Defendant appeals his convictions for first degree rape, ORS 163.375, and second degree kidnapping. ORS 163.225. He assigns as errors the trial court’s refusal to suppress certain evidence, the denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal and the failure to merge the convictions. We reverse, because the motion to suppress should have been granted.
The evidence adduced at the hearing on the motion to suppress is not in dispute. On February 17, 1981, following a complaint by the alleged victim, a warrant was issued for defendant’s arrest. On that date, three plainclothes officers went to defendant’s house to execute the warrant. Defendant invited them inside. His mother was present. A detective asked him if he had been with a girl on the night of February 15, and defendant said that he had. He was asked if he had had sexual intercourse with the girl, and he admitted that he had. The detective asked defendant if he knew the girl’s name, and defendant gave the first name of the alleged victim. Then, the detective told defendant about the rape charge and advised him of his Miranda rights. Apparently, defendant was then formally arrested. Until then, he had not been told that the officers had a warrant for his arrest. After the Miranda warnings, questioning continued. When asked if he had a gun, he said he did not own one. When asked if the police could search his bedroom and car, defendant agreed. His mother added that they could search the whole house. The detective read aloud a consent to search form, and defendant signed it. He volunteered that the officers would find a toy cap gun in the car. They searched the car and seized the cap gun. In the meantime, defendant told the detective that the girl had shown interest in him and had consented to the act of intercourse.
The trial court suppressed the statements made by defendant before and after the Miranda warnings. The statements after the warnings were suppressed because of their close proximity in time to the inadmissible earlier statements. The court found, however, that defendant’s consent to the search was a sufficient “break in the stream of events” to permit the admission of the cap gun into *412 evidence. Defendant contends that his consent to search was “fruit” of the Miranda violation, because the consent was given in the course of the same conversation in which the Miranda violation occurred. The state argues that the consent was not tainted, because it was voluntary.
There are, in fact, two issues involved: the voluntariness of the consent and whether the consent is “fruit” of police illegality.
See State v. Quinn,
“The mere fact that a consent to search is ‘voluntary’ within the meaning of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte does not mean that it is untainted by the prior [illegality] * * *. [T]he mere fact a consent is ‘voluntary’ * * * does not remove the taint.” 3 La Fave, Search and Seizure § 11.4, 644 (1978).
In short, “the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine also extends to invalidate consents which are voluntary.” 2 La Fave, Search and Seizure § 8.2(d), 650 (1978). Because the facts do not suggest that defendant’s will was overborne, the admissibility of the evidence turns on whether defendant’s consent was tainted. Admissibility is tested by a determination
“whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.” Wong Sun v. United States,371 US 471 , 488,83 S Ct 407 ,9 L Ed 2d 441 (1963).
In cases involving successive confessions, the taint may become attenuated when there is a change in the time and location sufficient to remove the influence of the illegality. The explanation for the requirement lies in human nature. In
State v. Mendacino,
“[A]fter an accused has once let the cat out of the bag by confessing, no matter what the inducement, he is never thereafter free of the psychological and practical disadvantages of having confessed. He can never get the cat back in the bag. The secret is out for good.”
Before the Miranda warnings, defendant had admitted sexual contact with the rape victim, so the rule of the confession cases has some bearing. We look for some *413 separation in time and location to attenuate the influence the admissions may have had on a consent to search.
Here, defendant’s admission of sexual contact may well have “let the cat out of the bag” and influenced his decision to consent to a search. The admission stemmed from a clear Miranda violation. The consent that followed the admission came moments later in the same conversation, at the same time and in the same location. Under these circumstances, we conclude that defendant’s consent was tainted by the violation of his Fifth Amendment rights. The cap gun should have been suppressed.
Because the issue of merger may arise again, we turn to that issue. Defendant assigns as error the trial court’s denial of his motion of acquittal on the kidnapping charge and the court’s imposition of separate sentences for rape and kidnapping. 1 He argues that the kidnapping offense “merged” with the rape offense because the kidnapping was merely incidential to the rape.
The question of merger of these offenses has been explored.
See, e.g., State v. Garcia,
“In summary, the legislature said there may be a separate conviction and sentence for kidnapping only when it is not incidental to another crime, and it may be found not to be incidental if the defendant had the intent to interfere substantially with the victim’s personal liberty.”288 Or at 423 . (Emphasis supplied.)
*414 In Garcia, the defendant had forced the victim at knifepoint to walk approximately two blocks and raped her during an episode lasting about 40 minutes. In Dorsey, the defendant had held the victim as he drove eight miles out of town to a remote site, where he raped her. In Little, the defendant had driven the victim at knifepoint past her home to an area near a freeway, where he raped her. In all of these cases the kidnapping was held to be not merely incidental to the rape.
Here, defendant threatened the victim with what he claimed was a gun. He forced her into his car and drove her two miles away, where he allegedly raped her. A trier of fact could find that defendant had the requisite intent to interfere substantially with the victim’s liberty. The kidnapping was not merely incidental to the rape. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying acquittal on the kidnapping charge and did not err in sentencing defendant separately for rape and kidnapping.
Reversed and remanded for new trial.
Notes
Defendant was sentenced to a maximum term of 20 years imprisonment for the rape conviction and to a maximum term of 10 years imprisonment for second degree kidnapping conviction, to be served concurrently with the rape sentence.