State v. WaycasterState v. Waycaster
On discretionary review pursuant to
Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Alexander Walton, Assistant Attorney General, for the State-appellee.
Dylan J.C. Buffum, for defendant-appellant.
North Carolina‘s Habitual Felons Act references three ways by which the State may prove a defendant‘s prior convictions for the purpose of establishing that he is a habitual felon. The issue in this case is whether these methods of proof set out in the Act are exclusive. Because we conclude that the General Assembly intended for the means of proof mentioned in the Act to be nonexclusive, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals on that issue. Defendant also raised an additional issue relating to whether the trial court committed plain error by allowing the introduction of hearsay evidence during his trial. We now conclude that discretionary review of this additional issue was improvidently allowed.
Factual and Procedural Background
On 22 July 2014, defendant was sentenced to 30 months of supervised probation after pleading no contest to a charge of felony larceny. The terms of defendant‘s probation were modified on 3 September 2015, and pursuant to these modifications, he submitted to electronic monitoring and was required to wear an ankle monitor that tracked his location. In addition, although not under house arrest, defendant was required to comply with the curfew set by his primary probation officer, Matthew Plaster.
Defendant‘s electronic monitoring involved three different pieces of equipment: an ankle monitor worn by him, a Global Positioning System beacon that tracked the monitor, and a charger for the ankle monitor. The beacon was kept at defendant‘s home, and his probation officer would receive text messages or email alerts if he was not at home during his curfew. His probation officer would also receive notification if defendant tampered with his ankle monitor strap by cutting it off or otherwise trying to remove it. These alerts were sent from BI Total Monitoring (BI), a company with which the North Carolina Department of Public Safety contracted to install and maintain the monitoring equipment assigned to probationers such as defendant. On 24 September 2015, the probation officer on duty, David Ashe, received a text message alert from BI notifying him that defendant had tampered with his ankle monitor
On 26 October 2015, defendant was indicted on charges of interfering with an electronic monitoring device and attaining the status of a habitual felon. A trial was held in Superior Court, McDowell County, beginning on 16 May 2017. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the charge of interfering with an electronic monitoring device on that same day. On the following day, the habitual felon phase of the trial began. The habitual felon indictment charged defendant with attaining habitual felon status based upon three prior felony convictions in McDowell County: (1) a 4 June 2001 conviction for felonious breaking and entering; (2) a 18 February 2010 conviction for felonious breaking and entering; and (3) a 22 July 2014 conviction for safecracking. At trial, the State admitted into evidence certified copies of the judgments for the latter two convictions in order to prove their existence.
With regard to the 4 June 2001 conviction, however, the prosecutor stated to the court that he had been informed by the Clerk of Court‘s office “that they didn‘t have the original” judgment associated with that conviction. In an effort to prove the existence of this conviction, the State called Melissa Adams, the Clerk of Court for McDowell County, as a witness. The State then introduced as an exhibit a computer printout from the Automated Criminal/Infraction System (ACIS). Adams testified that ACIS is a statewide computer system relied upon by courts and law enforcement agencies for accessing information regarding a defendant‘s criminal judgments, offense dates, and conviction dates. She further stated that the information contained in ACIS is taken from court records such as criminal judgments and manually entered into the database by an employee in the Clerk of Court‘s office. The ACIS printout offered by the State showed that defendant had been convicted of felonious breaking and entering on 4 June 2001, and Adams testified that the printout was a “certified true copy of the ACIS system.”
When the State formally moved to introduce the ACIS printout into evidence as proof of defendant‘s 4 June 2001 felony conviction, defense counsel objected, arguing that the ACIS printout was not a true copy of the actual judgment but rather “simply a computer printout of data entered at some time in the past by someone of what purports to be a judgment.” Defense counsel contended that the ACIS printout was therefore insufficient to prove defendant‘s 2001 conviction. The trial court overruled the objection, stating that “ACIS is a way in which the State can introduce true copies of judgments entered in the system, and it‘s admissible under the rules of evidence.”
The jury found that defendant had attained the status of a habitual felon, and the trial court sentenced him to a term of imprisonment of 38 to 58 months. Defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals.
