Lead Opinion
Marvin Wiedrich appealed from a jury conviction of manslaughter, alleging, among other issues, omissions from the jury instructions. We reverse the conviction.
On May 21,1988, Eddie Goodbird went to Halliday, North Dakota, to seek work at the Long Horn Bar, owned by Wiedrich. Wiedrich hired him to do some yard work. After Goodbird started the job, the mower broke. Goodbird went back into the bar, told Wiedrich about the mower, and offered to finish the job when the mower was fixed. Wiedrich paid Goodbird $15.00. Go-odbird had a few beers and played an electronic game with another bar patron. Meanwhile, Wiedrich went out to inspect Goodbird’s work. When he came back in, he was angry and hollered at Goodbird,
The other patrons left and there was no one else present when Wiedrich shot Good-bird twice with a pistol. Soon after the shooting, Esther Horning, Wiedrich’s live-in friend, returned to the bar and found Wiedrich calling the sheriff to report the shooting. Wiedrich told her to lock the door to the bar. When the sheriff arrived, Horning unlocked the door and let him in. The sheriff found Goodbird dead, lying face down behind the bar. Wiedrich told the sheriff, “I shot him.”
Wiedrich was charged with murder, a class AA felony. The jury was instructed on AA murder, on lesser-included offenses of A murder and manslaughter, and on self-defense. Wiedrich was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to ten years in the state penitentiary. Wiedrich appealed.
The trial court refused an instruction requested by Wiedrich that possession of a firearm by the proprietor of a retail liquor establishment was not illegal. The trial court denied his request because the instruction concerned a “collateral matter” which would “only cause confusion of the real issues before the jury.” Wiedrich argues this omission was reversible error.
Wiedrich was not being tried for possessing a firearm, but rather for how he used it. It is well-settled that if the instructions, when considered in their entirety, correctly advise the jury as to the law applicable to the case, there is no error even though the trial court refused to submit a requested instruction which itself was a correct statement of law. State v. Huwe,
Wiedrich was on trial for AA murder.
In this Court, Wiedrich insists that a charge of negligent homicide must always be given to a jury instructed on self-defense and on manslaughter. Wiedrich quotes State v. Leidholm,
A defendant is entitled to an instruction on all defenses for which there is any support in the evidence, whether such evidence is consistent or inconsistent. State v. Thiel,
Although Wiedrich did not testify at the trial, there is no doubt that his explanation of the shooting was self-defense. Wied-rich’s statement to a deputy sheriff at the scene of the shooting was offered in evidence by the State. Excerpts from Wied-rich’s statement illustrate his position:
[Wiedrich]: [H]e told me and he come around the end of- the bar come up, the threat to kill me, and beat on me (inaudible due to crying).
* * * * * *
[Wiedrich]: I got this little pistol laying over there, it’s always there, it’s always been there.
* * * * * *
[Wiedrich]: I couldn’t take no more beating, I reached for my pistol and apparently I used it.
******
[Wiedrich]: I had to do something to survive.
[Deputy]: Okay, you felt at this point if you had not killed him, he was going to kill you.
[Wiedrich]: I said, I was dead when I picked up the gun.
*683 [Deputy]: Okay, so you, when you shot the gun, you felt that you had to do that to protect yourself?
[Wiedrich]: Yes, to stay alive, I had, cause he was nailing me right and left, I mean, it was (inaudible) on me.
[Deputy]: Okay, by nailing you right and left, can you, ah, what do you mean by that? Was he hitting you with his fists?
[Wiedrich]: Like hitting me, like.
[Deputy]: So he was hitting you with his fists?
[Wiedrich]: With his fist, tried to kick me a few times and asked me to get out of the way and he kicked me in a certain place (inaudible) which he was aiming for.
[Deputy]: What place was this?
[Wiedrich]: The crotch.
[Deputy]: So you felt if he’d a kicked you in the groin area then you’d been down.
[Wiedrich]: Right. That’s what he was aiming for.
[Deputy]: Okay, while he was hitting and kicking you, was he, say anything to you?
[Wiedrich]: Ya. I’m gonna kill you son-of-a-bitch.
[Deputy]: That was quote “I’m gonna kill you son-of-a-bitch”? Unquote.
[Wiedrich]: I’m gonna kill you son-of-a-bitch.
