31 Mont. 365 | Mont. | 1904
Lead Opinion
prepared the following’ opinion for the court:
Defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree. A motion in arrest of judgment was interposed and overruled. Defendant then moved for a new trial. This motion was also
1. The information states generally that the crime was committed in Missoula county, but contains no other allegations of venue. The defendant contends that inasmuch as the court takes judicial notice of the fact that Fort Missoula military reservation is situated within Missoula county (Section 3150, Code of Civil Procedure), and that the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction of the trial of this offense if committed thereon (Section 40 et seq., Political Code; Section 1, Art. II, Constitution of Montana), the information should contain some averment that the crime, though committed within the county, was not committed on this reservation. This question as to the sufficiency of the information, and the further claim of defendant that the court erred in overruling his motion in arrest of judgment, and the further claim that the court erred in receiving evidence on the hearing of the motion in arrest of judgment, will be considered together.
(a) District courts are courts of general jurisdiction. The counties constituting each district are designated by legislative enactment. In this enactment no exception is made of reservations. The form-of information given in Section 1833 of the Penal Code contains no allegation relating to venue, except the general statement that the offense was committed within tic county. Section 1841, Penal Code, specifies what must be alleged in an information. That relating to venue is contained in Subdivision 4, which reads: “That the offense was committed at some place within the jurisdiction of the court, except where the act, though done without the local jurisdiction of the county, is triable therein.” Criminal actions must be tried in the county where the offense was committed (Section 16, Art. Ill, Constitution of Montana) ; and when “an offense is committed in part in one county and in part in another,” or “on the boundary of two or more counties,” the jurisdiction is in either county. (Sections 1564, 1565, Penal Code.) The exception named in Subdivision 4 of Section 1841, supra, un
It is true, the court may take judicial notice that this military reservation is situated within Missoula county, and that the state court has no jurisdiction of this offense, if committed thereon; yet the jurisdiction of the federal courts being exceptional, and that of state courts general, it is not necessary, in an information, to negative the jurisdiction of the federal courts. Where a statute states in detail what must be alleged with reference to venue, such allegations need not be broader than the statute.
Practically this same question was before the Supreme Court of California in People v. Collins, 105 Cal. 504, 39 Pac. 16, where the court, said: “The jurisdiction of the state being general, and that of the United States exceptional, it is not necessary to negative, in an indictment or information in the state courts, the jurisdiction of the federal courts. It is like an exception in an act creating or defining a public offense, in which ease it is held that, if the exception is not necessary to the description of the offense, it nefed not be alleged or negatived, but is matter of defense simply.”
In Territory v. Burns, 6 Mont. 72, 9 Pac. 432, this court said: “When an exception is stated in the statute, it is not necessary to negative such exception, unless it is a constituent part of the definition of the offense.”
This same question relative to the error complained of was passed upon in State v. Spotted Hawk, 22 Mont. 33, 55 Pac. 1026, where the court said: “The information is in conformity with the statute. The district court has general jurisdiction of all offenses committed within the limits of the county where it sits. The allegation quoted supra is surplusage. If the defendant should be charged with a crime committed out of the court’s jurisdiction, this is a matter to be taken advantage of at the trial. The authorities cited by counsel in the brief have reference to courts of limited jurisdiction, and have no application.” We find no reason for disturbing the decision in the Spotted
(b) A motion in arrest of judgment must be founded on some defect in the information (Section 2200, Penal Code) mentioned in Section 1922 of the Penal Code. One of the defects mentioned in this latter section is where it appears that the court has no jurisdiction of the offense charged therein. The only error complained of here is lack of jurisdiction, and in this the contention of defendant is not sustained. Whether the failure to demur was a waiver, within the meaning of the decision in State v. Mahoney, 24 Mont. 281, 61 Pac. 647, is immaterial. The motion was properly overruled.
(c) At the hearing on the motion in arrest of judgment the attention of the court was called to certain matters relating to the situs of Port Missoula military reservation, to which reference had not been made at the trial of the case, and these matters were inserted in the record. Extrinsic evidence cannot be received at the hearing on a motion in arrest of judgment. (People v. Johnson, 71 Cal. 384, 12 Pac. 261; Commonwealth v. Brown, 150 Mass. 334, 23 N. E. 98; King v. State, 91 Tenn. 617, 20 S. W. 169; State v. Creight, 2 Am. Dec. 656.)
It is claimed by respondent that the matters to which the attention of the court was directed were only such as could be noticed judicially. However this may be, the information not being open to any objection made, and none of these matters being used or inserted in the record until after verdict, the defendant was not in any manner prejudiced; and the questions raised on the motion have here been examined and considered irrespective of any extrinsic matter.
