761 N.E.2d 1125 | Ohio Ct. App. | 2001
Lead Opinion
A review of the record on appeal indicates that on May 21, 1986, appellant was found guilty after a jury trial of kidnapping, in violation of R.C.
On April 6, 2000, the trial court conducted a sexual predator determination hearing. In a journal entry filed on April 14, 2000, the trial court found appellant to be a sexual predator. This timely appeal followed.
Appellant's second and third assignments of error state:
II. OHIO'S SEXUAL PREDATOR STATUTE VIOLATES THE CONCEPTS OF SEPARATION OF POWERS BECAUSE IT FORCES A TRIAL COURT TO INVESTIGATE, PROSECUTE AND ADJUDICATE INDIVIDUALS AS SEXUAL PREDATORS.
III. THE ADJUDICATION PROVISIONS VIOLATE THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSES OF THE
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLEI OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION, BECAUSE OHIO'S CLASSIFICATION SCHEME IS SYSTEMICALLY FLAWED.
In his second and third assignments of error, appellant raises constitutional challenges to R.C. Chapter 2950. This court has consistently rejected identical challenges to the constitutionality of R.C. Chapter 2950. See, e.g., State v. Wilson (Oct. 26, 2000), Cuyahoga App. No. 77530, unreported; State v. Gross (Aug. 17, 2000), Cuyahoga App. No. 76836, unreported; State v. Moore (Aug. 17, 2000), Cuyahoga App. No. 76830, unreported. Accordingly, appellant's second and third assignments of error are summarily overruled.
Appellant's first assignment of error states:
I. THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT, AS A MATTER OF LAW, TO PROVE BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT APPELLANT IS LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN THE FUTURE IN ONE OR MORE SEXUALLY ORIENTED OFFENSES WHERE THE STATE PRESENTED ONLY FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD HEARSAY EVIDENCE AND WHERE THE APPELLANT PRESENTED A TWO-WEEK-OLD EXPERT OPINION FINDING THAT HE DID NOT HAVE A PERSISTENT SEXUAL INTEREST THAT WAS PROBLEMATIC.
In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the evidence presented at his sexual predator determination hearing was insufficient to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he is a sexual predator.
R.C.
The standard of clear and convincing evidence is the measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere preponderance of the evidence, but not to the extent of such certainty as is required beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal cases. State v. Schiebel (1990),
The first prong of R.C.
In determining whether a sex offender is a sexual predator, a judge shall consider all relevant factors to determine whether the individual is likely to engage in future sex offenses. See R.C.
At the sexual predator determination hearing, the state read into the record the victim's statement regarding appellant's offense, given to police shortly after the incident. The twenty-year-old victim stated that as she was walking down the street at approximately 2:30 a.m., a car driven by appellant and occupied by Robert Smith and a third man approached her and then stopped. The men offered the victim a ride, which she refused. One of the men got out of the car, *96 however, and abducted her. She was thrown across the front bucket seats of the car, with her head in appellant's lap. Appellant slapped her and instructed her to perform oral sex on him, but she refused to do so.
The men then took the victim to Smith's third-story apartment, where she was forced to undress as the men watched. The men then forced the victim to engage in oral sex with appellant and Smith and anal intercourse with the third man. Appellant then pulled the third man away from the victim, informing him that it was his turn. The men then began arguing and Smith subsequently ordered appellant and the victim to get out of his apartment.
In the hallway of the apartment building, appellant told the victim that he was taking her to the corner of Prospect and East 40th Streets because she was going to make [him] some money. On the way out of the apartment building with the victim, however, appellant knocked on the door of a second-story apartment and then entered the apartment, telling the victim to stay in the hallway or he would kill her. The victim then ran out of the apartment and escaped to a restaurant across the street.
At the sexual predator determination hearing, the state also presented as a joint exhibit with appellant a copy of appellant's institutional record. The prosecutor noted that the record reflected that appellant had been disciplined several times in prison for disobedience of work orders, refusing to carry out a work order, being out of place and making threats. The state presented no other evidence at the sexual predator determination hearing.
