State v. WebbState v. Webb
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The defendant was charged with sexual assault in the first degree in violation of
After a trial to a jury, the defendant was convicted as charged. He now appeals, challenging the judgment of conviction of robbery in the third degree only, claiming that the trial court erred in three respects: (1) in failing to submit to the jury an information amended by the statement of essential facts pursuant to
The pertinent facts which the jury could reasonably have found are as follow: At 8 p.m., on February 17, 1984, the victim, twenty-nine years of age, went to get her car in the Hartford Civic Center garage. As she was getting ready to exit the garage, the defendant came up to the driver’s side of her car and forced her into the middle of the car. He then ripped at her clothing, partially undressed her, threatened to kill her, and forced her to have vaginal intercourse with him and to perform fellatio on him.
*623During the hour that the defendant was engaged in sexual intercourse with the victim, he searched through her pockets demanding to know what they contained. In order to get answers to this and other questions, he slapped her face. The victim told the defendant that her pay check was among her belongings. While the victim was still restrained in the garage, the defendant became concerned about how he could leave before the victim encountered the security guard or the police. There was a conversation of forty-five minutes to an hour during which the defendant pleaded with and threatened the victim in order to get her not to report him. The defendant then asked the woman if she had any money or bank cards. The victim was still afraid at this time. In order to get the defendant out of the car, she told him she would sign her pay check over to him if he would just go and let her be. She signed over the check and gave it to the defendant. He still wouldn’t let her leave the car, however, and when she tried to get out, he pulled her back in, causing her to hit her head. He told her not to try to leave again. The defendant and the victim left the garage together with the victim still fearful and under restraint. The defendant drove the car around certain streets and, when he stopped the car, the victim got out of it and screamed at him until he got out of the car. Her check was returned to her by the defendant’s trial counsel.
At trial, the defendant admitted that he was with the victim the night in question and that he wrongfully retained the payroll check that she endorsed to him for the purpose of cashing it. He denied, however, sexually assaulting or physically injuring her, or using any force or threat of force to obtain or retain the check. He claimed that he met the victim and walked with her to her car in the garage and that she asked him to back her car out because it was in a tight spot. He testified that she wanted money to buy cocaine and, as part of *624a con game to acquire her check, he agreed to get the check cashed. He claimed that he got out of the victim’s car without incident and put the check in his back pocket. He contended that they exchanged phone numbers and he gave her a brief kiss and said he would see her later.
The defendant’s first claim is that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on
*625The defendant’s claim, thus presented, does implicate a fundamental constitutional right, and the record is sufficient for us to review the merits of the claim. Accordingly, the next question we must answer is whether there was in fact a deprivation of that constitutional right. See State v. Newton, 8 Conn. App. 528, 534, 513 A.2d 1261 (1986). We conclude that there was not. The defendant’s argument amounts to little more than semantic overkill. A common sense analysis illustrates that the two subsections overlap. In the first place, we find it difficult to distinguish the conduct prohibited by the two subsections of
In State v. Secore, 194 Conn. 692, 485 A.2d 1280 (1984), our Supreme Court faced a claim similar to that raised here. The defendant had been indicted under subsection (1) of
The defendant also argues that the combination of the trial court’s instruction on
*627The defendant’s second claim is that because the victim “volunteered” her paycheck, there was insufficient evidence presented that he used force during the course of committing larceny as required to sustain a conviction under
Under these standards, the defendant’s claim of insufficiency of the evidence borders on the frivolous. We will not rehash the overwhelming evidence before the jury that the defendant inflicted a reign of terror on the victim, starting in the Civic Center garage. Both the direct evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom present a compelling picture of intimidation and coercion. The victim was sexually assaulted and restrained for over two hours. She was choked and threatened with death. She was slapped in the face. She was threatened with abduction to New York. Under this blanket of fear, the defendant “gave” her pay check to the defendant. To isolate, as the defendant attempts to, the narrow circumstances of the turning over of the paycheck from the whole factual scenario is totally unrealistic and unsupported by the law. Our Supreme Court has held that while an offender, to commit robbery, must use or threaten force with the purpose of committing a larceny, he need not use or threaten the force at the “precise time” he takes that property. State v. Gordon, 185 Conn. 402, 410-11, 441 A.2d 119 (1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 989, 102 S. Ct. 1612, 71 L. Ed. 2d 848 (1982). The trial court did not err in denying the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal on this basis.
The defendant also claims that there was insufficient evidence that any force or threat of force was used/or the purpose of committing a larceny. “An act may have more than one purpose and more than one effect. Thus a jury reasonably may find that acts which compelled a victim to engage in sexual intercourse also had the purpose of preventing the victim’s resistance to the taking of her property.” Id., 411. Force is used to prevent resistance to the taking of property or to compel delivery of property “if it induces in the victim a physical *629disability or a reasonable emotional response that causes her not to resist the taking of her property [or to deliver up the property].” Id. The court did not err in denying the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal on this ground.