2. The question of jurisdiction is again urged on the motion-for a new trial, the defendant maintaining that the evidence shows that the offense was committed on the Port Missoula military reservation. The evidence shows that both the defendant and the deceased were soldiers stationed at Port Missoula, and that the homicide was committed on October 18, 1903, on Sec. 36, Twp. 13 N., R. 20 W., on the sentry beat just back of the
The Oonstitution of the United States reserves authority in congress to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over military reserves. Section 8, Article I, in part provides: “To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsover, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over- all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and other needful buildings.” With reference to the term “exclusive legislation,” as used in the Constitution, Justice Story, in United States v. Cornell, 2 Mason, 60, Fed. Cas. No. 14,867, says: “The Constitution of the United States declares that congress shall have power to exercise 'exclusive legislation in all 'cases whatsoever’ over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and* other needful buildings. When, therefore, a purchase of laud for any of these purposes is made by the national government, and the state legislature has given its consent to the purchase, the land so purchased, by the very terms of the Oonstitution, ipso facto falls within the exclusive legislation of congress, and the state jurisdiction is completely ousted.
On the admission of Montana into the Union, sections 16 and 36 in each township not reserved were granted to the state as school lands. That part of the Act of Congress relating thereto (Act February 22, 1889, c. 180) is as follows: “That upon the admission of each of said states [Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana], sections 16 and 36 in every township of said proposed states, where such sections or any part thereof have been sold or otherwise disposed of by or under the authority of any act of congress, or other lands equivalent thereto, in legal subdivisions of not less than a quarter section, and as contiguous as may be to the section in lieu of which the same is taken, are granted to said state for the support of common schools, such indemnity lands to be selected within said states, in such manner as the legislature may provide, with the approval of the secretary of the interior. Provided, that the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections embraced in permanent reserves for national purposes shall not at any time be subject to the grant, nor to the indemnity provisions of this act, nor shall any land embraced in Indian, military'or other reserves of any character be subject to the grants or indemnity provisions of this act, until the reserve shall have been exhausted, and such lands be restored to and become a part of the public domain.” (Enabling Act (Political Code, p. Ixvii) 25 U. S. Stat. 679, Sec. 10.) By the act of admission the United States transferred to the state full authority to exercise complete sovereignty in the enforcement of state law over all lands and places not reserved, though the United States retained their proprietary interest in all lands not granted or sold. Montana was admitted into the Union upon “an equal footing in all respects with the original states.” Sovereignty once vested in the state remains there, unless by some act pn the part of the state it reverts to the general government. (U. S. v. Stahl, Woolw. 192, Fed. Cas. No. 16,373; Draper v. U. S., 164 U. S. 240, 17 Sup. Ct. 107, 41 L. Ed. 419.)
In United States v. San Francisco Bridge Co., (D. C.) 88 Fed. 891, the court, in considering a question of jurisdiction, after quoting that part of the United States Constitution referred to above, said: “It is not alleged in the information, nor does the fact otherwise appear, that the land upon which the new San Francisco postoiB.ee is being constructed was purchased by the United States with the consent of the state, or that political jurisdiction over the same has been otherwise ceded to the United States by the state. Upon this state of facts, it must be held that the state of California retains complete and exclusive political jurisdiction over such land; and, this being so, there can be no question that persons who commit murder, or any other offense denounced by its laws, would be subject to trial and punishment by the courts of the state. 2 Story, Const. par. 1227; People v. Godfrey, 17 Johns. 225; Ex parte Sloan, 4 Sawy. 330, Fed. Cas. No. 12,944; U. S. v. Stahl, Woolw. 192, Fed. Cas. No. 16,373; U. S. v. Ward, Woolw. 17, Fed. Cas. No. 16,639; U. S. v. Cornell, 2 Mason, 60, Fed. Cas. No. 14,867. In the case last cited it was said by Mr. Justice Story: Hut although the United States may well purchase and hold lands
