31 Nev. 360 | Nev. | 1909
By the Court,
On behalf of the appellant it is claimed that the district court erred in impaneling the grand jury, in denying defendant’s motion to quash the indictment, in overruling his demurrer, in admitting designated testimony offered on behalf of the state, in making certain remarks and stating before the jury facts and conclusions concerning the evidence, in submitting to the jury a question of law which should have been decided by the court, and in proceeding with the trial without a plea being entered by or for the defendant.
The challenge to the panel of the grand jury was upon the grounds specified in section 179 of the criminal practice act passed in 1861. (Stats. 1861, p. 454, c. 104.) It is evident
Some' of the grounds on which defendant moved to quash the indictment are similar to those on which he objected to the impaneling of the grand jury, and some of them are not sustained by the record. Of the twenty-four persons selected by the district judge and the county commissioner to be summoned as grand jurors only twenty-three were served by the sheriff, in whose return it was stated that one of them was not found. It is said that it was necessary to have the whole twenty-four present in court before seventeen could properly be selected by the judge to act as a grand jury.
Section 3869 of the Compiled Laws provides: "* * * A list of the names so selected as grand jurors shall be made out and certified by the officers making such selection and be filed in the clerk’s office, and the clerk shall immediately issue a venire, directed to the sheriff of the county, commanding him to summon the persons. so drawn as grand jurors to attend in court at such time as the judge may have directed; and the sheriff shall summon such grand jurors, and out of the number so summoned the court shall select seventeen persons to constitute the grand jury. If from any cause a sufficient number do not appear, or those who do appear are excused or discharged, an additional number, sufficient to complete the grand jury, shall be selected from the jury list by the judge and clerk and summoned to appear in court at such time as the court may direct.” This language seems to sanction the practice long prevailing in this state, which is most convenient without being prejudicial to the rights of the defendant, of allowing the court to designate seventeen to constitute the grand jury from those present of the twenty-four previously selected for the venire, although less than that number be in court. By reason of absence, sickness, or other cause, it may be impossible to secure service upon, and the attendance in court of, the full twenty-four which had been
The failure to have the full twenty-four in court is not designated in the statute as a ground for challenging the panel nor for quashing the indictment, and so long as the seventeen required to constitute the grand jury were present and were selected by the court, and none of them were subject to individual challenge or disqualification, it would 'seem that defendant could not be prejudiced because a part of those in excess of this number did not appear. The fact that the sheriff returned that,one of the venire of twenty-four had not been found does net indicate that there was any purpose on his part to omit any who could have been served. It has been held that, where the court sustains a challenge by the state to a trial juror and excuses him without any cause, no prejudicial error results, for the defendant is only entitled to a fair jury and not to have any particular person on the panel. (State v. Larkin, 11 Nev. 315; State v. Buralli, 27 Nev. 49.) The same reasoning would be applicable to the omission from the grand jury of any one named in the venire, and the personnel of the grand jury is not of such vital importance to the defendant as that of the trial jury. Surely, there is no more necessity for having the full venire of twenty-four present before a grand jury of seventeen is selected than for having the full venire of fifty or one hundred or any number of trial jurors present before twelve disinterested and duly qualified can be impaneled to serve as a trial jury.
Among the decisions holding that statutes providing for venires for a larger number than are necessary to constitute a grand jury are, in their nature, directory, and that the absence of part of them does not vitiate the proceedings of the grand jury are: Commonwealth v. Wood, 2 Cush. (Mass.) 149; Mesmer v. Commonwealth, 26 Grat. (Va.) 976; State v. Brainerd, 56 Vt. 532, 48 Am. Rep. 818; Beasley v. People, 89 Ill. 571; People v. Hunter, 54 Cal. 65; People v. Simmons, 119 Cal. 1, 50 Pac. 844.
