71 Conn. App. 110 | Conn. App. Ct. | 2002
Opinion
The defendant, Barbara Wilson, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of breach of the peace in violation of General Statutes § 53U-181,
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. At approximately 2 a.m. on May 16, 1998, the defendant had an argument with Thomas Hickson in the parking lot of a nightclub. The argument continued in a crowded diner that was nearby. Louis Nogueria and several of his friends were among the diner patrons. The defendant screamed and shouted at Hickson, using vulgar language, and pursued him through the diner causing tables and chairs to be overturned and bumped into patrons. The defendant then picked up a heavy glass sugar dispenser and threw it at Hickson. The dispenser missed Hickson and struck Nogueria. Nogueria incurred a deep laceration in his cheekbone, briefly lost consciousness and was brought by ambulance to a hospital, where a plastic surgeon repaired the damage to his face.
Thereafter, the defendant was charged in count one of a multicount information with breach of the peace in violation of § 53a-181 (a) (1) “in that on or about May 16, 1998 at or near 998 Wolcott Road, Waterbury, Connecticut, the said Barbara Wilson with the intent to cause inconvenience, annoyance or alarm or recklessly creating a risk thereof, engaged infighting or in violent tumultuous or threatening behavior in a public place.”
I
On appeal, the defendant claims that the court improperly submitted for the jury’s consideration six
On appeal, the defendant argues that the court should have submitted the case to the jury with instructions restricting its deliberations solely to the theory of criminal culpability actually alleged in the charging document, and that to read the entire statute to the jury was a constitutional error requiring reversal of the judgment of conviction.
She further argues that Connecticut courts have consistently held that a trial court commits constitutional error when it instructs a jury on an uncharged theory of culpability. The defendant relies on our Supreme
“A defendant is constitutionally entitled to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Conn. Const., art. I, § 8; U.S. Const., amend VI. Nothing is more elementary in criminal law than that an accused is required to defend only against the charge alleged. State v. Genova, 141 Conn. 565, 572, 107 A.2d 837 [1954] (opinion of O’Sullivan, J., dissenting).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Newton, 8 Conn. App. 528, 532, 513 A.2d 1261 (1986). “[F]or the defendant to establish an infringement of these constitutional rights, he must demonstrate that the court’s charge caused him unfair surprise or prejudiced the preparation of his defense.” State v. Franko, 199 Conn. 481, 490, 508 A.2d 22 (1986). We conclude, as the Franko court did, that “the record does not support the defendant’s claim that he was surprised by the disputed instruction or that this instruction prejudiced his defense in any way.” Id.
The defendant was aware that she was charged with the offense of breach of the peace, and the long form information clearly informed her as to the subdivision of § 53a-181 (a) that the state claimed she had violated. She had sufficient notice of the theory of culpability set forth by the state, and there is nothing in the record
The defendant did not defend against the breach of the peace charge in any manner impheating her right to notice or to prepare a defense. There was little or no attention paid to casting doubt on the violation of the breach of the peace statute, as the evidence in the record clearly demonstrated that the defendant had engaged in threatening behavior in a public place.
Initially, we set forth the standard of review. In our examination of whether the jury was misled, the “charge to the jury will not be critically dissected for the purpose of discovering possible inaccuracies of statements, but the charge is to be considered, rather, as to its probable effect upon the jury in guiding [it] to a correct verdict in the case. ... To determine whether an error in a charge constitutes reversible error, the court must consider the whole charge.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Belton, 190 Conn. 496, 502, 461 A.2d 973 (1983). “We have disapproved the practice of reading an entire statute to a jury where under the pleadings or the evidence only a portion of it is applicable. . . . While the court may instruct in the exact language of the statute, it
We are convinced that the reading of the entire breach of the peace statute, including parts that obviously had no connection with the charges in the case at hand, did not mislead the jury. A careful reading of the record shows that the instruction to the jury focused on the charge as set forth in the information and as contained in subdivision (1) of § 53a-181 (a). The court, during its charge, informed the jury that it had read the entire statute and then proceeded to instruct the jury as to the elements of subdivision (1), which are stated in the information. In its instructions as to the essential elements that the jury would have to find to convict the defendant of the offense as charged, the court made no reference to subdivisions of § 53a-181 (a) other than the one contained in the information. See State v. Carter, 189 Conn. 611, 628-31, 458 A.2d 369 (1983).
Additionally, the jurors had the charged subdivision read to them during jury selection and at the commencement of trial, and had with them in the deliberations room the information, which referred to subdivision (1) of the breach of the peace statute. Accordingly, there is no reasonable possibility, given the circumstances here, that in returning its verdict the jury was misled by the court’s reading of the entire statute.
II
The defendant next claims that it is reasonably possible that the court misled the jury about the presumption of innocence when it instructed that “[t]he state is as much concerned in having an innocent person acquitted
Connecticut courts have found that wording very similar to the statement under attack in this case does not violate a defendant’s constitutional rights and, thus, does not require reversal of a judgment of conviction.
