State v. TylerState v. Tyler
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- Before:
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In a capital trial, defendant, Stacey Anthony Tyler, was convicted by a jury of the first-degree murder of Mary Jennings Fleetwood. In a capital sentencing proceeding conducted pursuant to
The State’s evidence presented at trial tended to show the following facts and circumstances. On numerous occasions, prior to and on 5 November 1993, defendant physically and emotionally abused and battered his girlfriend, Mary Jennings Fleetwood (Fleetwood). Several witnesses testified that this abuse included defendant’s holding
Defendant did not testify and did not present any evidence at trial.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss made at the close of the State’s evidence. The jury returned a verdict of guilty of first-degree murder.
At defendant’s capital sentencing proceeding, defendant presented evidence tending to show that he had worked for two years unloading produce trucks and that he had been a good employee. Defendant had been a confidential informant on drug activity for the Murfreesboro Police Department and had provided reliable information on four drug cases. Defendant also presented the testimony of Jean Stacy (Stacy), a nurse and a certified emergency medical technician who assisted in taking Fleetwood to the hospital. Stacy testified that Fleetwood did not want to go to the hospital on 5 November 1993 and that she did not mention any pain. She also testified that defendant had been burned on one or both arms. Further, defendant presented testimony tending to show that he had an alcohol-abuse problem.
Defendant testified at the capital sentencing proceeding that he was teased as a child for his stuttering problem and because he was poor. His high-school years were difficult because his mother had died and he had been very close to her. He left high school due to depression over her death. He worked as a laborer and later worked unloading produce trucks. Defendant testified that he had adjusted to incarceration and that he had not been punished for any infractions while in prison. His only prior convictions were for driving while impaired. Defendant also testified that he had become a Christian while in prison.
Defendant denied throwing gasoline on Fleetwood, hitting her, throwing his full body weight on her, calling her names, and threatening to kill her. Defendant testified that he pushed Fleetwood out the back of the trailer when she was on fire and that he helped her inside to the bathtub and turned on the water. Defendant admitted that Fleetwood had attempted to convince him to leave the trailer on several occasions, but he denied threatening to burn the trailer.
At the capital sentencing proceeding, the sole aggravating circumstance submitted to and found by the jury was that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel,
Defendant’s most serious challenge to his conviction relates to the admission of evidence under the residual or “catchall” exception to the hearsay rule. By six assignments of error, defendant contends that the trial court violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and under North Carolina law by admitting, under the residual exception to the hearsay rule, evidence concerning the victim’s incriminating responses to questions asked by a nurse, Donna Rosenfeld. Defendant argues that the trial court erred in admitting Rosenfeld’s testimony regarding out-of-court statements made by the victim prior to her death in which she identified defendant as the person who poured gasoline on her and set her on fire. Defendant claims that the circumstances surrounding the statements did not have suf ficient guarantees of trustworthiness and that the trial court made improper findings in its determination of trustworthiness. Defendant contends that the trial court relied upon testimony by other witnesses about events leading up to the burning and about previous alleged wrongdoing by defendant in order to find circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, rather than on the inherent trustworthiness of the victim’s nonverbal responses to questions.
Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
“In State v. Triplett, 316 N.C. 1, 340 S.E.2d 736 (1986), this Court articulated the guidelines for admission of hearsay testimony under Rule 804(b)(5).” State v. Peterson, 337 N.C. 384, 391, 446 S.E.2d 43, 48 (1994). In Triplett, this Court said that a trial court must consider the following factors in determining whether a hearsay statement sought to be admitted under Rule 804(b)(5) is trustworthy: (1) whether the declarant had personal knowledge of the underlying events, (2) the declarant’s motivation to speak the truth or otherwise, (3) whether the declarant has ever recanted the statement, and (4) the practical availability of the declarant at trial for meaningful cross-examination. Triplett, 316 N.C. at 10-11, 340 S.E.2d at 742.