The demurrer was based on the omission of any direct allegation that the deceased died Avithin a year and a day from the time he was shot. It is alleged in the indictment that
The indictment was found on the 21st day of February, 1908. It is said that the state could have proved that the shooting occurred on some other date than the one alleged; and this is true. If the proof had indicated that the wound was inflicted more than a year and a day before the finding of the indictment, it Avould have failed to establish murder, but it followed the allegations closely, and these were sufficient upon demurrer regardless of the evidence introduced later. Considering the charge that the mortal wound was inflicted on a date about four months previous to the finding of the indictment and that the deceased had died from it in the meantime, a simple mathematical calculation which cannot be classed as an inference would indicate that the death occurred within four months after the infliction of the wound. (1 Bish. Crim. Procedure, 391; State v. Champoux, 33 Wash. 339, 74 Pac. 557; Bowen v. State, 1 Or. 270, and other cases cited in the brief.) Courts take judicial notice of periods within the calendar, and are capable of making such mathematical computation. The indictment contains all that is provided in the statutory form of one for murder and more. Section 244 of the criminal practice act provides: "No indictment shall be deemed insufficient, nor shall the trial, judgment or proceedings thereon be affected by reason of any defect or imperfections of matters of form which shall not tend to the prejudice of the defendant.”
As illustrative of others it will be sufficient to refer to a part of the exceptions taken by the defendant under his specification that the court erred to his prejudice in admitting incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial testimony offered by
In the testimony of Fred Volmer: Q. After seeing the body of Barney Griffin at the point stated by you, in the manner as testified to, what, if anything, was done with it?
Mr. Ward—Objected to unless qualified by the statement as to whether the witness knows or not.
Objection overruled. Exception.
Q. What time of the morning did Barney Griffin and the other party leave, if they left your cabin? A. I should think something about before noon some time, from 9 to 11.
Mr. Ward—Objected to as something he should think and not a statement of facts.
Objection overruled. Exception.
In the testimony of War Dance Johnson: Q. What did the defendant, this Indian here, say to him when he came to his camp?
Mr. Ward—We object to that unless the time is fixed when.
Q. At that time he was there?
Mr. Ward—He designated it 'Gvhen the snow fell”; he has not specified definitely.
The Court—The witness testified that he only saw him once. The testimony must necessarily be confined to that particular time.
Objection overruled. Exception.
Q. Ask him if defendant unscrewed that and took it off.
Mr. Ward—We object as leading.
Objection overruled. Exception.
Q. Was the defendant on the summit Avhen he saw the train?
Mr. Ward—Objected to unless he is able to state of his oato knowledge Avhether he knows he Avas on the summit or not.
Objection overruled. Exception.
Q. When George Williams left his camp that night, did he Avatch to see Avhere he went? Witness—It was dark, no moon.
Q. What did he say about the horse? Interpreter—He said it was dark and he couldn’t see him, but he went down that way (shows) from his camp.
Mr. Ward—Objected to as leading.
Objection overruled. Exception.
Q. Ask him, Pete, if he saw man tracks made by shoes or boots. Interpreter—Yes, he saw man tracks.
Q. How far from this camp did the man’s tracks go; how far did he .follow them? Interpreter—He got on the horse right where he had it tied.
Q. How far was that 'from this camp’—the length of this room—ask him?
Mr. Ward—Objected to as leading.
Objection overruled. Exception. * * *
Q. Tell us what did he find, what did he see after Fred Bugler told him something? Interpreter—Said he went out and showed him the tracks.
Q. What kind of tracks were they at first; ask him if he saw any man’s tracks?
Mr. Ward—Objected to as leading.
Objection overruled. Exception.
The Court—Ordinarily, the court does not permit leading questions, but there are times and occasions when it is absolutely necessary that leading questions be asked in order to elicit the truth. I think this is one of those cases and for that reason I will permit the question.
As to the objection to the first question set out above, it would appear from the testimony of the witness that he knew of his own knowledge what was done with the body at the time to which the question related, which was the one when he and the others were at the place where the remains of the deceased and his companion were found in the mountains. In any event his answer, if it had been merely based on hearsay was not in reference to anything which could have injured the defendant. It was not improper for the witness as a matter of recollection to say that he thought the time was from 9 to 11 o’clock, and the objection to it as not being a statement of facts was properly overruled, time being provable by opinion. (Hardy v. Merrill, 56 N. H. 241, 22 Am. Bep. 441; Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 1977; Lawson, Exp. & Opin. Evidence, 460, and cases there cited.)