The question in the case at bar is not whether the general government regained sovereignty, but whether it in fact ever parted with its original sovereignty. Section 1, Article II, of the Constitution of Montana, and Section 41 of the Political Code of Montana, provide: “Authority is hereby granted to and acknowledged in the United States- to exercise exclusive legislation as provided by the Constitution of the United States over the military reserves of Port Assinaboine, Port Keogh, Port Maginnis, Port Missoula and Port Shaw, as now established by law, so long as said places remain military reserves to the same extent and same effect as if said reservation had been purchased by the United States by consent of the legislative assembly of the state of Montana.” The Constitution of Montana thus acknowledges absolute sovereignty in the United States over the places named or referred to in the section of that instrument just quoted, but the state of Montana has, through its legislative assembly, gone further, and recognized absolute authority in the general government over all places subsequently acquired and used by the government for any of the purposes named in the Constitution of the United States. (Sections 42, 43, Political Code of Montana.) Said Section 42 consents to the purchase or condemnation by the United States of any land within the state for the purpose of erecting forts, magazines, arsenals, courthouses, postoffices and other needful buildings, and the only condition attached to this consent is that process of the state may be served in any of such places. Said Section 43 provides, in substance, that the state gives its consent to the purchase, and exclusive jurisdiction is ceded to the United States over and with respect to any lands within the limits of the state which shall be acquired by the United States for any of the purposes described in Article I, Section 8, paragraph 17, of the
Under these provisions of the Political Code the state consents to the purchase, condemnation or acquisition of lands by the United States. "Where, however, the United States still retains its original ownership of the land, it is apparent that neither purchase, condemnation nor acquisition is necessary, but that actual occupation for any purpose indicated in these sections stands in lieu thereof. Mere occupancy of government land by the military for any purpose not indicated in the law or the Constitution would not of itself be sufficient to divest the state of the sovereignty granted to it by Congress, nor does the right reserved to serve state process on these reservations infringe on the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.
In United States v. Meagher, (C. C.) 37 Fed. 875, the court says: “The state, in the instrument of cession, merely reserves the right to serve process upon persons within the ceded land who may have committed offenses elsewhere, and I do not understand that its purpose is to reserve a concurrent jurisdiction over the territory ceded.”
. The same doctrine is held in United States v. Cornell, 2 Mason, 60, Fed. Cas. No. 14,867; and in Fort Leavenworth Railroad Co. v. Lowe, 114 U. S. 525, 5 Sup. Ct. 995, 29 L. Ed. 264, this language is used: “The reservation which has usually accompanied the consent of the states that civil and criminal process of the state courts may be served in the places purchased is not considered as interfering in any respect with the supremacy of the United States Oyer them, but is admitted to prevent them from becoming an asylum for fugitives from justice.”
That the state courts have no jurisdiction over this homicide, if committed on a military reservation, is well established. (Const. U. S. supra; U. S. v. Cornell, supra; U. S. v. Clark,
Congress expressly provided for the punishment of murder and manslaughter committed in such places (Rev. St. U. S. Sec. 5339 et seq. [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3627]), and has conferred exclusive jurisdiction upon the federal courts (Rev. St. U. S. Sec. 629 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 503]). State v. Kelly, above.
A different rule applies with reference to the jurisdiction of state courts of offenses committed on Indian reservations than that which obtains with reference to military reservations. Indian reservations are not specifically enumerated or named in the Constitution of the United States above referred to, wherein the Congress retains absolute jurisdiction Over certain lands and places, and the federal courts have repeatedly held “that where a state was admitted into the Union, and the enabling act contained no exclusion of jurisdiction as to crimes committed on an Indian reservation by others, than Indians or against Indians, the state courts were vested with jurisdiction to try and punish such crimes.” (U. S. v. McBratney, 104 U. S. 621, 26 L. Ed. 869; Draper v. U. S. 164 U. S. 240, 17 Sup. Ct. 107, 41 L. Ed. 419, and cases there cited.)
The Act of Congress granting sections 16 and 36 in each township to the state makes three classes of reservations: (1) Land not sold or otherwise disposed of; (2) lands embraced in permanent reservations for national purposes; (3) lands embraced in Indian, military and other reservations of any character. By the Act of Congress of May 26,1864, c. 95, Sec. 14, 13 Stat. 91 (Section 1946, Rev. St. U. S.), sections numbered 16 and 36 in each township of the territory of Montana and other territories “shall be reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in the several territories herein named, and in the states and territories hereafter to be erected out of the same.”