[Deputy]: How many times did he say this to you?
[Wiedrich]: About three-four times before he got backed in the corner.
[Deputy]: Okay, ah, did he tear the tie off you?
[Wiedrich]: Ya. I didn’t know I was even missing it. I didn’t know I was.
He * * * sfs *
[Wiedrich]: Yes, when, first time I shot him, he had hold of my throat, and beating on me. After that he just kept beating on me until the second shot.
There was also evidence that Wiedrich’s left temple was bloody and bruised and that he had a scratch on the left side of his face. Witnesses testified that Wiedrich appeared upset and that he said “I didn’t mean to do it. I didn’t want to kill anybody,” and “He kept coming at me. He just was coming at me, and I shot him, and he kept coming at me so I shot him again.”
In State v. Leidholm, supra, Leidholm contended that it was error to instruct the jury, over her objection, that manslaughter was a lesser-included offense of murder. We observed that whether or not a lesser-included offense instruction on manslaughter is appropriate in a murder trial depends upon the particular facts and circumstances of the case and concluded that the trial court’s instruction on manslaughter was warranted in that case. More significantly, for the purpose of this case, we observed that:
“[A]ny time the court instructs a jury on self-defense, it must of necessity include a special instruction on manslaughter as well as an instruction on negligent homicide. [Citations omitted.] The difference between self-defense and manslaughter is the reasonableness of the accused’s belief that the use of force is necessary to prevent imminent unlawful harm. If the accused’s belief is reasonable, he will be found to have acted in self-defense. If unreasonable, he is guilty of either manslaughter or negligent homicide, depending upon whether his belief was held recklessly or negligently, respectively. [Citations omitted.]” State v. Leidholm,334 N.W.2d at 821 .
In State v. Frey, supra, Frey was charged with the murder of one man and the attempted murder of another man. Frey requested an instruction on self-defense but specifically objected to instructing the jury on lesser-included offenses of any kind. The State requested an instruction on a lesser-included offense of attempted murder, i.e., aggravated assault. The court instructed the jury on murder, self-defense, attempted murder and aggravated assault (a lesser-included offense of attempted murder), but did not instruct the jury on lesser-included offenses of murder. Frey was convicted of murder and aggravated assault but notwithstanding his ob
In its decision, this Court observed that the defendant has a right to waive instructions on lesser-included offenses as a trial tactic, observing that a defendant “who waives instructions on lesser included offenses takes an all-or-nothing risk that the jury will not convict of the greater offense.” State v. Frey,
In Frey, the court acknowledged the right of the defendant, as a trial tactic, to reject any lesser-included offense instructions. The effect of such a position by the defendant is to force the jury to either convict or to acquit outright. It permits no compromise on the part of the jury. The defendant gambles that the jury will at least have a reasonable doubt that all the elements of murder have been proven and, therefore, will have to acquit the defendant of that charge rather than have the choice to convict of a lesser-included offense.
Thus, contrary to the situation in Frey, the trial court, over the defendant’s objection, nullified Wiedrich’s trial tactic of having the jury instructed only on the greater offense, murder, and self-defense. Once the defendant's wishes on this matter were overruled, the trial court should have instructed on all the lesser-included offenses, including negligent homicide.
The difference between “recklessly” and “negligently” is defined by our statute:
“1. For the purposes of this title, a person engages in conduct:
c. ‘Recklessly’ if he engages in the conduct in conscious and clearly unjustifiable disregard of a substantial likelihood of the existence of the relevant facts or risks, such disregard involving a gross deviation from acceptable standards of conduct....
d. ‘Negligently’ if he engages in the conduct in unreasonable disregard of a substantial likelihood of the existence of the relevant facts or risks,*685 such disregard involving a gross deviation from acceptable standards of conduct.” [Emphasis supplied.] NDCC § 12.1-02-02.
Wiedrich was charged with murder but the jury did not convict him of murder; it convicted him of manslaughter. It is apparent from the facts of this case that a jury could have concluded that Wiedrich was negligent in his conduct, if given the choice, as well as it could and did conclude that he was reckless because it was given no other choice.