The defendant’s final claim is that the trial court erred in charging the jury on reasonable doubt. He concedes that he did not properly preserve this issue. He claims, however, that review is warranted under the fundamental rights — fair trial exception of State v. Evans, supra, 70. The defendant’s claim does implicate the fundamental constitutional right to be found guilty only on proof beyond a reasonable doubt; In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970); and the record is sufficient for us to consider the defendant’s claim on its merits. Accordingly, we review the claim to see if the defendant was deprived of this right.
In instructing the jury on the state’s burden of proof, the trial court gave the following definition of reasonable doubt: “And what is a reasonable doubt? A reasonable doubt is not a slight doubt, nor a possible doubt. It is not a surmise, a guess or a conjecture. It doesn’t rise from feelings of sympathy or pity for anyone who may be affected by your verdict. A reasonable doubt is one which is based on the evidence and flows naturally from the evidence or lack of evidence. In short, it is doubt which is based on reason.
“Now, in this connection it’s not necessary for the state to prove the absolute guilt of the defendant or guilt with certainty. However, each element which is essential to establish the defendant’s guilt must be proved by facts or circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt.”
According to the defendant, the language that “it is not necessary for the state to prove the absolute guilt *630of the defendant or guilt with certainty” substantially reduced the state’s burden of proof. He claims that this instruction permitted a finding of guilt on the more probable than not standard. We disagree with this strained interpretation of the court’s language. The trial court’s charge will not be “critically dissected in a microscopic search for possible error.” State v. Reddick, 197 Conn. 115, 132, 496 A.2d 466 (1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1067, 106 S. Ct. 822, 88 L. Ed. 2d 795 (1986). The charge, read as a whole, required the state to prove each element of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt. It instructed the jury to give the evidence the construction which favors innocence where the evidence offered is capable of two reasonable constructions and to equate reasonable doubt with a doubt based on the evidence or lack of evidence. The trial court did not err in so charging.
The defendant’s reliance on State v. DelVecchio, 191 Conn. 412, 464 A.2d 813 (1983), is misplaced. Our Supreme Court in DelVecchio analyzed a trial court’s charge analogizing the state’s burden to a football field.4 The defendant claimed that this illustration lightened the burden of proof in that it implied that more than 50 percent proof was sufficient to convict the defendant. Our Supreme Court found error and concluded that it was reversible error since it was reasonably possible that the jury was misled by the charge. Id., 425. DelVecchio, however, does not support the defendant’s claim. In DelVecchio, the Supreme Court did not take issue with language almost identical to that used here: “This does not mean that the state must prove guilt beyond absolute certainty. Absolute cer*631tainty is not required.” State v. DelVecchio, supra, 418 n.5. Accordingly, we conclude that the defendant was not deprived of his fundamental constitutional right to be found guilty only on proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Notes
We note that the defendant did not claim lack of notice of the nature of the charges, nor could he. Without specifically ruling on the interplay between a bill of particulars and a request for essential facts, we note that the function of the bill of particulars in a criminal case is to provide infor*627mation fairly necessary to enable the accused to understand and prepare his defense against the charges without prejudicial surprise at trial. State v. Coleman, 167 Conn. 260, 269, 355 A.2d 11 (1974); see also, State v. Roque, 190 Conn. 143, 154-55, 460 A.2d 26 (1983). A request for essential facts, too, is related to giving the defendant sufficient notice of the charges in question. The defendant, of course, enjoys a constitutional right to such notice. State v. Newton, 8 Conn. App. 528, 532, 513 A.2d 1261 (1986). In State v. Roque, supra, however, our Supreme Court stated that “ ‘ “if the state’s pleadings . . . informed the defendant of the charge against him with sufficient precision to enable him to prepare his defense and avoid prejudicial surprise, and were definite enough to enable him to plead his acquittal or conviction in bar of any future prosecution for the same offense, they have performed their constitutional duty.” State v. Sumner, 178 Conn. 163, 168, 422 A.2d 299 (1979);’ State v. Ballas, [180 Conn. 662, 664, 433 A.2d 989 (1980)].” Here, these requirements were fully met by the information and the statement of essential facts.
The trial court in State v. DelVecchio, 191 Conn. 412, 417-18, 464 A.2d 813 (1983), perhaps recovering from a weekend of television football, used the following language: “ ‘Reasonable doubt is not guilt beyond any doubt. You don’t have to go a hundred yards for a guilty finding. You got to go somewhere, I suppose, beyond the fifty yard line; where it is in there is up to you to decide.’ ”