OPINION
{1} Dеfendant appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence entered after this Court’s remand for consideration of the applicability of the inevitable discovery doctrine. See State v. Wagoner,
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{2} This is the second appeal in this ease. The details of the search underlying this appeal are described in detail in Wagoner I. Based on a tip by a citizen-informant, Deputy Sheriff Scott Wehrman and Deputy Floyd Foutz went to Defendant’s home to investigate possible drug dealing. As the deputies approached the residence, Deputy Wehrman smelled burning marijuana emanating from an open window. After Defendant answered the door, Deputy Wehrman repeatedly asked Defendant for consent to search the residence. Defendant refused, telling the deputy that he would need a warrant to conduct the search. Deputy Wehrman then told Defendant that he was going to secure the residence and called his supervisor, Sergeant Christensen, for advice. Sergeant Christensen told the deputy to conduct a sweep of the house tо insure that no one was inside who could destroy evidence. During the warrant-less sweep, Deputy Wehrman saw a scale and marijuana in plain view on top of a dresser. Deputy Wehrman did not seize the evidence at that time, but left the residence to secure a search warrant. In his application for the warrant, Wehrman swore to the following facts:
On April 27th, 1997 this affiant was at a local resturant [sic] and given information fi’om a local school [b]us driver that there were drugs and possibly drug distribution going on from a residence located at 211 Hartman in Aztec NM. This bus driver said that for at least the past year she had witnessed numerous vehicular traffic in and out of that residence and in her opinion she believe[d] they were selling drugs out of that residence.
This affiant, at approximately 19:22, arrived at the residence located at 211 Hartman to investigate into the information given to him regarding occurrences [sic] at that residence. Immediately upon approaching the residence this affiant could smell the odor of marijuana. This affiant immediately knew the odor to be that of marijuana due to his training and experience regarding drugs and narcotics. The smell was coming from a large open window near the front door. This affiant knocked on the front door and heard the occupant moving around in the home and it took ... an extended length of time for the occupants to answer the door. The door to the residence was opened by a subject later identified as Tim Wagoner.
This affiant confronted Mr. Wagoner about the odor of marijuana. Mr. Wagoner denied possession or knowledge about the marijuana. While talking to Mr. Wagoner I noted that the odor of marijuana was stronger and ... the smell was coming from inside the residence. While I was speaking to Mr. Tim Wagoner his son c[a]me out of the residence. The son was discovered to be thirteen years of age. Mr. Tim Wagoner did indicate that the residence was his. This affiant asked for consent to search. This consent was denied.
This-affiant did a cursory search of the residence to make sure that no other subjects were present that could destrоy evidence and also for officer safety. A triple beam scale was seen in the far west bedroom along with obvious marijuana buds and stems. The residence was then secured so that search warrant could be obtained.
The magistrate judge issued the warrant, and Deputy Wehrman and other officers conducted a second search of Defendant’s home. During the search pursuant to the warrant, officers uncovered over eight ounces of marijuana.
{3} Defendant was charged with the distribution of marijuana in a drug-free school zone, a third degree felony. See NMSA 1978, § 30-31-22(C)(l)(a) (1990). Defendant moved to suppress the evidence gathered pursuant to the warrant, arguing that no exigent circumstances justified the first wаrrantless sweep, and therefore the evidence obtained during the second search was “fruit of the poisonous tree” under the exclusionary rule. At the suppression hearing, the State argued that even if no exigent circumstances justified the sweep, the evidence was nonetheless admissible under the inevitable discovery doctrine. The district court refused to consider application of the doctrine and granted Defendant’s motion to suppress. The State appealed and this Court affirmed the district court’s ruling that no exigent circumstances justified the warrantless sweep. See Wagoner I,
{4} After remand, Defendant filed a second motion to suppress in which he argued that the inevitable discovery doctrine as defined by this Court was incompatible with Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution. The district court refused to consider Defendant’s arguments, however, ruling that the constitutional issue was beyond the scope of the remand.