Before the Court of Appeals, defendant made two arguments. First, he asserted that the trial court committed plain error by admitting hearsay evidence to establish that the ankle monitor found in the ditch belonged to him. Second, he contended that the trial court erred by allowing the ACIS printout to be introduced into evidence as proof of his 2001 conviction for the purpose of establishing that he was a habitual felon.
With regard to the first issue, defendant asserted that the trial court had plainly erred in allowing Officer Ashe to testify that he had verified through BI that the ankle monitor he found in the ditch belonged to defendant. Defendant contended that Officer Ashe‘s testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay because it was based entirely upon communications from BI and the State had failed to provide an adequate foundation to allow such information to be admitted pursuant to the business records exception to the hearsay rule set out in
As for the second issue, defendant argued that the trial court had improperly allowed the ACIS printout to be used as proof of his 2001 conviction because
In a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, Judge Murphy concurred in the majority‘s decision with respect to the first issue but dissented from the portion of the majority‘s opinion relating to the issue of whether the admission of the ACIS printout satisfied
On 11 September 2018, defendant appealed to this Court as of right on the basis of the dissent. Defendant also filed a petition for discretionary review in which he requested that this Court review the first issue decided by the Court of Appeals regarding the use of hearsay evidence to establish that the ankle monitor located in the ditch belonged to him. This Court allowed the petition for discretionary review on 30 January 2019.
Analysis
North Carolina‘s Habitual Felons Act states, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny person who has been convicted of or pled guilty to three felony offenses . . . is declared to be a habitual felon and may be charged as a status offender . . . .”
The Habitual Felons Act also references several specific methods of proof for establishing the existence of a defendant‘s prior felony convictions. Subsection 14-7.4 states as follows with regard to this subject:
In all cases where a person is charged under the provisions of this Article with being an habitual felon, the record or records of prior convictions of felony offenses
shall be admissible in evidence, but only for the purpose of proving that said person has been convicted of former felony offenses. A prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the parties or by the original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior conviction. The original or certified copy of the court record, bearing the same name as that by which the defendant is charged, shall be prima facie evidence that the defendant named therein is the same as the defendant before the court, and shall be prima facie evidence of the facts set out therein.
In this appeal, defendant does not argue that the ACIS printout was inadmissible on the grounds of hearsay or lack of authentication. Instead, defendant‘s sole contention is that the methods referenced in the statute for proving the existence of a prior felony conviction—that is, by stipulation or by the introduction of either the original or a certified copy of the prior judgment—were intended by the General Assembly to be exclusive. Defendant‘s argument therefore raises an issue of statutory interpretation.
It is well established that “[i]n matters of statutory construction, our primary task is to ensure that the purpose of the legislature, the legislative intent, is accomplished. Legislative purpose is first ascertained from the plain words of the statute.” Elec. Supply Co. v. Swain Elec. Co., 328 N.C. 651, 656, 403 S.E.2d 291, 294 (1991) (citations omitted). Thus, “[w]hen the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, there is no room for judicial construction, and the courts must give it its plain and definite meaning.” Smith Chapel Baptist Church v. City of Durham, 350 N.C. 805, 811, 517 S.E.2d 874, 878 (1999) (citation omitted). However, “where a statute is ambiguous or unclear in its meaning, resort must be had to judicial construction to ascertain the legislative will, and the courts will interpret the language to give effect to the legislative intent.” In re Banks, 295 N.C. 236, 239, 244 S.E.2d 386, 389 (1978) (citations omitted).
Defendant argues that the language utilized by the General Assembly in
In construing the language utilized by the General Assembly in
On appeal, the defendant asserted that the trial court had erred in finding the aggravating factor based on his prior convictions because the State had failed to introduce a certified copy of his criminal record. Id. at 592, 308 S.E.2d at 315. In addressing his argument, we were required to interpret the following statutory language in the Fair Sentencing Act:
A prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the parties or by the original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior conviction. The original or certified copy of the court record, bearing the same name as that by which the defendant is charged, shall be prima facie evidence that the defendant named therein is the same as the defendant before the court, and shall be prima facie evidence of the facts set out therein.