In United States v. Bisel, 8 Mont. 20, 19 Pac. 251, the court, in referring to this Act, said: “While pections 16 and 36 were
Whether this Act of Congress was a mere general reservation, or was in effect a grant irrevocable without the consent of the people of the territory, as the decision in Minnesota v. Batchelder, 1 Wall. 109, 17 L. Ed. 551, was construed in the argument of counsel in the Bisel Case, is immaterial, for “the title to them and the dominion and control over them remain in the government of the United States,” and this former Act of Congress was superseded by the subsequent Act (Montana Enabling Act), and the acceptance of statehood by the people under that Act. Moreover, the record before us practically concedes that the title to this land was in the United States at the time of the admission of the territory, and that it is still there, unless it vested in the state under and by virtue of the granting part of the Act providing for admission. This Act vests title in the state unless the lands come wdthin the exception named. It is apparent, therefore, that the United States granted both title and sovereignty to the state, or it granted neither, for, if the land was a part of the military reservation at the time that the grant took effect, so that the title to the same did not pass, the sovereignty remains in the United States so long as such condition continues, for the congress reserves exclusive jurisdiction over military reservations. Under the terms of the grant, no land embraced in a reservation of any kind is subject thereto “until the reserve shall have been extinguished, and such land be restored to and become a part of the public domain.”
Neither the term “public domain” nor “public lands” has ever been given a statutory definition. In various Acts of Congress and in the decisions of courts these terms have been used as including (1) all lands owned by the United States, whether surveyed or unsurveyed, reserved or unreserved; (2) all lands
It is very apparent that the first of these definitions cannot apply to the term “public domain” as used in this Act of Congress, for land cannot be restored to the public domain if it is already a part of it. The term must therefore have reference to lands in which the public may acquire a right as lands under the jurisdiction of the land department, governed by the general laws. The use of the term “public lands” in a subsequent section would seem to sustain this construction. Section 19 of the Enabling Act (25 Stat. 682, c. 180) reads: “All lands granted in quantity or as indemnity hy this Act shall be selected, under the direction of the secretary of the interior, from the surveyed, unreserved and unappropriated public lands of the United States within the limits of the respective states entitled thereto. And there shall be deducted from the number of acres of land donated by this Act for specific objects to said states the number of acres in each heretofore donated hy Congress to said territories for similar objects.”
Land rightfully occupied cannot he classed as unappropriated public land so long as such occupation continues. The United States had the undoubted right to appropriate and occupy this land prior to the enactment of this law, and at the time of such enactment, and the fact that the United States is the granting party does not divest them of this authority and right. This
A fourth limitation is by this Section 19 placed upon this grant, by enjoining upon the secretary of the interior the duty of making the selection “from surveyed, unreserved and unappropriated public land.” It appears from the record that this particular land in question was surveyed- at the time of the passage of the Enabling Act, so that the floating character of these grants, until surveyed, is not an element here for consideration. The term “unappropriated” is not given a specific definition in the Act itself, and the reference of this selection to the interior, department without such definition makes important the rules and decisions of that department as to when lands are there considered appropriated.
Mather et al. v. Hackley's Heirs, on review before the secretary of the interior, 19 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 48, is a case in point. In that case it appears that in 1824, in obedience to instructions from the war department, a certain piece of land was occupied by United States troops in cantonment, and that the land thus occupied was used until 1830, when it was formally reserved by executive order, but prior to this executive order, and in 1824, B,. J. Hackley, who was then in possession of a part of the land, was ejected therefrom by the military. In 1826 Congress enacted a law confirming in all settlers upon lands in that locality prior to January 1, 1825, the right to purchase the land whereon they resided, etc. (Act April 22, 1826, c. 28, 4 Stat. 154.) It is claimed that Hackley, having settled upon this land prior to January 1, 1825, had the right to purchase the same, and that this right descended to his heirs. Secretary Smith, in deciding the question, says, in part: “In support of his position, counsel cites the case of Johnson v. United States, 2 Ct. Cl. 391. Johnson’s claim was based upon what was known as the ‘Oregon Donation Act,’ and, as required by that Act, he had
The principle announced in the first quotation from the Wilcox Gase, above, is sustained in Wolsey v. Chapman, 101 U. S. 755, 25 L. Ed. 915. It is further held in the Jlaclclcy Gasa that the ejectment of Hackley from his claim was itself an appropriation thereof by the military.
In the case of James H. T. By man, on appeal to the secretary of the interior, 9 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 600, it was held, “While the war department assumes and exercises for military purposes full control over the land in question, and the military, under order of the said department, holds actual possession of it, this
In the ease of Wilson Davis, 5 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 376, it is held that although a reservation for a cantonment was not in effect declared by the president, yet the actual occupation of the land by the military authorities for the purpose of a cantonment had the effect of segregating the land from-the public domain, and that such cantonment should be considered a military reservation.
It is apparent from these rules and decisions that the secretary of the interior, in making the selection required by the Enabling Act, would not regard land as unappropriated which was then “occupied by United States troops in cantonment.” It is a fair construction of this congressional enactment, that it was not the intention that either title to, or sovereignty over, lands actually occupied and used as a part of a permanent military reservation should pass to the state so long as such occupancy and pse was continued.
