Defendant brings forward numerous exceptions and assignments of error, most of which relate solely to the charge upon which the jury found him guilty of second-degree rape. We need not discuss all of the assignments.
*371 The defendant contends there was a fatal variance between the time of the crime as alleged in the bill of indictment and the time as established by the State’s evidence. There is merit in this contention.
The time fixed in a bill of indictment usually is not an essential fact, and the State may prove the crime was committed on another date. Time is not ordinarily of the essence of an offense, but when the State fixes the date in the indictment and the defendant presents evidence of an alibi relating to that date, time becomes of the essence. The State may not, after the defendant has presented his alibi evidence and rested his case, introduce evidence tending to show the defendant’s commission of the crime charged on another date. To permit a conviction on such evidence would violate rights guaranteed by the Constitution of North Carolina. N.C. Const, art. 1, § 23;
State v. Whittemore,
In the present case, the State presented evidence tending to show the alleged rape occurred on the date fixed by the bill of indictment. The defendant then presented alibi evidence. After the defendant had rested, the State presented rebuttal evidence tending to show that the crime alleged occurred on a different date approximately one week earlier than that charged in the bill. This represented a fatal variance between the indictment and the proof which will require a new trial on the charge of second-degree rape.
As a new trial will be required on the charge of second-degree rape, it would not be amiss for us to note that there was some evidence introduced tending to indicate the alleged rape may have occurred in Virginia. As the trial court pointed out at one juncture, the evidence was not totally conclusive as to whether the crime, if any, was committed in Virginia or North Carolina.
Since the trial in this case, the Supreme Court of North Carolina has held in
State v. Batdorf,
In Batdorf, the Supreme Court also indicated that, where a motion to dismiss for improper venue pursuant to G.S. 15A-952 is made, the State must carry the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the crime occurred in the county in which the indictment was returned. The evidence presented at trial in this case, however, would not have required an instruction on the State’s burden of proof with regard to venue, as all of the evidence introduced indicated the crime alleged occurred in either Virginia or Vance County, North Carolina.
As there must be a new trial on the charge of second-degree rape, we need not consider whether
Batdorf
is to be given retroactive application to trials commencing prior to 11 November 1977, the date on which the opinion in that case was filed.
See generally:
Annot.,
The defendant also contends the trial court denied him due process of law when it permitted the State to ask him during cross-examination whether he had been convicted in 1960 of crime against nature. Prior to taking the witness stand to testify in his own behalf, the defendant made a motion through counsel that the trial court not permit the State to ask any questions of him concerning his 1960 conviction for crime against nature. He then took the witness stand solely for the purpose of giving testimony concerning the prior conviction for crime against nature in order that the court might rule upon his motion, and the following transpired:
“Q. Approximately what was the date of your conviction to the best of your recollection?
A. 1960, I think.
Q. 1960. Did you have an attorney representing you at the trial?
A. No. I didn’t.
*373 Q. No attorney was appointed?
A. No attorney was appointed.
Q. Did you have funds to employ an attorney?
A. No.
Q. And as a result of that conviction did you serve time?
A. I did.”
On cross-examination the defendant gave substantially similar testimony to that he had given on direct examination. The trial court then denied the defendant’s motion and permitted the State to ask him in the presence of the jury whether he had been convicted of crime against nature in 1960. The defendant responded before the jury that he had been so convicted.
The use of prior void convictions for purposes of impeachment of a criminal defendant deprives him of due process where their use might well have influenced the outcome of the case.
Loper v. Beto,
For the errors previously discussed, the defendant is entitled to a new trial on both the charge of second-degree rape and the charge of assault with intent to commit rape. As to each of those cases, we order a
New trial.