{5} At the hearing on the second motion to suppress, Deputy Wehrman testified that he intended to secure a warrant prior to the sweep of Defendant’s home. Sergeant Christensen testified that, at the time he told Deputy Wehrman to secure the residence, he intended to obtain a warrant. The magistrate judge who issued the warrant testified that she would have issued the warrant even if Deputy Wehrman had not informed her of the evidence discovered during the illegal sweep.
{6} The district court denied Defendant’s motion to suppress, finding that the officers intended to secure the warrant prior to the illegal entry and that the magistrate would have issued the warrant regardless of the illegally obtained information. Defendant entered a conditional plea of guilty to possession of marijuana over eight ounces, reserving his right to appeal two issues: (1) whether the inevitable discovery doctrine is an exception to Article II, Section 10 and (2) whether, without the illegally obtained information, the affidavit provided sufficient information to establish probable cause. Because of our disposition of the case, we limit our discussion to the first issue.
DISCUSSION
I. Preservation
{7} Both sides argue that the other side failed to preserve issues on appeal. The State argues that Defendant failed to preserve his state constitutional issue because he did not raise it during the first appeal. Defendant argues that the State failed to preserve its argument that the evidence was admissible under the independent source exception, rather than inevitable discovery doctrine because it did not specificаlly name the independent source doctrine as the applicable exception until oral arguments in the current appeal. We are unpersuaded by both arguments and hold that the issues are properly before us. This case presents a unique factual and procedural history that militates against strict application of the rules of preservation and stare decisis.
{8} The distinction between the inevitable discovery and independent source doctrines has caused considerable confusion among courts and legal scholars. See United States v. Herrold,
{9} At the first hearing on Defendant’s motion to suppress, the district court refused to consider the inevitable discovery doctrine as an alternate source of admissibility. As such, neither the State nor Defendant was given an opportunity to develop and litigate this issue. On the first appeal, the primary issue before this Court was the existence of exigent circumstances that would justify Wehrman’s warrantless sweep of Defendant’s home. See Wagoner I,
{10} The State has not challenged the holding in Wagoner I that the warrantless sweep was a violatiоn of Defendant’s rights because of the lack of exigent circumstances. See id. Our opinion in this appeal does not address this issue and does not affect that portion of the prior decision.
II. Standard of Review
{11} Typically, in reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we determine whether the law was correctly applied to the facts, giving due deference to the factual findings of the lower court. State v. Duquette,
III. Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule
{12} As mentioned above, the inevitable discovery and independent source doctrines are related exceptions to the exclusionary rule. However, the analysis required under each is significantly different. For the reasons discussed below, we hold that the inevitable discovery doctrine is inapplicable to the facts of this case, and we consider only whether the search pursuant to the warrant was in fact independent of the illegal sweep.
A. Inevitable Discovery
{13} In State v. Corneau,
{14} The inevitable discovery doctrine was most recently applied in New Mexico in State v. Johnson,
{15} The inevitable discovery doctrine applies where evidence may have been seized illegally, but where an alternative legal means of discovery, such as a routine police inventory search, would inevitably have led to the same result. For the doctrine to apply, the alternate source of evidence must be pending, but not yet realized. If the alternate source has been realized, and the evidence seized or “reseized” according to this alternate source, the inevitable discovеry doctrine is no longer applicable. Instead, the admissibility of the evidence must be evaluated under the independent source doctrine.
{16} In this case, it is unnecessary for us to hypothesize whether the evidence first discovered during Deputy Wehrman’s illegal sweep would have been inevitably discovered because the alternate source of the evidence, namely the search pursuant to a warrant, had been realized. Furthermore, there was no evidence that established police procedure or an independent investigation would have led to the discovery or seizure. For this reason, we conclude that the inevitable discovery doctrine is inapplicable.
{17} Wе believe that the inevitable discovery doctrine has a place in New Mexico law. However, because we decide that the doctrine is inapplicable to the facts surrounding the search of Defendant’s home, we do not reach the question of what safeguards Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution would require before the doctrine could be applied.
