922 P.2d 673 | Or. Ct. App. | 1996
Defendant appeals from a conviction for prostitution, ORS 167.007,
While driving his vehicle in Portland, defendant stopped and offered to pay $40 to a female police officer who was posing as a prostitute. Defendant was arrested and charged with prostitution and resisting arrest. The police immediately seized his vehicle pursuant to Portland City Code (PCC) section 14.90.030, which authorizes the forfeiture of vehicles that are used to commit
“[c] onduct involving violation of, solicitation to violate, attempt to violate or conspiracy to violate any provision of [the prostitution statute] ,”3
Several hours later, police returned the vehicle to defendant in exchange for his payment of towing and storage costs, plus payment of $200 to the City of Portland for the costs associated with his arrest, and his signature on a document entitled “Stipulated Agreement.”
“ [bjecause of certain unusual circumstances surrounding the seizure of defendant’s vehicle, specifically the fact that it contained refrigeration repair parts necessary to conduct the defendant’s business, defendant’s lack of conviction record, and the fact that the vehicle contained a large quantity of coins I preferred to not inventory and store, I agreed to return the vehicle to defendant so long as he first paid the tow lot for towing and storage and also pafid] to the city the sum of $200, the amount I calculated to be roughly the sum necessary to reimburse the city for the cost of arresting defendant. I also required the defendant to sign a document setting out other conditions on the release of the vehicle, including the defendant’s promise to not be arrested again for prostitution, that if he is rearrested the city will have the immediate right to seize and forfeit his interest in the vehicle without further notice to him, and waiving any claim for loss arising out of the seizure of the vehicle. After defendant signed the agreement and paid the necessary sums to both the tow lot and to the city, I authorized the release of the vehicle to him.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The Stipulated Agreement also provides that defendant “acknowledges that the release of [his] vehicle is unrelated to and has no bearing or relevance to the disposition of any criminal charges that are or may be pending in this case.”
Before trial on the criminal charges, defendant filed a demurrer that challenged, inter alia, the constitutionality of the prostitution statute. He also filed a motion to dismiss, alleging that jeopardy had attached when he was subjected to the civil forfeiture provisions of the Portland City Code. Both the demurrer and the motion to dismiss were denied.
After a trial, the jury returned guilty verdicts on both charges. Before sentencing, defendant moved for a new trial on the ground that the trial judge had privately communicated with the jury during the course of its deliberations. The judge acknowledged having spoken with the jurors outside the presence of the parties or court staff, but denied that the contact had been related to anything other than “housekeeping” matters that had nothing to do with the case.
In his first assignment of error, defendant argues that his motion to dismiss the criminal complaint should have been granted, because jeopardy attached when his vehicle was seized for forfeiture and also when he was required to pay $200 for its return. He contends that the city’s forfeiture provisions are not remedial but rather exact a punishment, as evidenced by the fact that to regain his vehicle, he was required to pay money
The state argues that we should not consider whether the city’s forfeiture code is punitive in nature and whether it therefore triggered the Double Jeopardy Clause’s prohibition against multiple punishments for the same offense, because defendant “waived” any double jeopardy claim when he signed the Stipulated Agreement. That argument, however, is not supported by the facts. The language of the Agreement, in which defendant “acknowledges” that the return of his vehicle is “unrelated to and has no bearing or relevance to the disposition of any [pending] criminal charges,” is unclear at best. It does not indicate that the signor is foregoing any constitutional protections, and it does not inform defendant that he is waiving the right to claim, at a later date, that he was subjected to punishment under both the civil forfeiture code provision and the criminal statute. It is inadequate proof that defendant was aware of the right that he allegedly waived.