In the instant case, before witnesses were allowed to testify as to the victim’s statements that defendant poured gasoline on her and set her on fire with a match, the trial court conducted a hearing on the admissibility of the statements. Following that hearing, the trial court concluded that this evidence fell within the residual hearsay exception of Rule 804(b)(5). In determining that the victim’s hearsay statements possessed the necessary circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness to allow their admission, the trial court made the following pertinent findings of fact:
1. That the declarant, Mary Jennings Fleetwood, is unavailable as defined in N.C.G.S. section 804(A)4. And that the declarant is now deceased.
2. That the State of North Carolina has provided the defendant with written notice of the State’s intention to offer the declarant’s statements sufficiently in advance of offering them to provide the defendant with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet the statements.
3. That the hearsay statements are not specifically covered under the other exceptions of the hearsay rule.
4. That the hearsay statements of the victim, Mary Jennings Fleetwood, possess circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness to wit:
L. On November 18, 1993, at 4:30 a.m. the victim awoke from a surgical procedure and became reoriented to space and time and that she could follow commands like nod your head and wiggle your toes.
M. That the victim’s attending physicians . . . and her nurses .. . noted in the medical records that the victim’s mental and physical status had dramatically improved, to wit:
1. On November 18, 1993, the victim became more alert and would nod her head appropriately to yes and no questions and follow commands. She appeared to have no post-operative anesthesia complications and her vital signs were stable.
2. The victim continued to show significant neurological improvement and became more stable as the day passed.
3. On November 19, 1993, the victim continued to remain neurologically intact. She was alert and answered ques tions appropriately by mouthing words in a soft whisper and by shaking or nodding her head.
4. The victim could also move all extremities appropriately to commands.
N. The victim’s nurse, Donna Rosenfeld, R.N., who had observed the victim’s progress and worked with the victim closely, felt that the victim was physically and mentally able to speak to law enforcement officers; therefore, when Ernest Sharpe from the Hertford County Sheriff’s Department had come to interview the victim or [when] Chief Deputy Sharpe and Special Agent Kent Parrish of the SBI went to Sentara on November 19, 1993, that Nurse Donna Rosenfeld had been working with the victim all morning.
[NO SECTION “O”]
P. That Nurse Donna Rosenfeld assisted the officers in asking the following questions of the victim:
1. The victim was told by Nurse Rosenfeld that police officers were here to speak to her and if it was okay for them to come in and the victim nodded her head, yes.
2. The victim was asked if [defendant] had done this to her and after a 15-second hesitation the victim nodded her head, no.
3. The victim was told that [defendant] was in jail and could not hurt her any longer and she was asked if she understood this and the victim nodded her head, yes.
The victim was asked if [defendant] and she had been fighting and the victim nodded her head, yes.
The victim was asked if [defendant] had thrown gasoline on her and the victim did not give any response. The victim was then told by Nurse Rosenfeld that they, meaning the police officers, had the clothes that she and [defendant] had been wearing. The victim was then asked did [defendant] throw gasoline on [her] and the victim nodded her head, yes.
The victim was then asked if [defendant] had thrown a match on her after pouring gasoline on her and the victim nodded her head, yes.
Q. That after learning the defendant no longer posed a threat to herself or her children, the victim was motivated to speak the truth about how she was burned.
R. That the victim ha[d] personal knowledge of circumstances under which she was burned.
5. That the victim’s statements identifying the defendant as the perpetrator of the burning occurred on November 5, 1993, are evidence of material facts. [Thestatements are evidence of identity, malice, premeditation, and deliberation, and lack of accident.
6. That the victim’s statements are more probative on the issues of identity, malice, premeditation, and deliberation, and lack of accident, [than] any other evidence which the State can produce through reasonable efforts.
7. That the general purposes of the Rules of Evidence in interest of justice will best be served by admission of these statements into evidence.
