Wall appeals from, his conviction of felony murder. We affirm.
Wall raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether Wall can challenge on appeal the use of a prior, allegedly unreliable, statement to refresh thе memory of a prosecution witness when he failed to object to its use at trial; (2) whether it was error to answer а jury question, which was propounded during jury deliberations, with an additional jury instruction, which allegedly included a new theory of сriminal liability with new elements, without either permitting additional argument or giving Wall’s requested instruction relating to Wall’s theory of how the evidence related to the alleged new theory; and (3) whether the jury was adequately instructed as to the сausation required for felony murder.
Fuentes was originally Wall’s co-defendant, but after a mistrial was declared, Fuentes’ prosecution was severed from Wall’s.
Wall and Fuentes knocked out the victim, locked him in the trunk of his car and stolе various items from the car. A few days later Wall and Fuentes returned to the scene, took the victim out to the desert and abandoned him, and took and sold his car. Contradictory evidence was introduced as to who hit the victim and whether the victim
S. Reyna was Wall’s girl friend and was living with him at the time. Wall claims that Reyna and her children were brought to the police station after Wall’s arrest. In order to obtain a statement from her, the police allegedly threatened Reyna with the loss of her children and did not permit her to make a telephone call until she gave them a statеment. This testimony was denied by the police. At trial, the State used this statement to refresh Reyna’s memory. Wall did not object to the use of this memorandum. But he now asserts that, pursuant to Rule 103(d), N.M.R.Evid. 103(d), N.M.S.A.1978, it was plain error effecting his substantial rights for the trial cоurt to permit its use since it was inherently unreliable.
Wall cannot remove the bar to appellate review by rеlying on Rule 103(d). Rule 103(d) provides that nothing in Rule 103 prevents a trial court from taking notice of plain errors affecting substantial rights even though the errors were not objected to or brought to the attention of the judge. But Rule 103(d) pertains only to еrrors that concern evidentiary rulings. State v. Sanchez,
At trial, the jury was instructed on the elеments of felony murder by Uniform Jury Instructions 2.04 and 2.50. N.M.U.J.I.Crim. 2.04 and 2.50, N.M.S.A.1978. U.J.I. 2.04 outlines the essential elements of a felony murder and U.J.I. 2.50 defines the “proximate cause” required for a homicide conviction. During their deliberation, the jury sent out the following question:
Under the law, is a person who is witness to or a party to a robbery incident by his presence equally guilty of the crime of robbеry as the person who committed the robbery?
Over Wall’s objection, the trial judge gave Uniform Jury Instruction 28.32 in response tо this question. N.M.U.J.I.Crim. 28.32, N.M.S.A.1978, provides that an accessory to a felony can be found guilty of felony murder even though the acсessory did not actually commit the felony.
Wall asserts that the trial judge committed reversible error by answering the jury questiоn with this additional instruction because it introduced a new theory of liability. The theory used by the prosecution throughout thе trial was that Wall had personally committed the felony murder. The new element allegedly introduced by the additional instruction was that of aiding or encouraging Fuentes to commit a felony murder. Wall argues that since the theory of accessory liability was introduced after the close of evidence, the judge should have permitted additional oral argument which would have provided Wall an opportunity to explain why the alleged new basis of liability did not apply to him. Or, Wall claims, the judge should have given Wall’s requested instruction, which was based on Uniform Jury Instruction 28.39, N.M.U.J.I.Crim. 28.-39, N.M.S.A.1978. This instruction providеs that mere presence, without some outward manifestation of approval, is insufficient to establish liability as аn accessory to a crime.
Additional jury instructions, Wall claims, should be limited to offenses within the indictment because the indictment is the means by which a defendant learns of the charges he is expected to meet. See State v. Blea,
Wall allеges that the jury instruction based on U.J.I. 2.04 that was given by the trial court did not establish the causal link between the felony and the dеath of the victim as required by State v. Harrison,
The conviction is affirmed.
IT IS SO ORDERED.