In support of his argument that a civil penalty may constitute “punishment” for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause, defendant cites Montana Dept. of Revenue v. Kurth Ranch, 511 US 767, 114 S Ct 1937, 128 L Ed 2d 767 (1994) (state tax on marijuana owned by person already criminally charged with ownership or possession thereof is functional equivalent of a second prosecution); Austin v. U.S., 509 US 602, 113 S Ct 2801, 125 L Ed 2d 488 (1993) (Excessive Fines Clause of Eighth Amendment applies to forfeitures of property under 21USC § 881(a)); and United States v. Halper, 490 US 435, 109 S Ct 1892, 104 L Ed 2d 487 (1989) (where actual damages to government were $585, a $130,000 fine or in personam civil penalty was sufficiently disproportionate to constitute a second punishment in violation of Double Jeopardy Clause). However, the recently decided case of United States v. Ursery, _ US _, 116 S Ct 2135, 135 L Ed 2d 549 (1996), explains why defendant’s reliance on those cases is misplaced. Also, defendant’s claim that jeopardy attached at the civil forfeiture proceeding fails because, although such a proceeding was threatened, it did not take place.
We reject without discussion defendant’s second assignment of error, which challenges the constitutionality of the prostitution statute, ORS 167.007.
In his final assignment of error, defendant argues that his motion for a new trial should have been granted, because the trial judge committed reversible error by walking into the jury room during deliberations and speaking with jurors off the record and out of the presence of the bailiff and the parties. See ORCP 59 C(5) (with certain exceptions, no communication may be made with deliberating jury); Young v. Crown Zellerbach, 244 Or 251, 258, 417 P2d 394 (1966) (affirming lower court determination that trial judge’s
The record shows that at approximately 4:30 p.m. on a Thursday afternoon, the jury was ordered to begin its deliberation. The judge informed the parties that he would be “going * * * in * * * to make an announcement” about when the jury could go home for the weekend. The state argues that defendant therefore had notice that the judge would be making contact with the jury for that purpose. Defendant contends that he assumed that the judge would send the bailiff in to tell the jury when they could go home. Both positions are tenable.
The judge himself entered the jury room and apparently spoke to the jurors. The record is unclear as to whether the judge also spoke privately with jurors in the jury room on Monday morning, when they returned. After approximately one-and-one-half hours of deliberation on Monday, the jury returned its verdict. After the jury was discharged, defense counsel objected to the judge’s contact with the jury and stated, “We hadn’t had an opportunity to raise that objection until this morning [.]” The matter was continued until sentencing. At the sentencing hearing, the court heard argument and then denied both the motion for a new trial and defendant’s request that a different judge hear the motion.
The state contends that defendant should not be granted a new trial because he had an opportunity to avoid the alleged error by raising his concerns while the jury was still deliberating, but made the tactical decision to wait until the jurors had returned their verdict. However, on this point, the record is unclear. It shows that defense counsel became aware of the contact while the jury was deliberating, but suggests that he may not have had an opportunity to object any earlier than he did.
This case amply demonstrates the importance of trial judges having no contact with jurors off the record and outside the presence of the parties or their attorneys.
Remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
ORS 167.007 defines prostitution as engaging in, offering or agreeing to engage in “sexual conduct or sexual contact” for a fee, or paying, offering or agreeing to pay a fee to engage in said conduct.
“The Double Jeopardy Clause [in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution] provides protection in three situations: a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction; and multiple punishments for the same offense.” State v. Phillips, 138 Or App 468, 471, 909 P2d 882, rev den 323 Or 114 (1996) (emphasis supplied), citing U.S. v. Halper, 490 US 435, 440, 109 S Ct 1892, 104 L Ed 2d 487 (1989).
Portland City Code section 14.90.030 was enacted under the authority of Oregon Laws 1989, chapter 791. That state statute, which authorizes civil, in rem forfeitures, appears as a note preceding ORS 166.005.
In addition to challenging the $200 assessment for “costs” related to his arrest, defendant contends that jeopardy attached when the police seized $40 in cash from him. However, that argument is without merit. The $40 was seized as evidence that tended to prove the female officer’s testimony that defendant had offered her $40 to engage in sexual conduct or contact.
Neither does it ensure that the circumstances surrounding the signing of the Agreement are free from coercion. In this case, defendant was 63 years old and had
