STATE оf New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Floyd VALDEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 12094.
Court of Appeals of New Mexico.
Dec. 13, 1990.
Certiorari Denied Feb. 6, 1991.
806 P.2d 578
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The Court noted that:
[W]hile * * * technical rules of preclusion are not strictly applicable, the principles upon which these rules are founded should inform our decision. It is clear that res judicata and collateral estoppel do not apply if a party moves the rendering court in the same proceeding to correct or modify its judgment. Nevertheless, a fundamental precept of common-law adjudication is that an issue once determined by a competent court is conclusive.
Id. (Citations omitted.)
Just as the Court did in Arizona v. California, we find the principles of finality adhering to prior judicial rulings as important if not more important than technical definitions that may have been necessary to satisfy standards of a bygone era overly concerned with black-letter rules of law. In applying principles of finality upon which offensive collateral estoppel is based, we find that the trial court‘s ruling was correct in every respect.
For the foregoing reasons the district court is affirmed.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
RANSOM and BACA, JJ., concur.
Hal Stratton, Atty. Gen., Margaret B. Alcock, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for plaintiff-appellеe.
Paul J. Kennedy, Albuquerque, for defendant-appellant.
OPINION
CHAVEZ, Judge.
FACTS
On September 21, 1988, state police officers and game and fish officers flew a state police helicopter over a remote area оf Rio Arriba County. The officers were looking for a suspected marijuana plantation in the area. While flying in the helicopter, the officers observed a greenhouse attached to a residence belonging to defendant. Upon further obsеrvation of the greenhouse from the helicopter, at an altitude of approximately 500 feet, the officers could see through opaque roofing and siding of the greenhouse that marijuana was being grown inside.
Apparently, one of the game and fish officers noticed a man watching the helicopter fly above the residence. Defendant later testified that he heard the helicopter and began watching it with his binoculars. Eventually, the officers landed the helicopter a short distance west of defendant‘s residence. Upon landing, the officers approached defendant‘s residence and noted that the marijuana could be seen in the greenhouse from ground level. The officers then approached the front of defendant‘s property.
As the officers reached the front gate to defendant‘s property, they called to defendant to restrain his dogs. Defendant did so. Officer Leo Martinez then informed defendant that they were there to seize his marijuana plants. Defendant told Officer Martinez that he thought the officers needed a warrant to do “that.” Officer Martinez told defendant that because the marijuana plants were in plain view from the helicopter, the officers could enter the premisеs and seize the plants. Thereafter, the officers entered the residence with defendant.
Once inside the house, the officers conducted a search of the entire residence. Officer Martinez explained that he ordered the search for the safety of himself and his fellow officers. Apparently, Officer Martinez had “information” that defendant may have been involved in the burglary of an arsenal in Colorado and may have had automatic weapons in his possession. Officer Martinez аlso testified that he had no way of knowing if anyone else was in the house and so he conducted the search for safety reasons. As a result of the search, the officers discovered several weapons. No one else was found in the housе.
While the officers were securing the weapons in defendant‘s kitchen, one of the officers noticed a plate lying on the counter containing razor blades and a brown substance which Officer Martinez suspected to be heroin. The officers seized the weapons, the plate with the suspected heroin, and the six marijuana plants growing in the greenhouse attached to defendant‘s home. About one hour after the evidence was seized, defendant was arrested and taken away along with the seized evidence. One
DISCUSSION
Defendant challenges the officers’ warrantless search of his residence. He does not object to the officers’ actions regarding their observation of his greenhouse from the helicopter. Indeed, such action has been authorized by the United States Supreme Court in Florida v. Riley, 488 U.S. 445, 109 S.Ct. 693, 102 L.Ed.2d 835 (1989), rehearing denied, Florida v. Riley, 490 U.S. 1014, 109 S.Ct. 1659, 104 L.Ed.2d 172 (1989). However, defendant argues that simply becausе the police officers saw the marijuana in plain view does not authorize them to enter his home without a warrant to seize the plants. We agree.
In State v. Calvillo, 110 N.M. 114, 792 P.2d 1157 (Ct.App.1990), we recognized that the observation of evidence of a crime in plain view from a рublic, nonprotected area did not constitute a search under the fourth amendment. However, we also recognized that the police did not necessarily have the right to make a warrantless intrusion into the defendant‘s home to seize the evidence. Id. Warrantless searches are only permissible under the fourth amendment if they fall within one of the following exceptions to the warrant requirement: 1) plain view; 2) probable cause plus exigent circumstances; 3) search incident to a lаwful arrest; 4) consent; 5) hot pursuit; and 6) inventory searches. State v. Ruffino, 94 N.M. 500, 612 P.2d 1311 (1980). Another exception added to that list recently by the United States Supreme Court is the “protective sweep” rule. See Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108 L.Ed.2d 276 (1990). We have recently acknowledged that rule in New Mexico. See State v. Lara, 110 N.M. 507, 797 P.2d 296 (Ct.App.1990). Thе state contends that the officers’ warrantless entry into defendant‘s residence was allowable under either the protective sweep or exigent circumstances rules.
