Defendant Robert White appeals his conviction for second degree murder following a jury trial in Rutland District Court, and the subsequent imposition of a sentence of life in prison without parole. Defendant claims that the conviction and sentence should be vacated, and the case remanded for a new trial, on the grounds that (1) the evidence presented does not support a finding of defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the failure of the police to photograph and preserve certain evidence required either dismissal of the charge against him or suppression of the evidence in question; (3) the court erred in allowing testimony regarding defendant’s marital difficulties and his earlier discharge from employment at the business where the murder took place; and (4) the trial court’s imposition of the sentence of life without parole, based upon aggravating circumstances, was unjustified and therefore error. We perceive no error in regard to defendant’s arguments, so we affirm the conviction and sentence.
On April 18,1998, shortly before 11:00 p.m., Jane Desmarais arrived at the Econo Lodge Motel in Rutland to begin her overnight shift as the front desk clerk. Around 1:00 a.m., a couple checked into the motel, where they observed Desmarais speaking with a man in the motel lobby. The man addressed the couple, acting as if he was participating in the check-in process. Defendant had been employed as a night clerk at the motel the previous fall and was familiar with the nighttime check-in procedures and where cash was kept on the premises.
At 2:15 a.m., a long-distance telephone call was made to the front desk of the motel by a person trying to get in touch with one of the motel’s customers. When no one answered, the person tried again four or five times within the following half-hour, but was unable to reach anyone at the front desk. At 6:00 a.m., Desmarais’ mother telephoned the motel, and when no one answered, went to the motel to check on her daughter. When she arrived, the entrance was locked, but inside all the lights and the television were on. After no one responded to her knocking on the door and a window, she contacted the owner of the motel, Patrick Abatiell, Sr. Abatiell then drove to the motel, unlocked the door, and entered with Desmarais’ mother. They discovered Desmarais deceased, her
While processing the crime scene, the police took into evidence two advertising flyers, one 8V2 by 11 inches in size, and the other 8V2 by 5Yz inches. The larger flyer had reddish-brown stains on the back, unprinted side that appeared to be consistent with blood and that resembled a palm print. The smaller flyer had on it what appeared to be a fingerprint made in blood. The flyers were submitted to the state police forensic laboratory for identification of the reddish-brown stains as well as to make an identification of the prints. In the course of processing the larger flyer to identify the palm print, the document was sprayed with ninhydrin, a chemical used to reveal more of the full hand print on the flyer. The ninhydrin treatment revealed latent fingerprints as well. After determining that the reddish-brown substance was indeed blood, a portion of the palm print was cut out by the crime lab in order to preserve it for any future testing which might be necessary. The palm print and fingerprint impressions on both flyers were subsequently identified as matching those of the defendant, and a sample of blood taken from the palm print was identified as that of the victim.
Prior to trial, defendant moved the court to exclude the evidence obtained from the larger flyer, or to dismiss the charges, arguing the physical evidence had been destroyed by the forensic laboratory’s cutting of the flyer and chemical treatment. During the trial, defendant filed a motion to exclude the testimony of Patrick Abatiell, Jr., manager of the Econo Lodge, regarding the circumstances surrounding defendant’s termination from the motel. Defendant also objected during trial to the introduction of testimony regarding the marital difficulties he was experiencing at the time of the murder. The court denied the motions and the objection, and at the conclusion of the trial the jury entered a verdict of guilty. On April 27, 2000, after the sentencing hearing, the court issued its findings and sentence.
Defendant first argues that the evidence presented was insufficient, as a matter of law, to support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. During the trial, defendant moved the court once to dismiss for lack of a prima facie case, twice — at the conclusion of the prosecution’s and the defense’s case — for acquittal, and once for acquittal notwithstanding the guilty verdict. All of these motions were denied.