We agree with appellant that the evidence presented by the state in this case was insufficient to support a determination that appellant is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented offenses. First, appellant's prison disciplinary record, unrelated to any sexual offense, is obviously not probative of the issue of whether appellant is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented offenses.
Moreover, few of the factors listed in R.C.
Although there may be cases when the circumstances of the underlying offense tend to suggest that the offender is likely to commit such offenses in the future, State v. Ward (1999),
Simply committing a single sexually oriented offense is not proof, without further evidence or other compelling facts, that the offender is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented offenses. Had the legislature intended [that] result * * *, it would have done away with the hearing and weighing of evidence and simply classified any person committing a sexually oriented offense as a sexual predator. Id. (Emphasis added.)
See, also, State v. Hull (June 29, 2000), Cuyahoga App. No. 76460, unreported (Standing alone, defendant's rape conviction is insufficient to support his sexual predator determination.); State v. Gregory (Sept. 30, 1999), Cuyahoga App. No. 74859, unreported (The state failed to provide any evidence beyond the bare facts of defendant-appellant's conviction to satisfy the second prong of the determination regarding the likelihood of future offenses.); State v. Johnson (Sept. 30, 1999), Cuyahoga App. No. 74841, unreported (During the hearing, the court was merely presented with the prosecutor's recitation of the fact of appellant's underlying conviction and the bare allegation that appellant had a prior sex conviction.); State v. Wimberly (Aug. 12, 1999), Cuyahoga App. No. 74652, unreported (No witnesses were presented at the hearing and no further evidence was taken relative to whether Wimberly was a risk to be a repeat offender in the arena of improper sexual relations with others.); State v. Patterson (Feb. 11, 1999), Cuyahoga App. No. 72448, unreported ([T]he prosecution failed to present any evidence, beyond appellant's prior conviction, that appellant `is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented offenses.').
Although appellant's conduct was certainly reprehensible, R.C. Chapter 2950 is not meant to punish a defendant, but instead, `to protect the safety and general welfare of the people of this state.' Eppinger, supra at 165. Thus, instead of deciding whether the offender is particularly deserving of punishment, the issue presented to the court at a sexual offender classification hearing is whether the defendant is likely to commit future sexually oriented offenses. Id. at 166.
R.C. Chapter 2950 requires that the state present the trial court with evidence that the offender is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented *98
offenses. See R.C.
We find the trial court's determination particularly troubling in light of the evidence presented by appellant at the hearing — evidence which, unlike that presented by the state, was clearly probative of the issue of whether appellant is likely to re-offend in the future. First, appellant introduced evidence contained in his institutional record that in 1995, he had successfully completed a twelve-week program regarding anger management and a twelve-week program for sex offenders.
More importantly, appellant presented the results of an Abel Assessment test for sexual interest. The Abel Assessment, which was conducted only two weeks prior to the sexual predator determination hearing, addressed two issues: whether appellant appeared to have a persistent sexual interest in sadistic behavior and whether he appeared to have any persistent sexual interests that might be problematic. The expert who administered the test to appellant analyzed appellant's scores on the three areas tested in the assessment. The expert stated:
Mr. Winchester's score on the Cognitive Distortion Scale indicates that he does not utilize potential justifications that are frequently used by individuals who are sexually involved with children.
Mr. Winchester appeared to be honest and presented with minimal defensiveness.
Mr. Winchester's score on the Social Desirability Scale indicated that he is unwilling to admit to being imperfect, to being sometimes angry or to lying about little things.
The expert concluded that:
In reference to the two main questions addressed by this assessment, Mr. Winchester 1) does not appear to have an interest in sadistic sexual behavior; and 2) does not appear to have any persistent sexual interests that might be problematic.
In summary, Mr. Winchester appears to be a heterosexual male; attracted to adult and adolescent females. He does not appear to have an interest in sadistic sexual behavior.
Therefore, it appears that his actions may have been motivated by other factors.