B. Independent Source
{18} In keeping with the interstitial approach to constitutional analysis, we will begin our discussion by reviewing the exclusionary rule and its independent source exception under federal law. See State v. Gomez,
i. Federal Law
{19} Under the Fourth Amendment, the exclusionary rule is a judicially created remedy that serves to protect constitutional rights generally through its deterrence effect on future unlawful police conduct. See United States v. Cаlandra,
{20} Because the federal exclusionary rule is based on a deterrence rationale, where exclusion will not deter misconduct, the rule will not be applied. “The suppression or exclusionary rule is a judicially prescribed remedial measure and as “with any remedial device, the application of the rule has been restricted to those areas where its remedial objectives are thought most efficaciously sei-ved.”’ Segura v. United States,
{21} The independent source doctrine is an exception to the exclusionary rule where evidence is legally seized after an illegal search. The exception was first recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Silverthome Lumber Co. v. United States, as a corollary to the Court’s holding that the exclusionary rule applied not only to evidence illegally obtained, but also to other evidence derived from the primary evidence:
The essence of a provision forbidding the acquisition of evidence in a certain way is that not merely еvidence so acquired shall not be used before the Court but that it shall not be used at all. Of course this does not mean that the facts thus obtained become sacred and inaccessible. If knowledge of them is gained from an independent source they may be proved like any others.
{22} In Wong Sun v. United States,
all evidence is “fruit of the poisonous tree” simply becausе it would not have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police. Rather, the more apt question ... is “whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.”
Id. (quoting Maguire, Evidence of Guilt 221 (1959)). The “but for” test rejected in Wong Sun has become the threshold inquiry in determining whether evidence is admissible under the independent source doctrine. See Segura,
{23} Since Silverthome Lumber Co., the Supreme Court has twice applied the independent source doctrine to evaluate the admissibility of evidence first discovered during an illegal search and later “rediscovered” during a search pursuant to a warrant. In Segura, after arresting the defendants for drug trafficking, officers conducted a warrantless sweep of the defendants’ apartment and observed various drug paraphernalia in plain view. See id. at 800-01,
{24} In reaching its holding, the Court emphasized the independence of the second search from the illegal sweep:
None of the information on which the warrant was secured was derived from or related in any way to the initial entry into petitioners’ apartment; the information came from sources wholly unconnected with the entry and was known to the agents well before the initial entry. No information obtained during the initial entry or occupation of the apartment was needed or used by the agents to secure the warrant. It is therefore beyond dispute that, the information possessed by the agents before they entered the apartment constituted an independent source for the discovery and seizure of the evidence now challenged---- Had police never entered the apartment, but instead conducted a perimeter stakeout to prevent anyone from entering the apartment and destroying evidence, the contraband now challenged would have been discovered and seized precisely as it was here.
Id. at 814,
{25} After Segura, the Court decided Murray. In Murray, federal agents made an illegal warrantless entry into a warehouse during surveillance of suspected illicit drug activities. During the illegal entry, the agents observed several burlap-wrapped bales that were later found to contain marijuana. See
{26} The Court held that, in determining whether evidence is admissible under the independent source exception, the ultimate question is “whether the search pursuant to warrant was in fact a genuinely independent source of the information and tangible evidence at issue here.” Id. at 542,
{27} Segura and Murray addressed the application of the independent source doctrine when an affidavit for a search warrant did not include information gathered during a prior illegal entry. See Segura,
{28} The expansion of the independent source doctrine to include evidence seized pursuant to a tainted warrant has been explained by many courts as based on an unwillingness to put the police in a worse position than they would have been in had they not acted illegally. See Herrold,
ii. State Constitution
{29} The exclusionary rule under Article II, Section 10 of the State Constitution is a constitutional right belonging to the individual. See State v. Gutierrez,
{30} The purpose of the state exclusionary rule is accomplished by doing
no more than return the parties to where they stood before the right was violated____
Denying the government the fruits of unconstitutional conduct at trial best effectuates the constitutional proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures by рreserving the rights of the accused to the same extent as if the government’s officers had stayed within the law.