Based upon its findings of fact, the trial court concluded that the declarant was unavailable because she is deceased; that the State provided timely written notice of its intention to offer the statements; that the hearsay statements were not specifically covered under the other hearsay exceptions; that the hearsay statements possessed circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness; that the statements were material and more probative on the issues of identity, malice, premeditation, deliberation, and lack of accident than any other evidence which the prosecution could secure through reasonable efforts; and that justice would be served by admission of the statements into evidence.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the victim’s statements possessed the requisite circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness to be admissible. In making this argument, defendant relies primarily upon this Court’s decision in
State v. Swindler,
339 N.C. 469, 450 S.E.2d 907 (1994). In
Swindler,
the trial court erred by admitting into evidence under the residual hearsay exception of
In the instant case, the trial court found that Fleetwood’s statements contained sufficient indicia of reliability to be admissible. Fleetwood had personal knowledge of the circumstances under which she was burned. There was no indication that she had any reason to tell anything other than the truth about this matter after learning that defendant was in jail and could no longer hurt her or her children. Nor is there any indication that Fleetwood ever recanted this statement. Finally, the trial court determined that Fleetwood was unavailable because she was deceased at the time of trial. We conclude that the trial court did not err in concluding that the victim’s statements possessed circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness. Accordingly, we find no error in the admission of the victim’s hearsay statements under Rule 804(b)(5).
We next consider whether admitting the statements implicated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Defendant contends,
The United States Supreme Court has stated that an evidentiary rule such as 804(b)(5) is a “residual” hearsay exception, rather than a “firmly rooted” one, and that statements admitted under such a rule do not inherently possess indicia of reliability. Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 817, 111 L. Ed. 2d 638, 653-54 (1990). However, a statement which falls under the residual hearsay exception can meet Confrontation Clause standards if it is supported by particularized guarantees of trustworthiness based on the totality of the circumstances surrounding the making of the statement. Id. at 817, 820, 111 L. Ed. 2d at 653, 655-56. “To be admissible under the Confrontation Clause, hearsay evidence used to convict a defendant must possess indicia of reliability by virtue of its inherent trustworthiness, not by reference to other evidence at trial.” Id. at 822, 111 L. Ed. 2d at 657; see also Brown, 339 N.C. at 438-39, 451 S.E.2d at 189 (the residual hearsay exception does not qualify as firmly rooted for Confrontation Clause purposes, so the trial court must search for circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness). Further, hearsay evidence that does not fall within a firmly rooted exception is deemed “presumptively unreliable and inadmissible for Confrontation Clause purposes.” Lee v. Illinois, 476 U.S. 530, 543, 90 L. Ed. 2d 514, 528 (1986). Accordingly, “[c]orroborating evidence should not be used to support a hearsay statement’s particularized guarantee of trustworthiness.” Swindler, 339 N.C. at 475, 450 S.E.2d at 911.
In determining that the victim’s out-of-court hearsay statements in the instant case possessed the requisite degree of trustworthiness, the trial court made the following findings of fact in addition to those set out earlier in this opinion:
4. That the hearsay statements of the victim, Mary Jennings Fleetwood, possess circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness[,] to wit:
A. The defendant beat the victim, Ms. Fleetwood, repeatedly with his fist and jumped on her on November 5, 1993, as witnessed by James Shearn and Ernest Beale, Jr. and that this occurred approximately one hour prior to the victim being burned over 70 percent of her body.
B. That the defendant told the victim, “I’ll kill you b — ” on November 5, 1993, as witnessed by James Shearn and Ernest Beale, Jr., and this also occurred approximately one hour before the victim was burned.
C. That the defendant had threatened to burn the victim, her children, and her home on at least two occasions prior to November 5,1993. And that these statements were witnessed by the victim’s 12-year old daughter, Monique Jennings, her 11-year old son, Jermaine Jennings, the victim’s friend, Angie Eley, and Ms. Eley’s daughter, Monica Eley. And that the last threat of this nature was made approximately six days before the victim was burned.
D. That the defendant told several persons on November 5, 1993, that the victim was burned with a kerosene heater that the victim was refueling and it exploded. The people that [he] told were Roscoe Faison, Roy Robinson, and the Hertford County Sheriff’s Deputy, Keith Williams.
E. That Roscoe Faison, Roy Robinson, and Deputy Williams inspected the heater and the premises and found no evidence, in their opinion, of an explosion or fire on or near the heater or in the living room area where the defendant alleged that the explosion occurred.