The objection was well taken to the question asked by the district attorney: "Where did the statement and confession take place, and when?” Certainly, the question implied a confession carrying an acknowledgment of guilt at a time when there was no proof that one had been made, and the exception was placed on this ground. The same is true of the statement of the court: "I do not think it necessary to remove the jury at the present time; I would suggest that the district attorney had better lay the foundation for the introduction of the confession.” But the error under the question and in the statement of the court implying that a confession had been made, when none had been proven, was cured so far as any prejudice could result to the defendant, when later the witness was allowed to testify that a confession was made, and the defendant himself took the stand and denied that the confession was voluntary, but acknowledged that one had been made to the witness. (State v. Johnny, 29 Nev. 220.) The objection against a trial judge stating facts before a jury does not apply to those which are admitted; and if the judge states facts which are not already proven, the error or injury is cured or removed as soon as the facts stated are admitted.
It is argued that the statement of the court that there are occasions when it is absolutely necessary that leading ques
During the trial the under sheriff was placed upon the stand by the state to prove that a confession had been made by the defendant while he was confined in the county jail. Defendant’s counsel made objection, and urged at different times that it was the duty of the court to hear evidence in the absence of the jury and determine whether a voluntary confession had been made. The court refused a motion to have the jury excluded, and an exception was taken. The witness proceeded to testify that without any promise of reward or threat of punishment the defendant had told how he had shot J. Barney Griffin and his companion, how he had opened their pockets and taken their watches, and chopped .boughs to cover their bodies, and went away to Mono Lake. The details of the defendant’s confession were stated by the witness before the jury without any direct objection, and his attorney proceeded to cross-examine the witness as to whether there had been any threat of punishment or offer of reward to induce the making of the confession. Thereupon the state rested its case. At the further request of defendant’s counsel
After the attorney had further argued that the confession be excluded, the court said: "Two witnesses have testified that the defendant has made a confession to them; they have both testified that the confession was voluntary, without any hope of reward or threat of punishment, and now the defendant takes the witness stand and denies—at least, he testifies— that there was a promise of reward or threat of punishment. It is submitted to the court upon voluntary evidence, and the rule of necessity must be that the evidence would be admissible to go before the jury, because, unless that was the rule, every time the defendant in a criminal case made a confession, no matter how voluntarily it was made, and afterwards denied it, the court would then be called upon to determine the weight to give the evidence of the various parties. As I stated, the rule undoubtedly is that the court might hear the evidence and exclude the statements made by the defendant as. to whether it ivas voluntary, and it seems to me the absolutely fair rule would be for the entire matter to go before the jury. This witness can testify to the circumstances and conditions under which the confession ivas made, then it will be a matter for the jury to determine which of the parties are telling the truth. As I stated before, I am prepared to rule upon the matter now. I am willing to go further, and allow the defendant to state the conditions and circumstances surrounding the alleged confession to go before the jury which would be of direct and positive benefit to the defendant. However, if you don’t wrant that, I will exclude it from the jury.”
Counsel then said: "If your honor rules that this is a matter that goes to the jury, we shall insist that every part of it go to the jury. Your honor has permitted testimony on the other side to go to the jury, and, in support of our motion to strike, we tender this'witness for the purpose of convincing
It will be observed that counsel relied more upon his contention in the lower court, which was in accord with his argument here, that it ivas the duty of the trial judge in the absence of the jury to hear the evidence and determine whether the confession was voluntary, than upon his request to have all the evidence in relation to the confession submitted to the jury, which he made after his motion to exclude the jury had been denied while the testimony was being given in behalf of the state in regard to the confession, and his motion to have the jury excluded while the defendant was testifying in regard to the confession had been granted, which latter request ivas more in consonance with the views expressed by the court. As no objection or exception was taken to the evidence of the confession itself, and the defendant admitted that he had made it, no question of error in that connection is before us; but we must determine whether the court acted improperly in regard to the testimony relative to the voluntariness of the confession. It is claimed that it was error to submit this evidence to the jury. This would be a more serious proposition, if the record did not indicate that there was' substantial evidence from which the judge apparently concluded that the confession ivas voluntary, and that he was ivilling to giAre the defendant the benefit of any doubt by letting the testimony go to the jury.
