Defendants Dwight Wages and Stephen Edward Kauvar appeal from their convictions of multiple counts of selling pornography. See Iowa Code § 728.4 (1989), as amended, 1989 Iowa Acts ch. 263, § 2. On this appeal, defendants contend that Iowa Code section 728.4 is unconstitutionally vague and overly broad. Defendants also argue that the district court erred by refusing to admit into evidence certain “comparable” materials which defendants claim were available and accepted throughout the community. We affirm.
I. Background facts and proceedings. From the evidence presented at trial, a jury could have found the following facts. In November and December 1989, defendants Wages and Kauvar were co-employees at a certain bookstore in Council Bluffs. On two separate occasions during those months, undercover police officers from the Council Bluffs police department entered the bookstore and purchased a videotape and several magazines. On one occa *326 sion in November, two citizens purchased from the same bookstore a videotape and a magazine which the citizens provided to the Council Bluffs police department.
After reviewing the videotapes and the magazines, the State filed trial informa-tions charging Wages and Kauvar with several counts of selling pornography in violation of Iowa Code section 728.4.
See generally Miller v. California,
II.
Constitutional challenge to section 728.4.
On this appeal, defendants contend that Iowa Code section 728.4 is unconstitutionally vague and overly broad. However, our review of the record reveals that defendants have not raised these contentions at any time prior to this appeal. We have held that issues not raised before the trial court, including constitutional issues, cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.
State v. Johnson,
Because defendants did not raise their constitutional contentions at any time before this appeal, no error has been preserved, and there is nothing for us to review as to this assignment.
III. Exclusion of “comparable” evidence. At trial, the State introduced the videotapes and magazines which had been purchased from the bookstore where defendants Wages and Kauvar were co-employees. The State sought to prove that Wages and Kauvar had sold the materials, and that those materials were “obscene” as defined in Iowa Code section 728.4. 1
Prior to trial, defendants procured several videotapes, books, magazines, and birthday cards from various merchants in the Council Bluffs area. Defendants sought to introduce these items at trial in order to demonstrate the types of material available throughout the community. The State objected to admission of the materials as being irrelevant and without proper foundation. The district court sustained the objections. Defendants now argue that the materials they procured and offered at trial were relevant to establishing the “statewide contemporary community standards” which jurors must apply in determining whether a given item “appeals to the prurient interest.”
See
Iowa Code § 728.4.
Cf. State v. Groetken,
As a general matter, a defendant in an obscenity prosecution, “just as a defendant in any other prosecution, is entitled to an opportunity to adduce relevant, competent evidence bearing on the issues to be tried.”
Hamling v. United States,
*327
and Kauvar.
See, e.g., United States v. Battista,
Cases from other jurisdictions indicate that before a trial court may admit such “comparison evidence” as probative of community standards, a party must provide a foundation showing (1) that the proffered evidence is reasonably similar to the allegedly obscene materials at issue in the case, and (2) that the proffered evidence has a reasonable degree of community acceptance.
See, e.g., Pinkus,
On this appeal, defendants contend the district court should have admitted their offered materials in order to allow defendants to demonstrate that materials similar to those which they had sold to the State’s witnesses were available and accepted throughout the community. At trial, however, the only argument defendants advanced to establish the probative value of their proffered materials was that the materials were available throughout the community. Defendants’ counsel specifically stated that defendants’ materials were
not
being offered to show any similarity to the materials which defendants had allegedly sold. Thus, defendants did not establish the first prong of the foundational requirements for admission into evidence of “comparison” material. Defendants cannot now advance arguments to establish the relevance of their offered materials which were not articulated to the district court.
See, e.g., Lemke v. Mueller,
Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the State’s objection and refusing to allow into evidence the defendants’ offered materials.
IV. Disposition. In sum, we conclude that defendants failed to preserve for our review their challenge to the constitutionality of section 728.4. We also conclude that the district court did not commit reversible error in refusing to admit into evidence the “comparison” materials offered by defendants.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. Iowa Code section 728.4 provides, in part:
A person who knowingly rents, sells, or offers for rental or sale material depicting patently offensive representations of oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse, actual or simulated, involving humans, or depicting patently offensive representations of masturbation, excretory functions, or bestiality, or lewd exhibition of the genitals, which the average adult taking the material as a whole in applying statewide contemporary community standards would find appeals to the prurient interest; and which material, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, scientific, political, or artistic value, upon conviction is guilty of an aggravated misdemeanor.