Id. at 592, 308 S.E.2d at 315–16 (quoting
Like defendant in the present case, the defendant in Graham asserted that this statutory language allowed his prior convictions to be proven only by stipulation or by the introduction of either the original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior convictions. Id. at 592–93, 308 S.E.2d at 315–16. We rejected defendant‘s argument, stating the following:
We disagree that these are the exclusive methods by which prior convictions may be shown. As we emphasized in State v. Thompson, 309 N.C. 421, 307 S.E. 2d 156 (1983), this Court and the Court of Appeals have repeatedly held that the enumerated methods of proof of
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.4(e) are permissive rather than mandatory. We recognize that the more appropriate way to show the “prior conviction” aggravating circumstance would be to offer authenticated court records, for such records establish a prima facie case. However, the legislature did not intend to bind the State and the trial court by precluding other means of proof. Clearly the conviction could have been proven by the deputy‘s testimony as to his own personal knowledge or by defendant‘s admission. While here the deputy‘s testimony was hearsay, the record indicates that the defendant took the stand and admitted the prior convictions. Not only do we find that the defendant‘s testimony before the court constituted an acceptable form of proof of his prior convictions, but his admissions also cured any defect caused by the hearing of the deputy‘s testimony.
Id. at 593, 308 S.E.2d at 316 (citations omitted); see also Thompson, 309 N.C. at 424, 307 S.E.2d at 159 (“We agree with that portion of the Court of Appeals’ opinion holding that the language of
Given that the key language of
Moreover, we believe that such a reading of
Furthermore, we recognize that there are a number of different ways in which a defendant‘s prior convictions may be proven in a given case. It would make little sense for the legislature to have limited the universe of available methods of proof to merely those few expressly referenced in the statute.
We also reject defendant‘s contention that the State‘s interpretation of
Based on its apparent inability to obtain the actual judgment of defendant‘s 4 June 2001 conviction, the State opted to prove the existence of that conviction by introducing an ACIS printout. This Court recently explained the nature and purpose of the ACIS database as follows:
The Automated Criminal/Infraction System (ACIS) is an electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina. While the North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) administers and maintains ACIS, the information contained in ACIS is entered on a continuing, real-time basis by the individual Clerks of Superior Court, or by an employee in that Clerk‘s office, from the physical records maintained by that Clerk. Any subsequent modifications to that information are under the exclusive control of the office of the Clerk that initially entered the information, so that personnel in one Clerk‘s office cannot change records entered into ACIS by personnel in a different Clerk‘s office. In other words, the information in ACIS both duplicates the physical records maintained by each Clerk and constitutes the collective compilation of all records individually entered by the one hundred Clerks of Court.
LexisNexis, 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652.
During the habitual felon phase of defendant‘s trial, the Clerk of Court, Melissa Adams, testified as to the process used for entering information derived from criminal records into ACIS. She stated that the ACIS database contains information that includes the name, judgment, offense date, and conviction date for a defendant and that this information is manually entered into the ACIS system by herself or other employees of the Clerk‘s office. Adams further testified that the ACIS database is accessible statewide and that the information contained therein is relied upon by courts and law enforcement agencies in the discharge of their duties. She stated that her recordkeeping duties included ensuring that information from court records was accurately entered into the ACIS database. Upon being presented with the ACIS printout showing defendant‘s 4 June 2001 conviction for felonious breaking and entering, Adams testified that the printout was “a certified true copy of the ACIS system . . . that shows the conviction.”
As noted above, defendant does not contend that the ACIS printout constituted inadmissible hearsay or that it was not properly authenticated. He does argue, however, that the State failed to comply with the best evidence rule contained in Rule 1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence before seeking the admission of the printout into evidence. Rule 1005 states as follows:
The contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to be correct by a witness who has compared it with the original. If a copy which complies with the foregoing cannot be obtained by the exercise of reasonable diligence, then other evidence of the contents may be given.
Defendant argues that in the present case the State sought to prove the contents of the original judgment of his 4 June 2001 conviction, which is an “official record” for purposes of Rule 1005, and the ACIS printout constituted “secondary evidence” of those contents. Based on this reasoning, defendant asserts that such secondary evidence in lieu of the original judgment or a certified copy would have been admissible only if the State had first demonstrated the exercise of “reasonable diligence” as required by Rule 1005. Only then, defendant asserts, could “other evidence of the contents” of the judgment be offered in its place.