If the defendant’s contention that it is the duty of the court to determine Avhether the confession was voluntary be conceded, and the court found that there Avas evidence to indicate that it was voluntary, although the testimony Avas conflicting, and thereupon allowed proof of the confession to go to the jury, the submission to the jury of the conflicting evidence as to Avhether the confession Avas voluntary would be beneficial rather than prejudicial to the defendant, and consequently no ground for reversal. The different expressions made by the district judge indicated that the testimony on the part of the state to the effect that the confession Avas voluntary Avas
It appears that the judge concluded that by the weight of the evidence the confession was shown to be voluntary, but that he was ready to submit the conflicting testimony in this regard to the jury, which would be more favorable to the defendant. We are unable to see that this was prejudicial error, even under the rule that the judge is first to determine whether the confession is voluntary, or that he could not hear the evidence without excluding the jury, providing the testimony were given so it would not be detrimental to the defendant if the confession were not finally admitted. The circumstances' proven were apparently conclusive of defendant’s guilt regardless of the confession, so that the omission or any mistake in its admission probably would not have changed the verdict.
At common law, in many of the states and in some of our district courts, it has long been the rule, as stated in section 219 of Greenleaf on Evidence, that if seasonable objection has been made the court must be satisfied that the confession is voluntary before allowing it to be submitted to the jury. On the trial, the learned district judge recognized this rule, but sáid that some of the later and better reasoned cases have a tendency to submit to the jury all the evidence as to whether the confession was voluntary. There is a lack of harmony among the decisions which have not followed the original rule.
The English cases down to the year 1852 have been reviewed in Reg. v. Baldry, 12 Eng. Law & Eq. 590. Lord Campbell stated the rule to be that " if there is any worldly advantage held out, or any harm threatened, the confession must be excluded.” Parke, B., said: "By the law of England, in order to render a confession admissible in evidence, it must be perfectly voluntary; and there is no doubt that any inducement, in the nature of a promise or threat, held out by a person in authority, vitiates a confession. The decisions to that effect have gone a long way. Whether it would
In the note to section 219 of Greenleaf on Evidence (15th ed.) it is stated: "In Massachusetts the rule has varied. In the earlier cases it was considered a question for the judge. (Chabbock’s Case, 1 Mass. 144; Comm. v. Taylor, 5 Cush. 606; Comm. s. Morey, 1 Gray, 461.) Then, in several cases where the question of inducement was a complicated one, the whole evidence was submitted to the jury, with instructions that, if they were satisfied that there were such inducements, they should disregard and reject the confession. (Comm. v. Piper, 120 Mass. 185; Comm. v. Smith, 119 Mass. 305; Comm. v. Cullen, 111 Mass. 436; Comm. v. Cuffee, 108 Mass. 285.) But in a later case (Comm. v. Culver, 126 Mass. 464) the court has brought the practice back to the original rule, leaving the question of the admissibility of the evidence entirely to the court, and its weight to the jury. In a still later case, the court in Massachusetts say: 'When a confession is offered in evidence, the question whether it is voluntary is to be decided primarily by the presiding justice. If he is satisfied that it is voluntary, it is admissible; otherwise, it should be excluded. When there is conflicting testimony, the humane practice in this commonwealth is for the judge, if he decides that it is admissible, to instruct the jury that they may consider all the evidence, and that they should exclude the confession if, upon the whole evidence in the case, they are satisfied that it was not the voluntary act of the defendant.’ (Comm. v. Preece, 140 Mass. 276, 5 N. E. 494. And it seems that there is a tendency at the present time in some states to leave the question whether the confession was voluntary or not to the jury.”
Prof. Wigmore at section 861 of his Work on Evidence
Among the cases holding that previous to admitting the alleged confession in evidence there should be a preliminary inquiry as to its voluntariness, in which the burden is on the prosecution to show that it was freely made, are: State v. Grover, 96 Me. 363, 52 Atl. 757 (1902); State v. Young, 52 La. Ann. 478, 27 South. 50 (1899); People v. Miller, 135 Cal. 69, 67 Pac. 12 (1901); Green v. State, 96 Md. 384, 54 Atl. 104 (1903); and cases cited in 12 Am. Cr. Rep. at page 284.