The trial court simply ignored the expert opinion regarding appellant's likelihood of re-offending, however, and concluded that appellant is out of touch with *99 reality and, therefore, a sexual predator, because he was unwilling to admit to sometimes becoming angry or to lying about little things.
Once again, we remind the trial court that the state has the burden of proof in these cases. Here, there was evidence that appellant had successfully undergone treatment while in prison. There was also a two-week-old expert opinion regarding appellant's current psychological condition that opined that appellant was not likely to re-offend in the future. The state did not challenge the efficacy of appellant's treatment programs while in prison, however, either by asserting that treatment generally is ineffective or by showing that appellant had not responded to treatment, nor did the state challenge the expert's opinion that appellant is unlikely to re-offend. Instead, the state asked the judge to find appellant to be a sexual predator based solely on his fourteen-year-old conviction, which, as discussed earlier, is insufficient, without more, to support a sexual predator determination. Thus, not only did the state fail to meet its burden of proving that appellant is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented offenses, it also failed to rebut appellant's persuasive evidence to the contrary.
Appellant's first assignment of error is therefore sustained and the determination of the trial court finding appellant to be a sexual predator is vacated.
Judgment vacated.
It is, therefore, ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
______________________________________ TIMOTHY E. McMONAGLE, PRESIDING JUDGE:
ANNE L. KILBANE, J., CONCURS; and MICHAEL J. CORRIGAN, J., DISSENTS WITH DISSENTING OPINION.
Dissenting Opinion
As I would affirm the trial court's finding that the appellant should be classified as a sexual predator, I must respectfully dissent from the majority opinion.
The sexual predator hearing at issue was held based upon the recommendation of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections (ODRC) as the appellant was, and continues to be, incarcerated at the Grafton Correctional Institution. The ODRC recommended that the appellant be classified as a sexual predator.
At the hearing the state presented evidence from the record of the underlying crimes for which the appellant was convicted by a jury (five counts of rape, kidnapping and gross sexual imposition), including the victim's statement. The state also presented evidence of the appellant's lackluster prison record which included numerous citations for disobeying orders and aggressive conduct.
In contrast, the appellant presented evidence that he had completed an anger management program and two sexual offender programs. The appellant also *100 introduced evidence that the appellant had been screened using the Abel Assessment Test and that based on the results thereof, he was not likely to re-offend.
The trial court determined that the appellant should be classified as a sexual predator finding that:
I am particularly disturbed by the fact that there were multiple assailants of the victim of which your client certainly was one. They kidnapped this victim, beat this victim, not only threatened her with force, but actually used force against her.
The prison record which includes a disciplinary violation shows a repeat pattern of inability to comply with authority, and that combined with his response to the social desirability scale of refusing to admit that he cannot, that he is not imperfect, that he does not sometimes become angry, that he occasionally lies about little things, clearly indicates to me that he is out of touch with reality as I don't think any human being would fairly answer that question in the negative.
Therefore, the court adjudicates you to be a sexual predator, Mr. Winchester.
A trial court need not list all of the factors in R.C.
R.C.
After reviewing all testimony and evidence presented at the hearing conducted under division (B)(1) of this section and the factors specified in division (B)(2) of this section, the judge shall determine by clear and convincing evidence whether the offender is a sexual predator. * * * If the judge determines by clear and convincing evidence that the offender is a sexual predator, the judge shall specify in the offender's sentence and the judgment of conviction that contains the sentence that the judge has determined that the offender is a sexual predator and shall specify that the determination was pursuant to division (B) of this section. * * *
Clear and convincing evidence is that evidence which will provide in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established. State v. Eppinger (2001), Ohio St.3d 158, 164; Cincinnati Bar Assoc. v. Massengale(1991),
The majority chooses to substitute its judgment as to the relevancy of certain evidence for that of the trial court and, in so doing, exceeds its proper scope of review. This court's function is not to weigh the evidence presented at the sexual predator hearing, but rather is to determine whether clear and convincing evidence was adduced to support the determination. In this manner our review of a sexual predator classification is analogous to reviewing a claim that a verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Thus, even though this court has a duty to independently review the evidence, we should give deference to the trial court's determinations and decline to substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. State v. DeHass (1967),
The facts of this case are very similar to those presented to the court in State v. Griffin, supra,
Contrary to the assertions contained in the appellant's brief filed with this court, the appellant's sexual conduct, the extreme cruelty which he displayed and his lack of remorse are evidence, per R.C.