But defendant‘s argument collapses given our determination that the methods of proof listed in
The dissent reaches a different conclusion in an analysis that can only be described as self-contradictory. While initially claiming to accept the proposition that the methods of proof set out in
The dissent‘s analysis reflects a misunderstanding of the best evidence rule. While not actually saying so, the dissent appears to be operating under the misconception that the best evidence rule limits the State‘s proof to the “best” available evidence bearing upon the fact at issue. But such an interpretation of the rule is incorrect.
As this Court has made clear, “[t]he best evidence rule applies only when the contents of a writing are in question.” State v. Clark, 324 N.C. 146, 156, 377 S.E.2d 54, 60 (1989) (emphasis added). As a leading commentator has noted, “[i]t is sometimes stated, as if it were a general rule of evidence, that when a fact is to be proved the best evidence must be produced which the nature of the case admits. There is, however, no such general rule[.]” 2 Kenneth S. Broun, Brandis & Broun on North Carolina Evidence § 253, at 997 (7th ed. 2011) (footnotes omitted).
The dissent ignores the distinction between a conviction and a judgment. The issue here was not what was contained in the 4 June 2001 written judgment. Rather, the question was whether defendant had been convicted of the offense memorialized in the judgment. As a result, the State was not required to prove the contents of the written judgment. Instead, the State used the ACIS printout as an alternative method of proving the conviction itself. Thus, the best evidence rule does not apply here.
While the use of the original judgment may well be—as the dissent asserts—the preferred method of proving a prior conviction, it is by no means the only permissible way of doing so. Therefore, given that § 14-7.4 is nonexclusive, any other type of admissible evidence may be used to establish a defendant‘s prior conviction.
As discussed above, this Court explained the nature and purpose of the ACIS database in LexisNexis. In our opinion, we made clear that this database serves as “an electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina” and “duplicates the physical records maintained by each Clerk[.]” LexisNexis, 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652. As such, the ACIS database serves as a court record—albeit an electronic one. As a court record in and of itself, the ACIS printout was not merely “other evidence” of the contents of defendant‘s original judgment regarding his 4 June 2001 conviction so as to invoke the best evidence rule contained in Rule 1005. It simply makes no sense to suggest that the best evidence rule should operate to preclude the admission into evidence of one court record under the misguided belief that the record in question is nothing more than evidence of the contents of a separate court record.
The dissent fails to offer a persuasive reason why a printout from this database is not admissible pursuant to
In short, the dissent cannot have it both ways. Either the methods of proof contained in
Furthermore, the dissent‘s assertion that based on our decision the State will have no reason to ever offer the original judgment or a certified copy ignores the rebuttable presumption expressly stated in
While the dissent speculates about the possibility of error in the ACIS database as the result of a mistake in data entry,1 nothing prohibits a defendant from making a similar argument to the jury during a habitual felon proceeding and expressly noting the prosecutor‘s failure to introduce the original judgment of the defendant‘s prior conviction. If the State wishes to use a less persuasive method of proof, it certainly has the right to do so subject to the risk that the jury will find that the evidence upon which it chose to rely is not credible. In other words, the State‘s choice of a less optimal method of proof goes to the weight—rather than the admissibility—of the evidence.
Finally, we note that in the event the General Assembly wishes to limit the methods that are available to the State for proving a defendant‘s prior convictions, it is, of course, free to do so by amending
Conclusion
For the reasons set out above, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals with respect to the issue of whether the admission of the ACIS printout for the purpose of establishing defendant‘s habitual felon status was proper. As for the issue raised in defendant‘s petition for discretionary review regarding whether the admission of Officer Ashe‘s testimony constituted plain error, we conclude that discretionary review was improvidently allowed. Therefore, the decision of the Court of Appeals on that issue remains undisturbed.
AFFIRMED IN PART; DISCRETIONARY REVIEW IMPROVIDENTLY ALLOWED IN PART.
Chief Justice BEASLEY, concurring.
Although I agree with the majority’s conclusion that the State may prove the existence of a defendant’s prior felony convictions by methods other than those expressly set out in the Habitual Felons Act, I write separately to note that as the State introduced the ACIS printout to prove the contents of the ACIS report, the State was required to comply with Rule 1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence.