We review all of these motions under the same standard — we must determine “whether, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the state and excluding modifying evidence, the state has produced evidence fairly and reasonably tending to show the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
State v. Fanger,
Defendant claims that there is no direct evidence that hé killed the victim, and that the circumstantial evidence presented does no more than create a suspicion or conjecture that defendant murdered the victim. See
State v. Durenleau,
Defendant next argues that the State failed to properly preserve the evidence used against him when they cut out a piece of the advertising flyer with a bloody palm print for testing.
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He claims that the
investigating officers were negligent in failing to photograph the fliers, and that the question of whether the blood got on the paper via a bloody hand, or if a clean hand was placed on already-bloodied paper, has been “forever eliminated” by the absence of a photograph of the untreated and uncut flyer. Defendant asserts that this “missing” exculpatory evidence warranted dismissal of the charges against him, based upon our decision in
State v. Bailey,
Defendant presented the trial court with several theories as to the exculpatory value of the evidence at issue. He argued that without a photograph of the flyer, taken before the application of the ninhydrin and the removal of a portion for blood analysis, it was impossible to prove or disprove the existence of marks, stains, or other information on the flier, the time the blood was deposited on the flier relative to the death of the victim, or whether the
Defendant next challenges the admission of testimonial evidence regarding his marital difficulties and the circumstances surrounding the termination of his employment at the motel. He argues that the former testimony had no relevance to any of the issues before the court, and that, in the case of both, the prejudicial effect outweighed
their probative value. The determination as to whether evidence one party seeks to admit is relevant is committed to the “sound discretion of the trial court,” and we will not disturb its decision absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.
State v. Streich,
The evidence of marital difficulties consisted of testimony by a witness who was defendant’s co-worker at the time of the murder, and who, eight days after the murder, was told by defendant that he was getting a divorce. At trial, this testimony was solicited from the witness just after he had testified that, around the time of the murder, defendant had offered to work any of the witness’ shifts for him because defendant “needed the money.” Upon defendant’s objection to the testimony concerning his pending divorce, the prosecution stated that the evidence was being offered to show the state of mind of the defendant at the time of the murder. Defendant claimed at trial, and now before this Court, that the evidence was offered to show a financial motive for the crime based upon “building an inference upon an inference.”
The State argued that the evidence was relevant to show defendant’s “situation is such that he may want to stop off someplace overnight rather than going home.” The trial court accepted this reasoning and held the evidence admissible to show defendant’s
The second piece of testimonial evidence challenged on appeal is the testimony of Patrick Abatiell, Jr. regarding the circumstances surrounding the termination of defendant’s employment at the motel. This testimony was preceded by a limiting instruction to the jury that the evidence was being offered to show motive, and should not be used to draw a negative inference about defendant’s character. Abatiell testified that on the last Sunday morning of October 1997, he commented to defendant about his appearance at work. When Abatiell arrived at the motel that morning, defendant was on a couch with his feet crossed, hands in his lap, and his chin down into his chest, and wearing jeans and a baseball cap. After again finding defendant in this manner a short time later Abatiell asked: “Robert, what’s the matter? You can’t be like this. I mean, we need to present a good image. This doesn’t look good for customers.” Defendant then stood up and said: “I can’t take this anymore. I don’t want to put up with this crap,” at which point defendant collected some belongings and left the motel. Abatiell testified that he never saw defendant at the motel again.
In responding to defendant’s motion to exclude this testimony, the prosecution offered that this evidence was being presented to provide a possible motive for the robbery or the murder, as the evidence displayed an “animus” defendant may have harbored toward the motel, its owners, or its employees. The trial court accepted this reasoning and admitted the evidence. We disagree with defendant that the evidence was presented with the purpose of making an improper inference that the crime was a result of “former employee rage” and that the impact of this testimony on the jury could do nothing more than “enflame [sic] and appeal to passion.” We perceive no abuse of discretion, on the grounds of relevance or excessive prejudicial effect, in the trial court’s admission of this testimony.