Manslaughter is a class B felony. NDCC § 12.1-16-02. Negligent homicide is a class C felony. NDCC § 12.1-16-03. Conviction of a class B felony carries a penalty of a maximum of ten years in prison and a ten thousand dollar fine; a class C felony conviction carries a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison and a five thousand dollar fine. NDCC § 12.1-32-01. Wied-rich was sentenced to the maximum imprisonment, i.e., ten years. The prejudicial effect of the failure to instruct on negligent homicide is obvious. Rule 52(b), NDRCrimP.
In summary, this is not a Frey case. In Frey, the court did not, at the specific request of the defendant, instruct on the lesser-included offenses of murder. Only on appeal was the issue raised that the trial court should have so instructed because it also instructed on self-defense. Here the court, notwithstanding the objection of Wiedrich, instructed on the lesser-included offense of manslaughter. Wiedrich could have requested the instruction on negligent homicide but in view of his previous opposition to any lesser-included offense instructions, he was not required to do so. To construe his failure to do so under these circumstances as a waiver, such as in Frey, would be unwarranted and grossly unfair. Once the trial court determined to instruct on self-defense and to instruct on the lesser-included offense of manslaughter, it had an obligation, when the State failed to make the request, to also instruct on the lesser-included offense of negligent homicide, notwithstanding the lack of a request from Wiedrich to do so. Any other conclusion does violence to this Court’s holding in Leidholm and its holding in Frey, as well as the rationale for those holdings.
Wiedrich has raised other issues which are not necessary to the disposition of this appeal nor is it apparent that they will necessarily rise again at the new trial. We, therefore, do not decide nor discuss them. See e.g., Leidholm, supra; State v. Bergeron,
Because the jury was instructed on self-defense but not instructed on the other lesser-included offenses of murder, we reverse the judgment of conviction and remand this matter to the trial court for a new trial.
Notes
. NDCC § 12.1-16-01(1) provides:
Murder.
A person is guilty of murder, a class AA felony, if he:
a. Intentionally or knowingly causes the death of another human being;
b. Causes the death of another human being under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; or
c. Acting either alone or with one or more other persons, commits or attempts to commit treason, robbery, burglary, kidnapping, felonious restraint, arson, gross sexual imposition, or escape and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if there be any, causes the death of any person; ...
. NDCC § 12.1-16-01(2) provides:
A person is guilty of murder, a class A felony, if the person causes the death of another human being under circumstances which would be class AA felony murder, except that the person causes the death under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there is reasonable excuse. The reasonableness of the excuse must be determined from the viewpoint of a person in his situation under the circumstances as he believes them to be. An extreme emotional disturbance is excusable, within the meaning of this subsection only, if it is occasioned by substantial provocation, or a serious event, or situation for which the offender was not culpably responsible.
. NDCC § 12.1-16-02 provides:
Manslaughter. A person is guilty of manslaughter, a class B felony, if he recklessly causes the death of another human being.
. NDCC § 12.1-16-03 provides:
Negligent homicide. A person is guilty of a class C felony if he negligently causes the death of another human being.
. During the trial, Wiedrich was aware that the trial court (at the request of the prosecution) was proposing to give lesser included offenses of A murder and manslaughter in the instruction to the jury. On that expectation, Wiedrich sought variations in the jury instructions on intent and reckless disregard. Before the trial court instructed the jury, Wiedrich's counsel was given an opportunity to review the proposed instructions and to designate objectionable parts.
Wiedrich’s counsel then objected to any instructions on lesser-included offenses:
"The defense, after consultation with his client, has decided that we would object to the lesser included offenses in this case. The State has charged this case as premeditated as AA murder.... The State [is] ... asking for the jury to make the States’ [sic ] decision, and we would object to the lesser included offense. We would also like to [sic] precisely quoted in the instructions that this is the States' [sic] request and not the defendant’s request.”
The trial court responded, "These are the Court’s instructions, not counsels' instructions so what you're suggesting would be highly improper, but your ... objection is noted for the record.” Thus, the record plainly shows that Wiedrich objected to submission of any lesser offenses. Wiedrich's counsel objected to all lesser-included offenses and he did not ask that negligent homicide be included.
