in the alternative. You can find either that the defendant was the principal offender, or if you feel he wasn’t the principal offender, then you can — if you find that the [sic ] acted with prior calculation and design. Either one of those. You can find both of them or either one.” The trial court did not specifically instruct the jury that all members of the jury were required to agree which one (prior calculation and design or principal offender) applied to appellant, unless they unanimously determined that both alternatives were applicable.
Assuming arguendo that there was some confusion in the jury over the need for unanimity, we are unable to conclude that the alleged error by the trial court amounts to “plain error.” The jury found appellant guilty of both counts of aggravated murder. In finding appellant guilty of the second count of aggravated murder (premeditated murder), the jury specifically and unanimously found that appellant acted with prior calculation and design. Therefore, no “patchwork verdict” as to the death specification occurred. The jury was obviously unified in its determination that appellant purposely killed Akram with prior calculation and design. Furthermore, the evidence at trial did not reasonably suggest that Akram’s murder was committed by anyone other than the appellant. Therefore, the jury must have also unanimously concluded that appellant was the principal offender.
Accordingly, we reject appellant’s third proposition of law.
IV
The subject of appellant’s fourth proposition of law concerns instances of alleged misconduct by prosecutors during closing arguments in the penalty phase. However, appellant failed to object to any of the instances of alleged misconduct. Nevertheless, we have considered appellant’s arguments and find no error which can be said to have clearly affected the outcome of appellant’s trial.
Appellant also claims that during the prosecutor’s final argument in the penalty phase, the prosecutor improperly vouched for the credibility of Gary Hill. Specifically, the prosecutor stated, “[d]o you [the jury] think for one moment if Gary Hill was the triggerman in this case, he would have been allowed to plead to a straight murder? That’s absolutely absurd.” While it would have been improper for the prosecutor to vouch for the credibility of a witness, that is not what occurred in this case. Rather, the prosecutor made the remark in question in response to appellant’s unsworn statement in the mitigation hearing that Gary Hill killed Akram. In any event, we find no prejudicial error resulting from this one remark by the prosecutor.
Accordingly, appellant’s fourth proposition of law is not persuasive.
Y
In his fifth and eighth propositions of law, appellant contends that his death sentence must be vacated due to alleged errors by the trial court in instructing the jury during the penalty phase. Again, appellant failed to object to the trial court’s instructions. Therefore, we will not vacate appellant’s death sentence, absent a finding of plain error. See Moreland and Bonnell, supra.
Appellant suggests that the trial court’s sentencing instructions on “reasonable doubt” constitute reversible error. The trial court instructed the jury that “[Reasonable doubt is present when, after you have carefully considered and compared all the evidence, you cannot say you are firmly convinced of the truth of the charge.” (Emphasis added.) Appellant urges that this instruction essentially forced the jury to recommend death since, at that point in the trial, the jury had already been convinced of the truth of the charges. However, the issue appellant
Appellant also claims that the trial court instructed the jury on all mitigating factors listed in R.C. 2929.04(B), whereas appellant raised only one mitigating factor in his defense. However, the record does not support appellant’s contention. Rather, the record is clear that the trial court instructed the jury on only the mitigating factors requested by appellant and possibly applicable. Therefore, we find no error, plain or otherwise.
Appellant further claims that the trial court erred in its instructions to the jury by referring to mitigating factors as those which “may be considered by you as extenuating or reducing the degree of the defendant’s blame or punishment.” While the use of the term “blame” was improper, that error alone was not prejudicial. See State v. Lawrence (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 24, 29, 541 N.E.2d 451, 457. The jury instructions in this case, taken as a whole, indicate that the penalty phase of appellant’s trial was for a determination of punishment — not for the assessment of “blame” or culpability.
In his eighth proposition of law, appellant suggests that the trial court committed reversible error in instructing the jury that their “recommendation” of death would not be binding on the court, and that the final decision to impose the death penalty rested with the trial judge. Appellant also urges that remarks by the prosecutor concerning the jury’s role in the sentencing process constitute reversible error. Appellant relies on Caldwell v. Mississippi (1985), 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231, in support of his contentions. However, the argument appellant now raises has been considered and rejected by this court under analogous circumstances on a number of previous occasions. See, e.g., State v. DePew (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 275, 280, 528 N.E.2d 542, 550; State v. Buell (1986), 22 Ohio St.3d 124, 142-144, 22 OBR 203, 219-220, 489 N.E.2d 795, 811-813; State v. Williams (1986), 23 Ohio St.3d 16, 21-22, 23 OBR 13, 18-19, 490 N.E.2d 906, 912; State v. Steffen (1987), 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 113-114, 31 OBR 273, 275, 509 N.E.2d 383, 387-388; and State v. Johnson (1989), 46 Ohio St.3d 96, 105-106, 545 N.E.2d 636, 645. Appellant presents us with no compelling argument, why we should now change our position on this issue.
Accordingly, appellant’s fifth and eighth propositions of law are found not well taken.