Initially, we reiterate our standard of review. “It is well established that [a] charge to the jury is not to be critically dissected for the purpose of discovering possible inaccuracies of statement, but is to be considered rather as to its probable effect upon the jury in guiding them to a correct verdict in the case. . . . The charge is to be read as a whole and individual instructions are not to be judged in artificial isolation from the overall charge. . . . The test to be applied to any part of a charge is whether the charge, considered as a whole, presents the case to the jury so that no injustice will result.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Austin, 244 Conn. 226, 235, 710 A.2d 732 (1998).
In support of her position, the defendant cites State v. Schiappa, 248 Conn. 132, 168, 728 A.2d 466 (en banc), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 862, 120 S. Ct. 152, 145 L. Ed. 2d 129 (1999), wherein our Supreme Court stated that “pursuant to our supervisory authority over the administration of justice, [we] direct our trial courts to refrain from using the challenged language in future cases . . . .” The defendant in Schiappa had claimed that the trial court improperly instructed the jury on reasonable
In the case at hand, the court did not use the language found in Schiappa but instructed the jury as follows: “The state is as much concerned in having an innocent person acquitted as in having a guilty person convicted. ” The defendant claims that the challenged jury instruction suggested that the state would not have pursued the prosecution unless it had a good faith basis for believing that the person charged was guilty, thereby diluting the state’s burden of proof in that the instruction may result in the “possibility that a juror . . . might be given to understand from it that only innocent persons should be acquitted . . . .” State v. Francis, 228 Conn. 118, 136 n.19, 635 A.2d 762 (1993).
In State v. Allen, 28 Conn. App. 81, 611 A.2d 886, cert. denied, 223 Conn. 920, 614 A.2d 826 (1992), we rejected a challenge to a similar instruction that included the phrase: “The state does not desire the conviction of innocent people or of any person whose guilt upon the evidence is in the realm of reasonable doubt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 84. We stated in that case that the trial court did not instruct that the state
As we did in Allen, we conclude in this case, after reviewing the charge as a whole, that the court thoroughly informed the jury of the defendant’s presumed innocence and that the state bore the burden of proving the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Although the language challenged here is not the same as that challenged in Allen or Schiappa, the rationale of those cases can be applied here. In this case, the court instructed the jury that “at the moment when [the defendant] was presented before you for trial, she stood before you free of any bias, prejudice or burden arising from her position as the accused. That nothing you might know or guess about her past should be considered by you at all. Insofar as you are concerned, she was then innocent and she remains innocent until such time as the evidence and matters produced here, right here in this courtroom, and in the course of this trial satisfy you that she is guilty.
“I remind you that the piece of paper containing the charge, the information, is not evidence. But it is merely the formal manner of accusing a person of a crime. You must not consider it as any evidence of guilt or draw any inference of guilt from the fact that the accused has been arrested and charged. . . . The burden then is on the state to prove the accused guilty of the crimes with which she is charged, and she, the accused, does not have to prove her innocence.”
Furthermore, the court, in clear and legally correct terms repeatedly instructed the jury regarding the presumption of innocence and the state’s burden of establishing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We note, however, that the challenged language in this case, viewed in isolation, possibly is susceptible of an unacceptable interpretation. Because of that we suggest, in
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
General Statutes § 53a-181 (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of breach of the peace when, with intent to cause inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he: (1) Engages in fighting or in violent, tumultuous or threatening behavior in a public place; or (2) assaults or strikes another; or (3) threatens to commit any crime against another person or his property; or (4) publicly exhibits, distributes, posts up or advertises any offensive, indecent or abusive matter concerning any person; or (5) in a public place, uses abusive or obscene language or makes an obscene gesture; or (6) creates a public and hazardous or physically offensive condition by any act which he is not licensed or privileged to do . . .
The remaining counts in the multicount information are not at issue in this appeal.
Specifically, the defendant claims that there was evidence presented at trial supporting the uncharged theories of culpability for breach of the peace in subdivision (2) of General Statutes § 53a-181 (a) (“assaults or strikes another'’); in subdivision (5) (“in a public place, uses abusive or obscene language or makes an obscene gesture”); and in subdivision (6) (“creates a public and hazardous or physically offensive condition by any act which he is not licensed or privileged to do”). The defendant claims that it is reasonably possible that the court’s instruction misled the jury to convict her on the basis of evidence that supported those theories of culpability.
General Statutes § 53a-181 (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of breach of the peace when, with intent to cause inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he: (1) Engages in fighting or in violent, tumultuous or threatening behavior in a public place . . . .”
The defendant invokes both the United States constitution and the constitution of the state of Connecticut in support of her claims. She has not, however, provided any independent analysis of the state constitutional claims, and, therefore, we decline to review them. See State v. Davis, 51 Conn. App. 171, 176 n.10, 721 A.2d 146 (1998).
The sixth amendment to the United States constitution provides in relevant part: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed . . . and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against
The fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution provides in relevant part: “No State shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law . . . .”
In a written statement to the police, the defendant stated that Hickson had punched her, and that she chased him into a diner and threw a sugar shaker at him.