In his appellate argument, Wiedrich recognized that ”[o]nce the trial court instructed on self-defense and manslaughter, Defendant failed to object to the fact that the trial court did not charge on negligent homicide, nor did Defendant request a charge on negligent homicide.” He argued, however, that ”[u]nder the facts and circumstances of this case, the trial court’s failure to properly instruct on negligent homicide was error which infringes upon substantial rights of the Defendant, and therefore can be noticed for the first time on appeal by this Court under Rule 52(b), N.D.R.Crim.P."
. The scene was set for the court’s holding in Frey by its previous decision in State v. Motsko,
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I believe that Wiedrich had a fair trial and that his deliberate, tactical choice not to request a jury instruction on negligent homicide was not obvious error. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
The majority opinion formulates a “right of the defendant, as a trial tactic, to reject any lesser-included offense instructions.” When the defendant’s tactics are unsuccessful, the majority concludes that it is “unwarranted and grossly unfair” to the defendant to give a lesser-included offense instruction requested by the prosecution if there is an additional lesser offense possible. According to the majority, failure to instruct on “all the lesser-included offenses” becomes obvious error when the defendant “could have requested” another since he “was not required to do so.”
This is new criminal procedure, ignores existing rules, and unsettles precedent. I suspect that it will cause confusion and doubt in the trial courts and that it will bring on a surge of defense appeals urging obvious error when defensive trial tactics are unsuccessful.
This court’s decision in State v. Leidholm,
This court’s decision in State v. Frey,
Because Frey's trial counsel specifically objected to instructions on lesser included offenses of murder, Frey waived any right to those instructions that he might otherwise have had, and the trial court did not err in failing to instruct the jury on lesser included offenses of murder. (Footnote omitted).
Similarly, in State v. Stoppleworhk,
In State v. Motsko,
In the absence of a request, there was no error. State v. Heasley,196 N.W.2d 896 (N.D.1972); State v. Berger,148 N.W.2d 331 (N.D.1967). We do not agree with the rule in some jurisdictions that a trial court must, even in the absence of a request and irrespective of the facts, instruct on all included offenses. See State v. Piper,261 N.W.2d 650 (N.D.1977).
For example, State v. Demery,
Our interpretation of the requirements of Rule 30(c) of the North Dakota Rules of Criminal Procedure has made it clear that an attorney’s failure to object at trial to instructions which he had an opportunity to examine before they were given to the jury operates as a waiver of his right on an appeal to object to the instructions. See State v. Gates,325 N.W.2d 166 (N.D.1982); State v. Allery,322 N.W.2d 228 (N.D.1982); State v. Granrud,301 N.W.2d 398 (N.D.1981). The issue, therefore, has not been properly preserved for our consideration, and consequently our inquiry is limited to the question whether or not the alleged error constitutes an obvious error which af*687 fects substantial rights of the defendant. Rule 52(b), N.D.R.Crim.P.; Allery, supra,322 N.W.2d at 232 ; Granrud, supra,301 N.W.2d at 401-402 ; cert. denied,454 U.S. 825 ,102 S.Ct. 113 ,70 L.Ed.2d 98 (1981); State v. Reich,298 N.W.2d 468 (N.D.1980). We conclude it does not. See State v. Motsko,261 N.W.2d 860 (N.D.1977); United States v. Iron Shell,633 F.2d 77 (8th Cir.1980), cert. denied,450 U.S. 1001 ,101 S.Ct. 1709 ,68 L.Ed.2d 203 (1981). (Footnote omitted).
In today’s case, Wiedrich was aware that the trial court, at the request of the prosecution, proposed to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offenses of A murder and manslaughter. On that expectation, Wied-rich sought changes in jury instructions defining intent and manslaughter. Before the trial court instructed the jury, Wied-rich’s counsel was given an opportunity to review the proposed instructions and to designate objectionable parts. NDRCrimP 30(c) instructs: “Thereafter, only the parts or omissions so designated are deemed excepted to by the counsel designating the same.”
As the majority opinion outlines in footnote 5, Wiedrich’s counsel thereafter objected to the instruction on manslaughter, but he did not ask that negligent homicide be included. Wiedrich’s trial counsel could not have made his position more clear. He objected to all lesser-included offenses and he did not request that negligent homicide be included. This was clearly a trial tactic. It would have been inconsistent with the trial strategy to have requested an instruction on negligent homicide.