Gutierrez,
{31} As described in Silverthome Lumber Co. and applied in Segura and Murray, the independent source doctrine may be compatible with Article II, Section 10 in cases where application of the exception does return the parties to where they stood before the defendant’s rights were violated. For example, in Comeau, this Court upheld admission of evidence because the victim had specifically informed the police of the existence and location of the evidence prior to the warrantless search. See id.,
{32} As noted in Silverthome Lumber Co., the mere fact that police erred in discovering or seizing evidence does not necessarily make the evidence inviolate or untouchable. See
{33} We believe that applying the independent source exception to admit evidence seized pursuant to a tainted warrant could put the poliсe in a better, not a worse, position. According to the objectively verifiable evidence, Deputy Wehrman had only begun his investigation of Defendant; he did nothing to secure the warrant prior to the illegal entry; he used the illegally obtained evidence in securing the warrant; and he was responsible for both the warrantless entry and the search pursuant to warrant. The subjective, nonverifiable evidence elicited on remand was that Deputy Wehrman would have secured the warrant in the absence of the illegal entry and that the magistrate would have issued the warrant without the illegal information. In other words, our pri- or opinion .invited certain testimony which became a self-fulfilling prophecy on remаnd. In this case and cases like it, application of the independent source exception would allow a non-eompliant officer to take a shortcut and circumvent the warrant requirement merely to confirm suspicions and then bolster the affidavit for a later warrant, knowing that the search pursuant to the later warrant will stand so long as a magistrate agrees that the warrant would have issued without the illegally obtained information. This is bad policy and runs contrary to the stated purpose of the exclusionary rule under the State Constitution.
{34} We believe that Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution prohibits us from retroactively and hypothetically correcting the errors of the рolice at the expense of a defendant’s right to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure. Where “the state has transgressed the constitutional rights of a person accused of a crime, we will not sanction that conduct by turning the other cheek.” Gutierrez,
{35} In reaching our conclusion, we recognize that New Mexico courts have followed the reasoning of Franks and Karo to uphold warrants containing both tainted and untainted information in the past. See State v. Crenshaw,
{36} We are persuaded by the reasoning of other state courts which have held that inclusion of illegal information in an application for a search warrant automatically precludes application of the independent source doctrine. See State v. Lewis,
{37} The reasoning of Melendez is particularly persuasive, especially when viewed in light of the facts of the case at bar. The independent source doctrine could be the exception that swallowed the rule if it were to be used to admit evidence that was only hypothetically available through an independent source. Deputy Wehrman violated Defendant’s constitutional rights when he conducted a wai’rantless search in the absence of exigent circumstances. The deputy then exploited that violation by using the information gained to secure a warrant to seize the evidence. In this case, application of the independent source rule would be inconsistent with the Gutierrez requirement that the defendant be returned to the same position as occupied prior to the illegal conduct.
{38} Our holding is also consistent with our strong preference for objective standards for measuring police conduct with respect to constitutional rights:
In New Mexico, the ultimate question in all cases regarding alleged search and seizure violations is whether the search and seizure was reasonable. This rule of law is best served by the application of certain objective criteria in deciding the reasonableness of any search and seizure. The application of objective criteria ... will secure the right of each citizen to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures and, at the same time, will provide law enforcement with clear standards of conduct.
Attaway,
{39} In addition, we are troubled by the evidentiary inquiry into the mind of the magistrate apparently required by this Court’s prior opinion. See Wagoner I,
{40} We hold that a search conducted pursuant to a warrant based partially on tainted information gathered during a prior illegal search is not an independent source of the evidence seized and therefore must be suppressed. We believe this holding accomplishes two important goals: (1) it provides a bright line rule for law enforcement officers and for courts reviewing police conduct, and (2) it properly effectuates an individual’s right to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure and the corresponding right not to have evidence gained by exploitation of a constitutional violation used against the individual in court. To the extent that Wagoner I is inconsistent with our holding, it is hereby overruled.
CONCLUSION
{41} We reverse and remand.
{42} IT IS SO ORDERED.