The majority mischaracterizes the purpose for introducing the ACIS printout, attempting to distinguish between the contents of the ACIS printout and its introduction solely to show that a prior conviction had occurred. The Habitual Felon Statute provides that “[a]ny person who has been convicted of or pled guilty to three felony offenses in any federal court or state court in the United States or combination thereof is declared to be an habitual felon.”
ACIS is “an electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina” that “both duplicates the physical records maintained by each [Superior Court] Clerk and constitutes the collective compilation of all records individually entered by the one hundred Clerks of Court.” LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. v. N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, 368 N.C. 180, 181, 775 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2015) (emphasis added). Thus, the State introduced the ACIS printout to prove the contents of the ACIS report.
As the dissent correctly states, quoting
Rule 1005 provides that the contents of “a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form . . . may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to be correct by a witness who has compared it with the original.”
The dissent treats the ACIS printout as a document introduced to prove the contents of the original judgment. Instead, the State introduced the ACIS printout to prove that a judgment had occurred—information that is contained in the ACIS report itself. This is an important distinction because Rule 1005 is self-referential. The certified copy contemplated by the Rule is of the document offered for admission itself—here, that is the ACIS report. Thus, the second sentence of Rule 1005, which allows for the introduction of “other evidence” only if neither a certified copy nor a copy testified to be correct by a person who has compared it to the original can be obtained by reasonable diligence, has no applicability here.
During trial, the State called the Clerk of the McDowell County Superior Court as a witness. The Clerk identified the ACIS printout as “a certified true copy of the ACIS system” and explained that the information in the ACIS printout was consistent with the actual judgment. The State, however, admitted that the original judgment could not be located. As the information in ACIS is entered by the Clerk or “an employee in that Clerk’s office,” LexisNexis, 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652, the Clerk could not testify to the accuracy of the ACIS printout without confirming that she (1) entered that exact information into the system or (2) compared the printout to the judgment. She did not claim to have taken either action.
Although the Clerk could not testify to the accuracy of the ACIS printout introduced at trial, the copy could be authenticated pursuant to Rule 1005 by certification in compliance with Rule 902. The Rule provides that “[e]xtrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not required with respect to” certified copies of public records.
I respectfully concur.
Justice MORGAN joins in this concurring opinion.
Identical language in two statutes about how a prior conviction may be proved should be interpreted the same way even if one statute has been repealed and even if the language in the repealed statute applies to sentencing proceedings while in the statute at issue here, the language applies to trials on the charge of having obtained the status of a habitual felon. Compare
The rules of evidence apply at a trial on a habitual felon indictment in the same way that they apply to “all actions and proceedings in the courts of this State.”
Rule 1005 states:
The contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to be correct by a witness who has compared it with the original. If a copy which complies with the foregoing cannot be obtained by the exercise of reasonable diligence, then other evidence of the contents may be given.
The best evidence rule applies here because the ACIS printout was admitted to prove the contents of a judicial record (i.e. a “writing“) that the State indicated was unavailable. In response to Defendant’s objection, the State admitted that they had originally intended to use Defendant’s judgment and commitment record to prove his conviction, but were using the ACIS printout (submitted as State’s Exhibit 4) because the original could not be found.
The State: I’ll tell you Your Honor that when we were gathering these documents, 4A had come from microfilming and they said that they didn’t have the original of 4. So 4 is the record of the original judgment.
State v. Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. 684, 694–95, 818 S.E.2d 189, 197 (2018) (Murphy, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Moreover, the ACIS printout has no source of information independent of the court file. In other words, without “the contents” of the original judgment of conviction, there would be no ACIS printout showing the fact of the conviction. LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc., 368 N.C. 180, 181, 775 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2015) (“[T]he information contained in ACIS is entered on a continuing, real-time basis by the individual Clerks of Superior Court, or by an employee in that Clerk’s office, from
Finally, the testimony in this case is further proof that this is an illusory distinction. The Court of Appeals summarized that testimony as follows:
The Clerk of McDowell County Superior Court, the individual tasked with maintaining the physical court records in McDowell County, testified that the printout was a certified true copy of the information in ACIS regarding this judgment. She also explained the information was ‘the same as the judgment’ and affirmed it ‘is a different way of recording what’s on a judgment[.]’ The Clerk’s certification of the ACIS printout as a true copy of the original information is significant due to her responsibility and control over the physical court records, copies, and ACIS entries, as described in LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc.