F. That the defendant also reported to Roscoe Faison, Roy Robinson, and Deputy Williams that the defendant jumped on the victim in an attempt to extinguish her flames and that he pushed her down a hallway. Upon close inspection [by] Hertford County ChiefDeputy, Ernest Sharpe, the defendant was found to have suffered minimal burns to his right forearm and the back of his right hand and there were no burns on the palms of his hand.
G. That a green sweater identified by Ernest Beale, Jr., as being worn by the victim on November 5, 1993, was burned and tested by an expert in forensic chemistry from the SBI lab and was determined to have gasoline on it. And that blue jeans owned by the victim and found in the victim’s bedroom were also burned and tested and that the jeans also had gasoline on them. Strike that — the victim’s bedroom was also burned.
H. That a jug of gasoline with the cap unscrewed was found at the back of the trailer. [Within] a few feet from the gasoline there was found a book of matches.
I. That a few feet from the matches, Chief Deputy Ernest Sharpe located a tree with an area where the leaves were brown unlike the other leaves on the tree and that right below the brown leaves was a spot of burned grass.
J. That the victim was transported to the RoanokeChowan Hospital and that nurse Sheri Eubanks asked her what happened and that an EMS person who transported the victim to Roanoke-Chowan answered that the heater exploded causing the victim’s burns. That nurse Eubanks asked the victim if that is what happened and that the victim who had been emphatically answering other questions paused for approximately 15 seconds before answering yes.
K. That the victim was transported to Norfolk Sentara Hospital after emergency treatment at Roanoke-Chowan Hospital. And that during the transfer Dr. Hunter of the Roanoke-Chowan Hospital also asked the victim if someone had burned her and the victim again paused for some time before shaking her head no.
We conclude that the trial court erred in relying upon this corroborating evidence in reaching the conclusion that the statements were trustworthy. These findings of fact did not relate to the inherent trustworthiness of the victim’s statements. They detail corroborative evidence that could not be relied upon in finding the circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness required in order to protect defendant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause of the United States Constitution. Thus, we conclude that defendant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause were implicated.
“A violation of the defendant’s rights under the Constitution of the United States is prejudicial unless the appellate court finds that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The burden is upon the State to demonstrate, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error was harmless.’’
By three assignments of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by permitting a nurse, Donna Rosenfeld, to give an opinion about the cause of the victim’s death and about the effects of a sedative medication administered to the victim. Rosenfeld testified that Fleetwood “died as a result of her burns causing overwhelming sepsis,” that is, bacteria was allowed to enter Fleetwood’s body and cause “massive infection” since her skin had been burned away. Rosenfeld also testified that the dose of the sedative medication Versed given to the victim would have affected the victim’s mental condition for about thirty minutes. Defendant argues that
The State notes, however, that defendant made only general objections to Rosenfeld rendering her opinions as to the cause of the victim’s death and the effect of the sedative medication. “An objection to a witness’s qualifications as an expert in a given field or upon a particular subject is waived if it is not made in apt time upon this special ground, and a mere general objection to the content of the witness’s testimony will not ordinarily suffice to preserve the matter for subsequent appellate review.” State v. Hunt, 305 N.C. 238, 243, 287 S.E.2d 818, 821 (1982). In this case, defendant failed to make a specific objection about Rosenfeld’s expertise in diagnosing the victim’s cause of death. “Our Court has adhered to the position that, in the absence of a special request by the defense for qualification of a witness as an expert, such a finding will be deemed implicit in the trial court’s admission of the challenged opinion testimony.” Id. “Moreover, since defendant did not object on the grounds that the testifying witnesses were not qualified as experts, he has waived his right to later make the challenge on appeal.” State v. Aguallo, 322 N.C. 818, 821-22, 370 S.E.2d 676, 677 (1988).