The general propositions herein discussed were considered to some extent in Territory v. Burgess, 8 Mont. 57, 19 Pac. 558, 1 L. R. A. 808, but that case was determined while Montana was still a territory, and the decision there rendered is not applicable, except in a general way, to the construction of subsequent legislative or congressional enactments or constitutional provisions; and the question there, so far as it related to jurisdiction, was rather a question between two federal courts, than one between a federal court and a state court.
Under the provisions of Section 3150, Code of Civil Procedure, the court takes judicial notice of the executive orders creating Eort Missoula reservation. These orders are dated February 19, 1877, and August 5, 1878. In neither of them is Section 36 mentioned or referred to, but the reservation thereby created is located on other and adjoining lands. If, therefore, Section 36 is a part of Fort Missoula reservation it is made so by being reserved from the operations of the grant in such manner as to prevent title passing to the state, under the Act
Prom facts admitted by the respondent, and from matters inserted in the record by the respondent, which it is claimed the court may take judicial notice of, it appears that the buildings of Post Port Missoula were originally — probably through error —erected on the east half of section 36, instead of on the land described in the executive order creating the reservation; that the attention of the secretary of war was called to this fact in August,- 1878, and that'the general of the army issued orders to the post commander of Port Missoula to prevent any encroachments upon this land; that the secretary of war repeatedly communicated to Congress the facts relative to the location of these buildings, the last of such communications being in 1889; that these buildings were used for the purposes for which they were erected from 1878 until 1889, with the knowledge and consent of the secretary of war, and under orders from the commanding general of the army to prevent any encroachments on this land. It appears from these facts that this particular land in question was in the actual occupation of the military; that the buildings used by the post were on this land; and it is admitted in the evidence that on the day this homicide was committed, in 1903, these buildings and this land were used for this same purpose.
Subdivision 32, Section 3266, Code of Civil Procedure, relating to s satisfactory and disputable presumptions,•• says “that a thing once proved to exist continues so long as is usual for things of that nature.” And it appears that this is a permanent military reservation.
Under the decisions of the interior department above quoted, this land, on abandonment by the military, would be restored to the public lands, but there is no evidence in this record that there ever was any abandonment, by nonuser or otherwise, of this particular piece of land; and, in the absence of such evi
In the consideration of this question of jurisdiction, the Act of Congress approved March 19, 190-1, c. 718, 33 Stat. 113, has not been overlooked. By the terms of that Act the secretary of war is authorized to accept from citizens of Missoula, Montana,’ deeds donating to the United States lands for the enlargement of the Fort Missoula military reservation. These lands so donated, as referred to in the act, embrace a part of the east half of this section 36. The United States has the lawful right to quiet title to land without litigation. Furthermore, by the decision in the Bisel Gase, above referred to, no part of section 36 has been open to private entry or settlement since the passage of the Act of 1861; and it further appears that this land has been in the actual possession and occupation of the military since 1878, and that the Act providing for the admission of Montana was not passed until February 22, 1889, 25 Stat. 676, c. 180. It is not apparent, therefore, how these deeds could in any wise affect the question of jurisdiction involved in this case..
3. During the argument of the case the county attorney made certain statements as to what, in his opinion, the evidence showed. Objection was made to this line of argument, when the court said that the county attorney, in arguing the case, Had a right to state his theory of the case, and of what the evidence showed or tended to show, as a matter of argument, and the court saw no impropriety in what the county attorney had said so far, but that the jury should understand that what he had said in this respect was said as argument, not as a statement of fact. No exception was taken, and no further argument was made along this line. The defendant contends that these remarks of the court were prejudicial. They are, however, in effect, nothing more than an overruling of defendant’s objec
This does not in any manner conflict with tbe decision of tbe court in tbe very recent case of State v. Harness, (Idaho) 76 Pac. 788.
4. It is contended by appellant that tbe evidence is insufficient to sustain a verdict of murder in tbe first degree. Inasmuch, however, as tbe judgment and order appealed from are reversed for other reasons, we do not at this time enter into any discussion as to tbe sufficiency of tbe evidence.
We think tbe judgment and order should be reversed, and tbe cause remanded.
Per Curiam. — For tbe reasons stated in tbe foregoing opinion, tbe judgment and order are reversed, and tbe cause remanded.
Dissenting Opinion
: I dissent. I do not agree with what is said in tbe opinion as to tbe jurisdiction of tbe district court. I believe it has jurisdiction.