State v. Waycaster, 260 N.C. App. at 691, 818 S.E.2d at 195. The truth is that, in this case, the State is attempting to prove the fact of a prior judgment of conviction against defendant, and when the original court file was not available, the State reasonably looked to other sources of information to prove that a judgment convicting the defendant of crimes in the past existed. Rule 1005 is applicable here. The burden under that rule is not extreme, the party offering the evidence simply must make a showing that a copy of the official record “cannot be obtained by the exercise of reasonable diligence.”
The majority states that “[a]s a court record in and of itself, the ACIS printout was not merely ‘other evidence’ of the contents of defendant’s original judgment regarding his 4 June 2001 conviction so as to invoke the best evidence rule contained in Rule 1005.” To the contrary, based on the testimony in this case and our prior decisions, that is exactly what an ACIS printout is: a court employee takes the original judgment and enters its information into a computer. Pretending that this is somehow separate, substantive evidence of defendant’s conviction, rather than merely a secondary rendition of the contents of an official judgment, abrogates the best evidence rule in the absence of any legislative intent to do so.2
We have long held that introducing an original judgment into evidence is the “preferred method for proving a prior conviction.” State v. Maynard, 311 N.C. 1, 26, 316 S.E.2d 197, 211 (1984) (citing State v. Silhan, 302 N.C. 223, 275 S.E.2d 450 (1981)). By holding that the best evidence rule does not apply here, that principle is severely undermined, making it a function of the State’s discretion whether to offer the ACIS printout or a certified copy of the original judgment as proof of the prior conviction.
The danger of the majority’s reasoning is two-fold. First, the fallacious logic employed to reach this result would apply to every instance in which a party seeks to prove a prior conviction for any purpose whatsoever. If the fact that a conviction has occurred is different from the contents of a court judgment for the purposes of the applicability of Rule 1005, then there never needs to be a showing that due diligence was pursued to find the original court records.3 Any evidence, not the best evidence, is admissible. The majority effectively rewrites Rule 1005 to say “the contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902 or testified to be correct by a witness who has
Second, the ACIS printout is not as reliable as the official record. Though this Court has stated that ACIS “duplicates” the physical records maintained by the clerk’s office, LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc., 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652, that is only true when the records are completely and accurately entered into the database. It is undeniable that there is a potential for a data entry error. A criminal judgment is prepared by a clerk, reviewed, signed by a judge, and scrutinized by counsel for each party. However, similar procedural safeguards do not exist to guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data entered into ACIS. That data is not verified by a third party after the staff member of the clerk’s office has entered it into the system. An ACIS printout is not the judicial record of the criminal trial but rather a new record generated by the clerk’s office independent of the criminal proceeding.
If there was to be a data entry error, proving a negative, for example, that a particular individual was not convicted of a particular crime on a certain date in the past, would be extremely difficult, depending on the circumstances. Even with a defendant’s testimony that he was not convicted of a particular offense, the ACIS printout provides precious few details to allow an effective rebuttal of the truth or falsity of the information contained therein. This is the ACIS printout introduced into evidence in this case:
This particular printout contained a case number, the complainant’s name, an offense date and disposition date, and the fine and restitution ordered, but very little information about the underlying offense. The ACIS printout was not signed by a judge. No judge, prosecutor, or court reporter was identified in the printout.
An official court record has significantly greater indicia of reliability and hence, the best evidence rule is a part of our law. Secondary evidence of the content of the original is only admissible if the State establishes that the original or a copy thereof is unavailable. See
Having concluded that the Rule 1005 applies to this trial and to the evidence of Mr. Waycaster’s prior conviction, I agree with
I would reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on the question of whether the trial court properly admitted the ACIS printout in this case without the foundation required by Rule 1005 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence. We should vacate the judgment and habitual felon verdict and remand for a new trial on that charge. Accordingly, I concur with that portion of the majority opinion which holds that
However, I do not read
Justice HUDSON joins in this opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.