On appeal, another attorney representing Wiedrich has changed the strategy and now urges that “the trial court’s failure to properly instruct on negligent homicide was error which infringes upon substantial rights of the Defendant, and therefore can be noticed for the first time on appeal by this Court under Rule 52(b), N.D.R.Crim. P.” I think that is wrong. We should follow Frey, not dissect it. We should hold that, where a criminal defendant has waived instructions on lesser-included offenses as a trial tactic, “[w]e decline to review this claim of error as obvious under NDRCrimP 52(b).” Stoppleworth,
I do not understand how a defendant gains an appellate right to insist on instructions not sought. This court did say in Frey,
It is not obvious to me that an instruction on negligent homicide was mandated by this evidence.
“The test is not merely whether or not the offense is a lesser included offense of the basic offense charged, but rather*688 is whether or not there is evidence which will create a reasonable doubt as to the greater offense and support a conviction of the lesser included offense.”
State v. Langan,
Manslaughter and negligent homicide differ from other homicide crimes in the state of mind of the accused. Murder occurs when one acts intentionally or knowingly. NDCC 12.1-16-01. Manslaughter occurs when one “recklessly causes the death of another human being.” NDCC 12.1-16-02. One acts “recklessly” when “he engages in the conduct in conscious and clearly unjustifiable disregard of a substantial likelihood of the existence of the relevant facts or risks, such disregard involving a gross deviation from acceptable standards of conduct,_” NDCC 12.1-02-02(l)(c). Negligent homicide occurs when one “negligently causes the death of another human being.” NDCC 12.1-16-03. One acts “negligently” when “he engages in the conduct in unreasonable disregard of a substantial likelihood of the existence of the relevant facts or risks, such disregard involving a gross deviation from acceptable standards of conduct.” NDCC 12.1-02-02(l)(d). The honesty and reasonableness of a defendant’s beliefs bear upon these different states of mind when there is a claim of self-defense. NDCC 12.1-05-07 and 12.1-05-08. But, a state of mind is rarely proven directly and must usually be inferred from conduct and circumstances.
In the circumstances of this case, it is easy to see how manslaughter was warranted. It is much more difficult to see how Wiedrich’s conduct in shooting twice to kill a man was merely negligent.
The State maintained that Wiedrich’s guilt of manslaughter was based upon “the facts that Goodbird was unarmed, that no warning shots were fired, and that [Wied-rich] made no attempt to escape from the alleged attack....” The State pointed out that one of Wiedrich’s own statements clearly evidenced his recklessness, rather than a need for self-defense:
[Deputy]: So he was hitting you with his fists?
[Wiedrich]: With his fist, tried to kick me a few times and asked me to get out of the way and he kicked me in a certain place (inaudible) which he was aiming for. (Emphasis by the State).
This jury was instructed:
The use of deadly force is not justified if it can be avoided, with safety to the actor and others, by retreat or other conduct involving minimal interference with the freedom of the person menaced. The use of deadly force is not justified unless the person honestly and reasonably believed that he could not retreat from his attacker with safety.
See State v. White,
Wiedrich’s statement claimed that Good-bird was the aggressor, that Goodbird demanded money, and that Goodbird beat and choked him. In contrast, testimony of witnesses showed that, to begin, Wiedrich was the verbal aggressor. The pictures of Wiedrich showed slight bruises and abrasions to the left side of his face, but the autopsy revealed that Goodbird had no blood on his hands. There was no showing of any bruises around Wiedrich’s neck where he was allegedly strangled. Wied-rich refused medical treatment and had no physical examination. Wiedrich’s initial verbal aggression and superficial injuries were circumstances which clearly contradicted his claim of self-defense.
Other circumstances also contradict Wiedrich’s claim of self-defense. Expert testimony about a lack of powder burns on Goodbird’s shirt tended to evidence that Goodbird was not as close as claimed by
I would not have disagreed with Wied-rich’s right to have the lesser-included offense of negligent homicide submitted to this jury if he had requested it. State v. Thiel,
Here, I think there is a good deal of doubt whether negligent homicide was so manifested that it’s omission ought to be treated as obvious error, even though Wiedrich did not request it. Consider, for example, corresponding doubts in the conflicting opinions in State v. Haakenson,
Because I believe that Wiedrich had a fair trial and that he made a deliberate, tactical choice not to request instructions on the lesser-included offense of negligent homicide, I would affirm. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.