VI
In his seventh proposition of law, appellant contends that he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel during the trial court proceedings. However,
VII
In his sixth proposition of law, appellant contends that the trial court erred in permitting the state during the penalty stage to introduce into evidence all of the state’s exhibits that were admitted during the guilt stage. We disagree. In DePew, supra, 38 Ohio St.3d at 282-283, 528 N.E.2d at 552, we stated that:
“The courts of this state have been required to wrestle with the question of what evidence is appropriate for the prosecution to introduce at the penalty stage. We now hold that, pursuant to R.C. 2929.03(D)(1), the prosecutor, at the penalty stage of a capital proceeding, may introduce ‘ * * * any evidence raised at trial that is relevant to the aggravating circumstances the offender was found guilty of committing * * *.’ While this appears to permit repetition of much or all that occurred during the guilt stage, nevertheless, a literal reading of the statute given to us by the General Assembly mandates such a result, especially in light of the prosecution’s obligation to demonstrate, by proof beyond a reasonable doubt, that the aggravating circumstances the defendant was found guilty of committing are sufficient to outweigh the factors in mitigation. R.C. 2929.-03(D)(1).”
We find that the exhibits that were admitted into evidence during the penalty phase of appellant’s trial were relevant to the death penalty specifications of which appellant was found guilty, and to the nature and circumstances of the offense. Accordingly, we reject appellant’s sixth proposition of law.
VIII
In his ninth proposition of law, appellant suggests that the trial court erred in permitting the jury to consider both counts of aggravated murder in their sentencing deliberations. Appellant contends that the prosecutor should have been required to elect, before the penalty phase, which of the two counts of aggravated murder was to be submitted to the jury for sentencing. However, appellant’s claims of resulting prejudice are speculative and lack merit. At the outset of the penalty phase, the jury was instructed that only one death penalty specification was to be considered by them in connection with each count of aggravated murder. Additionally, contrary to appellant’s assertion in this proposition of law, the trial court did properly merge the two offenses of aggravated murder before sentencing appellant to death. Accordingly, we reject appellant’s ninth proposition of law on the authority of State v. Waddy (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d
IX
In his tenth proposition of law, appellant argues that Ohio’s death penalty-scheme is unconstitutional. However, we have consistently held that Ohio’s death penalty scheme is constitutional and we continue to adhere to that position. Thus, we reject appellant’s tenth proposition of law.
X
Having considered appellant’s propositions of law, we must now independently review the death sentence for appropriateness and proportionality.
Appellant shot Akram to rob him, and the shooting occurred during the course of the aggravated robbery. Akram died as a result of the gunshot wound inflicted by appellant. We find that the death penalty specification of which appellant was found guilty, R.C. 2929.04(A)(7), was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Appellant presented some evidence concerning his history and family background. However, appellant’s disadvantaged background appears no different from that suffered by many other youths who do not rob and kill. Appellant’s mother and appellant’s sister testified that they love appellant, and both requested that appellant be spared the death penalty. In his unsworn statement, appellant also pled for mercy. Appellant expressed sorrow for Akram’s family, but denied that he had killed Akram. We assign these various matters little or no weight in mitigation.
Appellant was nineteen years old at the time the offenses were committed. This R.C. 2929.04(B)(4) factor is entitled to some, but very little, weight in mitigation.
Weighing the statutory aggravating circumstance against the evidence presented in mitigation, we find that the statutory aggravating circumstance outweighs the mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt.
Finally, we have undertaken a comparison of the sentence in this case to those in which we have previously imposed the death penalty. We find that appellant’s death sentence is neither excessive nor disproportionate. See, e.g., State v. Mills (1992), 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 582 N.E.2d 972, and State v. Tyler (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 24, 553 N.E.2d 576.
Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Concurrence in Part
I concur but respectfully write separately because I disagree with the majority’s analysis of appellant’s sixth proposition of law concerning the admission of certain evidence at the penalty stage of the trial that was previously admitted during the guilt stage.
The majority, quoting State v. DePew (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 275, 528 N.E.2d 542, states that a literal reading of R.C. 2929.03(D)(1) “mandates” that the prosecutor be permitted to introduce any relevant evidence concerning the aggravating circumstances raised at trial into the penalty phase of the proceedings. I believe that while such evidence may be admissible, it should not be automatically admitted. The question of its admissibility should be governed by the Rules of Evidence, as the rules apply to the sentencing phase of a capital trial. See State v. Esparza (1988), 39 Ohio St.3d 8, 11, 529 N.E.2d 192, 196. The Evidence Rules do not allow the automatic admission of evidence; rather, they impose upon the trial court the duty to weigh the probative value of the evidence against the potential for unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, and misleading of the jury. Evid.R. 403. I would find that R.C. 2929.03(D)(1), when interpreted as automatic in nature, is in conflict with the Evidence Rules. When statutes concerning the admission of evidence conflict with the Rules of Evidence, the rules prevail. In re Coy (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 215, 218-219, 616 N.E.2d 1105, 1108.
In addition, I believe that the pertinent portion of R.C. 2929.03(D)(1) is a procedural device enacted to assist the prosecution in the re-admission of necessary penalty-phase evidence. The majority, in its opinion today and in DePew, has given a mechanical tool the status of an evidence mandate that supplants well-established safeguards.
I see little, if any, probative value in the admission of the contested exhibits, as the exhibits are offered for the sole purpose of supporting the aggravating circumstance of aggravated robbery. Accordingly, I would find that they were erroneously admitted. Nevertheless, after review, I am convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the admission of these particular exhibits was not prejudicial. Therefore, their admission was harmless error.