In any event, it is clear in this case that Rosenfeld was, in fact, properly qualified to state an opinion as to whether the bums she observed on the victim were similar to other bums of this type which she had seen before. Prior to stating such an opinion, Rosenfeld testified to the following: (1) she was a registered nurse in the burn-trauma unit at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital; (2) she had been working there for over eight years in November 1993; (3) she had worked one-on-one with Fleetwood while she was in the burn-trauma unit; (4) she was familiar with the medications administered to
Fleetwood, the reasons for their use, and the reasons for any change in medications; and (5) she had administered Versed to patients for over eight years. “The essential question in determining the admissibility of opinion evidence is whether the witness, through study or experience, has acquired such skill that he was better qualified than the jury to form an opinion on the subject matter to which his testimony applies.”
State v. Mitchell,
283 N.C. 462, 467, 196 S.E.2d 736, 739 (1973);
see also
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by allowing Rosenfeld to rely upon the hearsay opinions of other medical personnel in rendering her opinion as to the victim’s cause of death. Defendant notes that Rosenfeld “testified that she based her opinion on her observations of [the victim] and the notes made by other medical personnel in the hospital records about [the victim]’s death.”
“Hospital records, when offered as primary evidence, are hearsay. However, we think they come within one of the well recognized exceptions to the hearsay rule — entries made in the regular course of business.”
Sims v. Charlotte Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.,
257 N.C. 32, 35, 125 S.E.2d 326, 328 (1962). Thus, the hospital records offered at the trial are hearsay, but they fall within an exception to the hearsay rule.
See
[i]n instances where hospital records are legally admissible in evidence, proper foundation must, of course, be laid for their introduction. The hospital librarian or custodian of the record or other qualified witness must testify to the identity and authenticity of the record and the mode of its preparation, and show that the entries were made at or near to the time of the act, condition or event recorded, that they were made by persons having knowledge of the data set forth, and that they were made ante litem mo tarn. The court should exclude from jury consideration matters in the record which are immaterial and irrelevant to the inquiry, and entries which amount to hearsay on hearsay.
Sims, 257 N.C. at 35, 125 S.E.2d at 328.
In the instant case, the records detailed the victim’s treatment, progress, deterioration,
By two assignments of error, defendant argues that the trial court erred by permitting a prosecutor to make grossly improper statements during closing argument. Defendant objected to only one of these allegedly improper statements.
The arguments of counsel are left largely to the control and discretion of the trial judge, and counsel will be granted wide latitude in the argument of hotly contested cases. State v. Soyars, 332 N.C. 47, 60, 418 S.E.2d 480, 487 (1992). “Counsel is permitted to argue the facts which have been presented, as well as reasonable inferences which can be drawn therefrom.” State v. Williams, 317 N.C. 474, 481, 346 S.E.2d 405, 410 (1986). Where a defendant does not object at trial, “review is limited to an examination of whether the argument was so grossly improper that the trial judge abused his discretion in failing to intervene ex mero motu.” State v. Gladden, 315 N.C. 398, 417, 340 S.E.2d 673, 685, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 871, 93 L. Ed. 2d 166 (1986). Therefore, this Court’s duty is limited as follows:
Where defendant fails to object to an alleged impropriety in the State’s argument and so flag the error for the trial court, “the impropriety . . . must be gross indeed in order for this court to hold that a trial judge abused his discretion in not recognizing and correcting ex mero motu an argument which defense counsel apparently did not believe was prejudicial when he heard it.”
State v. Abraham, 338 N.C. 315, 338, 451 S.E.2d 131, 143 (1994) (quoting State v. Johnson, 298 N.C. 355, 369, 259 S.E.2d 752, 761 (1979)) (alteration in original). In determining whether the prosecutor’s argument was grossly improper, this Court must examine the argument in the context in which it was given and in light of the overall factual circumstances to which it refers. State v. Alston, 341 N.C. 198, 461 S.E.2d 687 (1995), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 134 L. Ed. 2d 100 (1996).
In the instant case, during his closing argument, the prosecutor stated, “And I submit to you that if that child had seen her mother’s face and start[ed] going off [sic] in there, who knows what would have happened to them. That’s what the evidence shows.” Defendant did not object to this argument at trial. However, on appeal, defendant maintains that this argument is entirely speculative, with no basis in the record. Defendant further argues that there is no evidence to support an inference that the victim concealed her face from her children to prevent a scene in which defendant might assault her children. We conclude that the prosecutor’s argument was not so grossly improper as to require the trial judge to intervene ex mero motu during the prosecutor’s closing argument.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in overruling his objection to another portion of the prosecutor’s closing argument. The prosecutor said:
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the defendant may come to you and argue that this is a murder trial, that we put on evidence of domestic abuse, but this isn’t a domestic abuse trial. Well, I would submit to you, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, that it is always going to be about domestic abuse until they kill them.