I. PROTECTIVE SWEEP
In Maryland v. Buie, the Court defined a protective sweep as “a quick and limited seаrch of a premises, incident to an arrest and conducted to protect the safety of police officers or others.” 494 U.S. at 327, 110 S.Ct. at 1094, 108 L.Ed.2d at 281. The court went on to say that a protective sweep may be undertaken if the searching officers possess “‘a reasonable belief based on “specific and articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant[s]” the officer in believing’ that the area swept harbored an individual posing а danger to the officer or others.” 494 U.S. at 334, 110 S.Ct. at 1095, 108 L.Ed.2d at 282 (citations omitted) (quoting Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1049-50, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 3481, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983), which quoted from Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968)).
Officer Martinez testified that he had no way of knowing who was in the house and so he decided to conduct a search of the residence for individuals and weapons that may have posed a danger to himself аnd the other officers. However, the search of defendant‘s residence and seizure of weapons and drug related evidence was conducted before the officers decided to arrest defendant. Indeed, defendant was uncuffed and unsubduеd during the entire time the officers were searching the premises. Moreover, the officers even asked defendant to retrieve other weapons they believed may have been in the house. Although Officer Martinez testified that he believed defendant may have been involved in the burglary of an arsenal and had automatic weapons in his possession, Martinez could only vaguely refer to “information” he had about the burglary and possession of weapons from intelligence files. We do not believe a protective sweep was called for under the facts of this case.
A protective sweep is only allowed incident to a lawful arrest. See Maryland v. Buie. In this case, defendant was not arrested until sometime after the search of his residеnce had taken place. We have serious concerns about such police practices. We believe that a protective sweep is allowed incident to an arrest because the
II. EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES
Even if the protective sweep rule does not apply, the state argues that exigent сircumstances allowed the officers to make a warrantless entry into defendant‘s residence. The state contends exigent circumstances existed because defendant could have destroyed the evidence. In support of its argument, the state points to evidence that defendant had seen the police helicopter flying over his property. Apparently, the state reasons that there was a danger defendant would attempt to destroy or remove the plants before the officers could return with a search warrant.
A warrantless entry into a residence under the exigent circumstances rule requires probable cause plus exigent circumstances. See State v. Ruffino. We have defined exigent circumstances as “an еmergency situation requiring swift action to prevent imminent danger to life or serious damage to property, or to forestall the imminent escape of a suspect or destruction of evidence.” State v. Copeland, 105 N.M. 27, 31, 727 P.2d 1342, 1346 (Ct.App.1986). Defendant concedes that the officers had probable cause. Defendant, however, disputes the existence of exigent circumstances.
The test to determine if exigent circumstances exist is “whether, on the basis of the facts known to a prudent, cautious, trained officer, the officer could reasonably conclude that swift action was necessary.” Id. There is no evidence in this case that defendant was about to destroy the marijuana plants. Indeed, the plants could be seen from ground level next to defendant‘s property. No imminent destruction was reported by the police officers, nor can we see the need for “swift action” as contemplated by Copeland. Because the officers could see the plants from the ground, they could be watched by the officеrs while the helicopter pilot returned for a search warrant. If destruction became imminent, the officers would have been able to observe it and could have acted on the basis of exigent circumstances at that time. We do not believe that facts existed for an officer to conclude that swift action was necessary to protect the evidence from destruction.
CONCLUSION
Because the officers did not have a valid justification to enter defendant‘s residence without a warrant, the evidence seized pursuant to their unreasonable, warrantless search must be suppressed. Accordingly, defendant‘s conviction is reversed and remanded for a new trial.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
ALARID, C.J., concurs.
HARTZ, J., specially concurs.
HARTZ, Judge, (specially concurring).
I concur in the result. See Vale v. Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 90 S.Ct. 1969, 26 L.Ed.2d 409 (1970) (threatened destruction of evidence); 2 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 6.5 (1987) (same); Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108 L.Ed.2d 276 (1990) (security sweep); United States v. Jackson, 700 F.2d 181, 189-90 (5th Cir.) (security sweep after arrest outside premises), cert. denied sub nom., 464 U.S. 842, 104 S.Ct. 139, 78 L.Ed.2d 132 (1983).
Although in district court the state argued that the evidence could be admitted