2950.09 (B)(2), that the appellant is likely to re-offend in the future.The appellant asserts that a determination as to whether an offender is likely to re-offend should be made independent of the factors listed by the legislature in R.C.
2950.09 (B)(2)(a)-(j), and states that additional evidence, beyond the statutory factors, must be presented to support a sexual predator classification. We do not believe that such a requirement can be found in the statute. The legislature clearly believed that sexual conduct of a violent and bizarre nature on the part of an offender, the exhibition of extreme cruelty in the commission of a sexual offense and a documented pattern of abuse and other aberrant behavioral characteristics correlated with an increased likelihood that an offender will engage in the future in one or more sexually related offenses. These characteristics are evidence of an increased likelihood of recidivism. Thus, we reject the appellant's contention that there is a lack of evidence that the appellant is likely to re-offend.
This court's statement in Ward that committing a single sexually oriented offense is not proof, without further evidence or other compelling facts, that the offender is `likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented *102 offenses,' should not be interpreted as an absolute requirement that additional evidence beyond the facts of the underlying crime be presented in order to justify a sexual predator determination. In this case, as well as in many other similar cases, recent evidence of this nature is unlikely to exist given the fact that the appellant has been incarcerated, and thus in a strictly controlled environment, since 1986. Wardsimply stands for the proposition that a certified copy of a conviction is not sufficient to sustain the burden of proof necessary to justify a sexual predator determination. To cite Ward, as does the majority, for the proposition that compelling facts beyond the circumstances of the underlying offense must exist before an offender can be classified as a sexual predator is incorrect. Where, as was the case here, the state presents additional evidence beyond the proof of the conviction consisting of specific details of the underlying offense, a victim's statement, and the appellant's shoddy prison disciplinary record, Ward presents no impediment to a classification as a sexual predator.
Per the plain language of the statute, if the offense in question had been committed subsequent to January 1, 1997, the indictment against the appellant would have contained a sexually violent predator specification and the appellant would have been adjudicated a sexual predator upon his conviction on the underlying counts of rape and kidnapping with the purpose of gratifying the sexual desires of the offender. Surely, this sheds some light on the legislative intent of the statute in regards to the weight to be given to evidence arising from the commission of the underlying offenses(s) during the course of a sexual predator classification hearing.
This court has also held that circumstances of a single offense may be enough to justify a sexual predator determination where an assailant takes unconscionable advantage of his victim or uses his superior size, or strength to dominate a weaker person. State v. Gross (Aug. 17, 2000), Cuyahoga App. No. 76836, unreported; see, also, State v. Griffin, supra,
It cannot be disputed that the appellant displayed extreme cruelty, even by sexual offense standards, in the commission of this offense. The victim was kidnapped, she was repeatedly raped and otherwise degraded by the appellant, the three culprits argued on more than one occasion in front of her as to whose turn it was to sodomize the victim and the appellant personally attempted to force the victim to engage in prostitution in order to earn him money.
I believe that the majority opinion places an undue emphasis on the Abel Assessment report which was introduced into evidence. Initially, it should be *103 noted that the report was interpreted by a licensed social worker, not a psychiatrist or a psychologist. It is doubtful that the person who prepared the report could have been qualified as an expert even if she did testify at the hearing, which she did not. The majority opinion refers to this social worker as an expert on six separate occasions and evidently assumes that her expertise in predicting criminal behavior far surpasses that of the trial judge who presided over the hearing and whose evaluation of the evidence is given scarce consideration by the majority.