Defendant’s final argument is that the trial court erred in concluding that the sentence of life without parole was justified under the circumstances of the case. When we review the sentence imposed by a court, “[a]bsent a showing that the trial court failed to exercise discretion at all, or exercised it for purposes which are clearly
untenable, or to a degree which is unreasonable, we will uphold the court’s decision.”
State v. Turner,
The court evaluated the aggravating and mitigating factors contained in 13 V.S.A. § 2303(d), and concluded that several of the aggravating factors were present in this case. First, it found that the murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in the commission of, or attempted commission of, a felony — in this case, assault and robbery. See 13 V.S.A § 608. The court noted that several hundred dollars had been taken from the Econo Lodge during the shift the victim had been working, and that “it is reasonable to infer that there was a taking of money, or an attempted taking of money, from [the victim] or in her presence” constituting an assault and robbery.
Second, the court found that the victim was particularly vulnerable in that she was working alone at night — a fact known to defendant as a result of his prior employment at Econo Lodge. Additionally, because the victim knew defendant it was less likely she would call the police when he arrived at the motel; instead, she would have let him in. As a result, any fear or apprehension the victim “was sure to have experienced would have occurred too late for her to have called for assistance or taken steps to protect herself.”
Third, the court found that the murder was particularly severe, brutal, or cruel, noting the extent of the injuries to the victim both as a result of the strangulation and from the subsequent mutilation of the body by acid and other chemicals and the attempt to bum the body. Fourth, the court found that the murder was random, predatory, or arbitrary in nature. In support of this conclusion, the court relied upon a definition of predatory which portrayed such activities as “marked by a tendency to victimize or destroy others for one’s own benefit.”
The final factor recognized by the court, in accordance with 13 V.S.A. § 2303(d)(8), is the State’s proposition that “[defendant is aware of his strength and is willing to use it against women, regardless of the circumstances.” To support this proposition, the court referred to evidence presented by the State that defendant had previously pushed his mother-in-law against a wall and choked her, and that he had choked another woman while engaging in sexual intercourse with her.
The defense neither argued for, nor presented evidence of, any mitigating factors which it is authorized to do under 13 V.S.A. § 2303(c), (e). The court itself recognized only one — the lack of a significant prior criminal history. The court found that defendant’s prior criminal history consisted of a conviction for driving under the influence. Even though the court recognized defendant’s lack of a significant prior criminal history as a mitigating factor, it concluded that its value as such was lessened by the fact that defendant had consumed alcohol just prior to the murder.
The court concluded that, based on its review of aggravating and mitigating factors, the aggravating significantly outweighed the mitigating and warranted consideration of imposition of a sentence greater than the statutory minimum of twenty years imprisonment. The court found that there was no prospect for rehabilitating the defendant, and absent rehabilitation defendant posed both a serious threat to public safety and a very high risk to reoffend. The court further noted that defendant “utterly and completely” denied
In the trial court’s sentencing memorandum, all of the statutory aggravating and mitigating factors were examined by the court. See 13 V.S.A. § 2303(c), (d). Review of the sentencing memorandum shows that all the factors which were ultimately relied upon by the court in its sentencing decision were supported by credible evidence. While we recognize that a punishment must be proportional to the offense charged and convicted, a conviction of life imprisonment is not out of proportion to murder.
State v. Bacon,
Affirmed.
Notes
Defendant also raises on appeal the claim that the evidence should have been suppressed, or the conviction reversed, because the ninhydrin treatment applied to the cut-out piece of the larger flyer rendered further DNA testing of that piece impossible. However, at trial defendant’s counsel stated that after further consultation with experts in the field, she understood this claim to be incorrect and explicitly retracted it. This claim is therefore waived for purposes of appeal.
Defendant’s brief also challenges the marital difficulties evidence as unfairly prejudicial, but he failed to raise this argument at trial — the trial court only heard argument from defendant on the relevance of the evidence. Therefore, we do not address this argument on appeal.