265 S.E.2d 662 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1980
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Sequoyah E. TRUEBLOOD.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*663 Atty. Gen., Rufus L. Edmisten by Associate Atty. Gen., Kucharski, Raleigh, for the State.
Coolidge, Clarke, Hutchens & Waple by Mark L. Waple, and Barfield & Canders by K. Douglas Barfield, Fayetteville, for defendant-appellant.
PARKER, Judge.
Defendant's sole contention is that the court erred in denying his pretrial motion to suppress evidence which he contends was obtained as a result of violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1385, known as the Posse Comitatus Act. "A short answer to this contention is that a violation of the Act would not call for invocation of the exclusionary rule." State v. Nelson, 298 N.C. 573, 585, 260 S.E.2d 629, 639 (1979). Thus, even if a violation of the Act had occurred in this case, there would have been no error in the court's denial of defendant's motion to suppress. We find, in any event, that no violation of the Posse Comitatus Act occurred in this case.
The Posse Comitatus Act reads as follows:
18 U.S.C. § 1385. Use of Army and Air Force as posse comitatus
Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.
Discussing this Act, our Supreme Court said:
The legislative purpose of the Posse Comitatus Act is to preclude the direct active use of federal troops in aid of execution of civilian laws. Gillars v. United States, 182 F.2d 962 (D.C.Cir.1950); United States v. Red Feather, 392 F. Supp. 916 (D.S.D.1975). Passive activities of military authorities which incidentally aid civilian law enforcement are not precluded. United States v. Red Feather, supra. "[T]he statute is limited to deliberate use of armed force for the primary purpose of executing civilian laws more effectively than possible through civilian law enforcement channels, and . . . those situations where an act performed primarily for the purpose of insuring the accomplishment of the mission of the armed forces incidentally enhances the enforcement of civilian law do not violate the statute." Furman, Restrictions Upon Use of the Army Imposed by the Posse Comitatus Act, 7 Mil.L.Rev. 85, 128 (1960).
State v. Nelson, supra at 585, 260 S.E.2d at 639.
In this case Judge Braswell, after hearing evidence presented on defendant's motion to suppress, entered an order making findings of fact, to which no exception has been taken, which may be summarized as follows:
In January 1979 S.B.I. Agent Wolak talked with an agent of the Criminal Investigation Division of the U. S. Army at Fort Bragg concerning any army officer whose name was thought to be Truelove or Trueblood and who was thought to be involved in illicit drugs both on and off the base. At that time defendant was a Major in the army stationed at Fort Bragg. The C.I.D. Agent with whom Wolak talked sought advice from the Staff Judge Advocate at Fort Bragg concerning the Posse Comitatus Act. He was advised he could go with the S.B.I. Agent off post but could only observe the civilian investigation, and that if the agents *664 came on post, the C.I.D. Agent should then assume charge of the investigation. S.B.I. Agent Wolak did conduct surveillances of defendant in January, February, and early March 1979. During these surveillances the C.I.D. Agent rode as a passenger in the Wolak vehicle. He was not in uniform, had no weapon, took no pictures, conducted no interviews, took no statements, and did not coordinate what was happening off post with anyone at Fort Bragg. On perhaps two occasions he did go get food for both agents to eat, he did listen to debriefing of an undercover agent and later made notes for his own command, and he did furnish Wolak background information on defendant, such as his name, number, and unit. The Staff Judge Advocate furnished access to a photograph of defendant.
On 26 January 1979 an undercover agent with the S.B.I. had a transaction with defendant on the Fort Bragg reservation in which he paid defendant $3000.00 from State funds for cocaine to be delivered on 29 January. On 29 January this agent paid defendant $1200.00 for marijuana which defendant had delivered to him on 26 January. This $1200.00 for marijuana was furnished by the C.I.D. from Army funds.
Defendant was arrested on 6 March 1979 at Spring Lake, N.C. by S.B.I. Agent Wolak. Immediately after the arrest he was taken to the residence of one Im Suk Dawson, a friend of the defendant, at Spring Lake, where a search warrant was executed. The C.I.D. Agent went to the Dawson residence, identified himself to the defendant, but did not participate in the search and did not then have defendant in his custody. After the civilian authorities took defendant to the Cumberland County Law Enforcement Center, the C.I.D. Agent did take defendant to defendant's room in the B.O.Q. at Fort Bragg to obtain his personal clothing. Once there, the C.I.D. Agent asked for and obtained defendant's consent to search his room.
These factual findings fully support Judge Braswell's conclusion that there was no violation of the Posse Comitatus Act in this case. The defendant, an officer in the United States Army, was subject to military discipline and control. His illicit drug dealings were of direct concern to the agents of the Army Criminal Investigation Division in performing their own duties. Such part as the C.I.D. Agent or other army personnel played in connection with the civilian investigation into defendant's violations of State laws was at all times passive. There was here no use of "any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws" in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1385.
In defendant's trial and in the judgments entered against him we find
No Error.
MORRIS, C. J., and WELLS, J., concur.