There is no background provided within the report, or elsewhere in the record, as to the methodology employed, the number of such assessments conducted by this individual or the degree of likelihood upon which the conclusions were drawn. It is unclear how much time, if any, this particular social worker spent with the appellant in the course of preparing this report. Thus, the majority's reference to this person as an expert is somewhat dubious.
Almost all of the information interpreted in the report was provided by the appellant himself. The purported objective measurements of the appellant's sexual interests are never explained. It is not at all clear that these objective measures of the appellant's purported sexual interest which consisted of 22 slide categories depicting children, teens, and adults both Caucasian and African-American, plus depiction of various deviant sexual behaviors are in any way truly objective.
In filling out the questionnaire the appellant either failed to admit or denied that he had engaged in rape. This display of self-serving evasiveness on the part of the appellant was probative evidence properly considered by the trial court in reaching its determination and also distorted, if not flat out invalidated, the results of the assessment. Viewed in this context, the trial judge's observation that the appellant seemed out of touch with reality because he is prone to lie about little things was actually a considerable understatement.
The appellant claimed on the sex offender specific questionnaire portion of the report that his sexual history consisted of one consensual act with a stranger at the age of twenty-three. Nobody familiar with the underlying facts of the appellant's convictions could possibly believe such a patently implausible claim. Yet, the social worker who prepared the report in question not only accepted this assertion, but utilized it in reaching her conclusions.
The report's objective findings merely state that appellant has a sexual interest in adult and adolescent females and does not show a sexual interest in sadistic sexual behavior. This is not equivalent to a finding that he is not likely to re-offend. Similarly, the report's conclusion states [h]e does not appear to have an interest in sadistic sexual behavior. Therefore, it appears that his actions may have been motivated by other factors. The report makes no further *104 effort to explain or determine what these other factors may be or why the public should not be concerned about them upon the appellant's release.
Nowhere in the report does the social worker render an opinion that appellant is unlikely to re-offend as is inaccurately stated in the majority opinion. Even if the social worker had included such a conclusion of law in her report, the trial court would have been under no obligation to accept it.
The majority opinion confers Holy Grail like status upon this rudimentary interpretation of a questionnaire by a social worker, implying that the trial court was obligated to accept the results of the assessment and concomitantly to decline to classify the appellant as a sexual predator. In so doing, the majority disregards traditional evidentiary maxims concerning the functions of the finder of fact. It is axiomatic that a finder of fact is free to believe some, all or none of the evidence presented.
The majority states [t]he trial court simply ignored the expert opinion regarding appellant's likelihood of re-offending. I submit that rather than simply ignor[ing] the results of the Able Assessment, the trial court, as was its province, merely chose not to adopt the results. This decision by the trial court was reasonable given the report's questionable methodology coupled with the fact that the interpreter of the report did not even testify at the hearing.
I am also somewhat perplexed by the majority's conclusory assertion that appellant's prison disciplinary record * * * is obviously not probative of the issue of whether the appellant is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually related offenses.2 The appellant's prolonged pattern of misconduct and defiance of authority is indeed probative of the issue of whether he is likely to re-offend upon being released. The legislature apparently did not share the majority's opinion concerning the irrelevance of such evidence as the relevant factors found in R.C.
I must also take exception to the majority's vacation of the order of the trial court without remanding the matter for further proceedings. As the majority is well aware, the intended effect of their order will be to prevent the appellant from being classified as a sexually oriented offender or as a habitual sexual offender on appeal. By operation of law, the appellant should be classified, at the very least, as a sexually oriented offender with the attendant registration requirements.
A sexually oriented offender is defined as a person who has committed a "sexually oriented offense" as defined in R.C.
As the majority is also undoubtedly aware, the Supreme Court has also weighed in on the issue of whether a remand for a new sexual predator classification hearing constitutes double jeopardy. Because such a hearing is civil, rather than criminal in nature, the concept of double jeopardy is inapplicable. State v. Gowdy (2000),
Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court's classification of the appellant as a sexual predator.