[Defense]: Objection.
The Court: Overruled.
[Prosecutor]: Until they kill them. And that’s what he’s done. He’s killed her.
Defendant contends that the prosecutor’s argument sought to use public sentiment against domestic abuse to enlist the jurors
The prosecutor’s argument did not exceed the wide latitude allowed counsel in stating contentions and drawing inferences from the evidence. Cf. State v. Syriani, 333 N.C. 350, 398-99, 428 S.E.2d 118, 144 (finding no gross impropriety even though the prosecutor’s argument touched upon facts not testified to and finding that the arguments were reasonable inferences based on the evidence and were within the wide latitude properly given counsel in argument), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 948, 126 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1993). The guilt-phase evidence of defendant’s abuse of the victim, both physical and emo tional, was clear and uncontradicted. The prosecutor never suggested that the jury should convict defendant in order to prevent him from killing or battering again or that the jury should convict him because other batterers kill their victims. See State v. Payne, 328 N.C. 377, 402 S.E.2d 582 (1991) (improper to urge jury to convict defendant in order to prevent him from killing again); State v. Scott, 314 N.C. 309, 333 S.E.2d 296 (1985) (improper to urge jury to convict defendant because other impaired drivers cause other accidents). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in overruling defendant’s objection to the prosecutor’s argument.
By another assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by conducting unrecorded bench conferences with defense counsel and counsel for the State. Defendant contends that these unrecorded bench conferences violated his state and federal constitutional rights even though he was present in the courtroom and made no request to be present at the bench and made no objection to his absence. Defendant acknowledges that we have previously rejected similar contentions. See State v. Buchanan, 330 N.C. 202, 410 S.E.2d 832 (1991). Having considered defendant’s argument with regard to this issue, we find no compelling reason to depart from our prior holding. Accordingly, we reject this assignment of error.
By an assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to intervene ex mero mo tu to prevent the prosecutor from claiming during the penalty-phase closing argument that defendant had lied during his testimony. Defendant’s assignment of error is directed to the prosecutor’s comment, “Well, putting the hand on the Bible and told about 35,000 whoppers and then he walked on it and did it.” This comment, standing alone, does not equate to the type of specific, objectionable language referring to defendant as a liar that would require that defendant be granted a new capital sentencing proceeding. Cf. State v. Locklear, 294 N.C. 210, 214-18, 241 S.E.2d 65, 68-70 (1978) (prosecutor asserted defendant was “lying through [his] teeth” and “playing with a perjury count”); State v. Miller, 271 N.C. 646, 157 S.E.2d 335 (1967) (prosecutor stated he knew defendant “was lying the minute he said that” and referred to defendant as “habitual storebreaker” when nothing in the record supported such reference).
In the instant case, many eyewitnesses described defendant’s physical and emotional abuse of the victim. Yet, defendant denied such abuse. Given this context, the prosecutor’s argument was “no more than an argument that the jury should reject the defendant’s testimony” because “his version of the events [was] unbelievable.” State v. Solomon, 340 N.C. 212, 220, 456 S.E.2d 778, 784, cert. denied, - U.S. -, 133 L. Ed. 2d 438 (1995). Clearly, this argument was not so grossly improper as to require the trial court to intervene ex mero motu. State v. McNeil, 324 N.C. 33, 48, 375 S.E.2d 909, 924 (1989), sentence vacated on other grounds, 494 U.S. 1050, 108 L. Ed. 2d 756 (1990). Accordingly, we reject defendant’s final assignment of error.