In Comm. v. Antaya, 184 Mass. 326, 68 N. E. 331 (1903), it was held that the question of the voluntariness of a confession is to be decided primarily by the presiding judge. If he is satisfied that it is voluntary, it is to be admitted, but otherwise, rejected; but if admitted, the jury may disregard it if they are not satisfied that it is voluntary.
In Pennsylvania it has been held that the court need not hear the evidence of the defense before admitting the confession, but such evidence may afterwards be given, and then it becomes a question for the jury to determine as to whether or not the confession was voluntary. (Comm. v. Epps, 193 Pa. 512, 44 Atl. 570.)
In State v. Cross, 72 Conn. 722, 46 Atl. 148, the court stated: "The trial court, after hearing all the testimony as to the
In Kirk v. Territory, 10 Old. 46, 60 Pac. 797, it was said in the opinion: "It is next contended that the court erred in permitting the testimony to determine the competency of confessions to be given in the presence of the jury. It is a well-settled rule of law that the question of the competency of confessions is one for the court, and should be determined preliminarily to allowing the confession to go to the jury. The authorities are not harmonious upon the practice. We think the correct practice and the one sustained by sound reason and weight of authority is that when testimony is offered to prove a confession, and objection is made to the competency of the evidence, the court should withdraw the jury, and hear all the evidence offered on the objection, both for and against the competency, and decide the question in the absence of the jury. If the court holds the confessions are not proper to be shown, then no prejudice can result from such action. On the other hand, if the court holds the confessions admissible, then the jury should be recalled, and, if the defendant desires, all the evidence relating to the competency of such confessions, the circumstances under which
It is only fair to an accused person on trial not to allow all confessions, including those which apparently have been extorted by promises, threats, or coercion, to be thrown broadcast before the jury. To us it seems better, if timely objection is made, to first hear testimony regarding the voluntariness of the confession and not to submit the confession to the jury, unless there is evidence that it is voluntary which the court believes warrants its submission to the jury; and then if the confession goes to the jury, it would not be improper, and certainly not prejudicial to the defendant, for the trial judge, if he thinks best, to submit the evidence to the jury, regarding the voluntariness of the confession, if he believes that this evidence raises any considerable doubt as to whether the confession was voluntary. The defendant should be allowed to introduce any evidence he offers tending to rebut the claim or testimony of the state that the confession is voluntary before the court determines whether it is to be submitted to the jury. (State v. Hill, 65 N. J. Law, 626, 47 Atl. 814; Jackson v. State, 83 Ala. 76, 3 South. 847; Reddy. State, 69 Ala. 255; Rufer v. State, 25 Ohio St. 464.)
Ordinarily, it would seem to be unobjectionable and more convenient for the court to hear the testimony regarding the voluntariness of the confession without excluding the jury, if the questions can be put and answered in such a way as not
The specification that the court erred in proceeding with the trial without a plea being entered is not supported by the record. After -reciting that the motion to quash the indictment and demurrer had been overruled, the minutes of the court state: "Thereupon the defendant was asked if he pleaded guilty or not guilty to the offense charged in the indictment. Upon the advice of counsel defendant remained mute. Whereupon the court ordered the clerk to enter the plea of not guilty to the offense charged in the indictment.” At the close of the reading of the indictment to the jury at the beginning of the-trial, the clerk said: "At the time of the arraignment, the defendant stood mute, and the court had the order entered as not guilty to the offense charged in the indictment.” Thereupon the court stated: "So the jury will understand, I will explain the matter to them. The defendant at the time he was arraigned to interpose his plea in this particular case stood mute and would not enter a plea, and under the law the court thereupon ordered the clerk to enter a plea of not guilty in his behalf.”
Other objections are made in relation to which the facts are neither shown nor negatived in the statement, and as to them the presumptions are in favor of the action of the court, under the rule through many cases in this state from State v.
We find no error prejudicial to the defendant. The judgment is affirmed, and the district court is directed to make and enter an order requiring the warden of the state prison to execute the judgment carrying the death penalty at a specified time as required by law.
