Defendant appeals his convictions for several drug-related offenses. He argues that the trial court improperly-instructed the jury and erred in admitting testimonial еvidence regarding the truthfulness of a trial witness. We reverse.
Between mid-October and early November 1993, an undercover informant conducted three controllеd buys of methamphetamine from defendant. Two of those transactions took place at defendant’s apartment, which was located within 1,000 feet of an elementary school. Defendant was charged by indictment with two counts of delivery of a controlled substance within 1,000 feet of a school, ORS 475.999, delivery of a controlled substance (schedule II), ORS 475.992(l)(b), and two counts of child neglect in the first degree, ORS 163.547. The jury convicted defendant on all charges.
We begin by addressing defendant’s second аssignment of error, because it is dispositive. In that assignment, he argues that the trial court erred when it permitted the police officer who monitored the undercоver operation to testify about the credibility of the witness informant, Kelley.
At trial, Officer Holcomb described the logistics of the undercover operation and the events preceding and following the controlled buys. As the officer was testifying about his initial contacts with Kelley and the procedures he used to train her, the following colloquy occurred:
“Q. Would it be fair to say that when you are using informants that there is a certain risk that the informant would turn against you?
“A. Yes, there is always that risk. Whenevеr I gather [ ] information from any witness * * * I have to take steps to make sure that the information that I am gathering is accurate.
“Q. Okay, were there any other steps * * * to assure that the information that you gathered was accurate?
“A. The most important step is probably the frequent contact and double checking, basicаlly, of all the information I received, whether from Ms. Kelley or some other source.
“Q. In your experience in dealing with Ms. Kelley, did any of the information that you were advised of by the informant turn out to be false?” (Emphasis supplied.)
At that point in the questioning, defense counsel objected on the ground that the officer was commenting on the informant’s credibility. The objection was overruled, and the officer answered:
“To the best of my knowledge and ability through investigation none of the information that Ms. Kelley ever told me was untrue, or * * * found to be false.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The Oregon Supreme Court has repeatedly and emphatically stated that “a witness, expert
“apрlies whether the witness is testifying about the credibility of the other witness in relation to the latter’s testimony at trial or is testifying about the credibility of the other witness in relation to statements made by the latter on some other occasion or for some reason unrelated to the current litigation.” State v. Keller,315 Or 273 , 285,844 P2d 195 (1993).
We agree with defendant that Holcomb’s statement that Kelley never gave any false information to him was improper testimony that should not have been admitted.
See State v. Wyatt,
An evidentiary error in a criminal trial does not require reversal if there is little likelihood that the error affected the verdict.
State v. Williams,
Because the issue is likely to arise on remand, we address defendant’s remaining assignment of error. He contends that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury regarding the elements of the offense of delivering a controlled substance within 1,000 feet of a school. ORS 475.999. 2 The court instructed the jury:
“Now in this case and to establish the crime of Unlawful Delivery of a Controlled Substance Within 1000 Feet of a School, the State must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, each of the fоllowing elements.
“[T]hat the act occurred in Benton County, Oregon.
“Number two, that the act occurred on or about, as to Count I, October 15,1993 and Count III, November the 2nd of1993.
“The third element is that the defendant did unlawfully and knowingly deliver a controlled substance, Schedule II, controlled substance. And the final element * * * is that delivery occurred within 1000 feet of the real property comрrising a public or private elementary school that was attended, primarily, by minors.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Defendant argues that the jury should have been instructed that it had to find that defendant
knew
оf his proximity to a school, because the state is required to prove a culpable mental state for each material element of an offensе.
See
ORS 161.095(2);
see also State v. Buttrey,
ORS 161.095(2) provides that, to be guilty of an offense, a person must “act[ ]
The latter category of elements, those that do not require a culpable mеntal state, was further defined by this court to include elements that are not acts, but are part of the “attending circumstances.”
State v. Van Norsdall,
Similarly, the
location
of the offense in this instance is not an act, but an attendant circumstance of the underlying criminal conduct of delivery of a controlled substance.
4
Cf. State v. Lark,
Our result accords with decisions interpreting 21 USC § 845(a), the federal statute that was the basis fоr ORS 475.999.
5
See
Testimony, House Subcommittee on Family Justice, HB 2369, February 10, 1989, Ex L. The federal “schoolyard statute” does not contain a
mens rea
requirement for the element of proximity to а school, nor does it expressly designate that the offense is strict liability, and federal courts have held that the statute does
not
require a defendant to know that hе or she is within the 1,000-foot school zone in order to be convicted.
United States v. Dimas,
Although the court’s jury instruction was proper, it erred in allowing testimony about the credibility of a trial witness.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Notes
Although it was admitted into evidence, a tape recording of one of the alleged transactions was of very poor quality.
ORS 475.999 provides, in part:
“Except as authorized by ORS 475.005 to 475.285 аnd ORS 475.940 to ORS 475.995, it is unlawful for any person to:
“(1) Manufacture or deliver a schedule I, II or III controlled substance within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising a public оr private elementary, secondary or career school attended primarily by minors.
“(a) Unlawful manufacture or delivery of a controlled substance within 1,000 fеet of a school is a Class A felony.”
Defendant does not raise any state or federal constitutional claims.
The state alleged and offered evidence that defendant knew he was delivering a controlled substance.
21 USC § 845(a) was redesignated 21 USC § 860 in 1990. Only minor amendments were made to the statute at that time.