PRESERVATION ISSUES
Defendant raises six additional arguments which he concedes have been decided against him by this Court: (1) the trial court erred by granting the State’s motion to prohibit defense counsel from discussing parole eligibility for a life sentence during penalty-phase closing arguments; (2) the trial court erred by allowing defendant’s jury to determine
Defendant raises these issues for the purpose of permitting this Court to reexamine its prior holdings and also for the purpose of preserving them for any possible further judicial review of this case. We have carefully considered defendant’s arguments on these issues and find no compelling reason to depart from our prior holdings. Accordingly, we reject these arguments.
PROPORTIONALITY REVIEW
Having concluded that defendant’s trial and separate capital sentencing proceeding were free of prejudicial error, we turn to the duties reserved by
In this case, the sole aggravating circumstance submitted to and found by the jury was that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel.
In our proportionality review, it is proper to compare the present case with other cases in which this Court has concluded that the death penalty was disproportionate. State v. McCollum, 334 N.C. 208, 240, 433 S.E.2d 144, 162 (1993), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1254, 129 L. Ed. 2d 895 (1994). We have found the death penalty disproportionate in seven cases. State v. Benson, 323 N.C. 318, 372 S.E.2d 517 (1988); State v. Stokes, 319 N.C. 1, 352 S.E.2d 653 (1987); State v. Rogers, 316 N.C. 203, 341 S.E.2d 713 (1986), overruled on other grounds by State v. Gaines, 345 N.C. 647, 483 S.E.2d 396 (1997), and by State v. Vandiver, 321 N.C. 570, 364 S.E.2d 373 (1988); State v. Young, 312 N.C. 669, 325 S.E.2d 181 (1985); State v. Hill, 311 N.C. 465, 319 S.E.2d 163 (1984); State v. Bondurant, 309 N.C. 674, 309 S.E.2d 170 (1983); State v. Jackson, 309 N.C. 26, 305 S.E.2d 703 (1983).
We conclude that this case is not substantially similar to any case in which this Court has found the death penalty disproportionate. Distinguishing features of this case are: (1) defendant was convicted of first-degree murder under the theory of premeditation and deliberation; (2) the first-degree murder was preceded by prior physical and mental abuse of the victim; (3) the aggravating circumstance submit
ted to and found by the jury was “that the killing was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel,” N.C.G.S. 15A-2000(e)(9); (4) defendant killed the victim by intentionally setting her on fire and watching her bum; and (5) defendant showed no remorse for his
It is also proper to compare this case to those where the death sentence was found proportionate. McCollum, 334 N.C. at 244, 433 S.E.2d at 164. Although we have repeatedly stated that we review all of the cases in the pool when engaging in our statutory duty, it is worth noting again that “we will not undertake to discuss or cite all of those cases each time we carry out our duty.” Id. It suffices to say here that we conclude the present case is more similar to certain cases in which we have found the death sentence proportionate than to those in which we have found the sentence disproportionate or to those in which juries have consistently returned recommendations of life imprisonment. See, e.g., State v. Burr, 341 N.C. 263, 461 S.E.2d 602 (1995) (death sentence proportionate for murder of a four-month-old child where the jury found as the only aggravating circumstance that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 134 L. Ed. 2d 526 (1996); State v. Spruill, 338 N.C. 612, 452 S.E.2d 279 (1994) (death sentence proportionate for murder of an acquaintance where the jury found as the only aggravating circumstance that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cmel), cert. denied, - U.S. —, 133 L. Ed. 2d 63 (1995); State v. Syriani, 333 N.C. 350, 428 S.E.2d 118 (death sentence proportionate for murder where the jury found as the only aggravating circumstance that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel and where defendant was convicted solely under the theory of premeditation and deliberation); State v. Huffstetler, 312 N.C. 92, 322 S.E.2d 110 (1984) (death sentence proportionate for murder of elderly female where the jury found as the only aggravating circumstance that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1009, 85 L. Ed. 2d 169 (1985).
After comparing this case to other roughly similar cases as to the crime and the defendant, we conclude that this case has the characteristics of first-degree murders for which we have previously upheld the death penalty as proportionate. Accordingly, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that the death sentence is excessive or disproportionate. Therefore, the judgment of the trial court must be and is left undisturbed.
NO ERROR.