{1} We consider in this appeal whether driving under the influence (DWI) (first offense), in violation of NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-102(E) (2005) (amended 2010), and reckless driving, in violation of NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-113 (1987), have an applicable statute of limitations of one, two, or three years. We conclude that the applicable statute of limitations for both crimes is one year. We therefore affirm the district court order remanding to the metropolitan court for dismissal of the charges against Defendant with prejudice.
BACKGROUND
{2} Defendant Javier Trevizo was arrested and charged with DWI (first offense), reckless driving, and other violations of the Motor Vehicle Code, NMSA 1978, Sections 66-1-1 to -8-141 (1978, as amended through 2010), that are not relevant to this appeal. Defendant’s arrest occurred on October 13, 2005. A criminal complaint was filed against Defendant in metropolitan court on April 12, 2007. The time between Defendant’s arrest and the filing of the criminal complaint was one day short of eighteen months.
{3} Defendant moved to dismiss, arguing that the charges were barred because the complaint was filed outside the applicable limitations period. The metropolitan court denied Defendant’s motion, concluding that a two-year statute of limitations applied and, therefore, the charges against Defendant were not time-barred. Defendant was subsequently convicted of DWI (first offense) and reckless driving. He appealed his convictions to the district court.
{4} The district court reversed the metropolitan court’s decision and remanded for the charges against Defendant to be dismissed with prejudice. The district court concluded that DWI (first offense) and reckless driving were petty misdemeanors and subject to a one-year statute of limitations. The State appeals.
APPLICABLE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
{5} This Court must determine whether a one, two, or three-year statute of limitations
C. for a misdemeanor, within two years from the time the crime was committed;
D. for a petty misdemeanor, within one year from the time the crime was committed;
G. for any crime not contained in the Criminal Code or where a limitation is not otherwise provided for, within three years from the time the crime was committed!.] 1
{6} The State contends that the Legislature has designated all violations of the Motor Vehicle Code to be misdemeanors unless otherwise designated as a felony and, thus, a two-year statute of limitations applies. Alternatively, the State argues that because the crimes of DWI and reckless driving are found outside of the Criminal Code, the three-year statute of limitations provided for in Subsection (G) applies. Defendant contends that both DWI (first offense) and reckless driving are petty misdemeanors pursuant to NMSA 1978, Section 30-1-6(0 (1963) and, thus, the limitations period is only one year.
{7} The limitations provisions relied on by the parties are statutory in nature. “Statutory interpretation is an issue of law, which we review de novo.” State v. Duhon,
{8} In Robinson v. Short,
{10} Furthermore, to the extent the State contends that Robinson is no longer good law, we disagree. The State points out that, following the Supreme Court’s decision in Robinson, the Legislature amended Section 30-1-8 and included a section providing that violations of Section 51-1-38 are subject to a three-year statute of limitations. We agree that this amendment indicated a legislative intent contrary to what our Supreme Court had determined to have been the legislative intent in Robinson. See Robinson,
{11} Moreover, to interpret Section 30-1-8(G) as the State suggests would result in a three-year statute of limitations for all violations of the Motor Vehicle Code. A three-year statute of limitations would therefore apply not only to DWI (first offense) and reckless driving, but to speeding violations, parking violations, failure to signal, following too closely, and other traffic violations. See NMSA 1978, § 66-7-301 (2002); NMSA 1978, § 66-7-352 (1978); NMSA 1978, § 66-7-325 (1978); NMSA 1978, § 66-7-318 (1978). Thus, crimes generally subject to penalty assessments in the Motor Vehicle Code would have a statute of limitations longer than all crimes other than felonies. See generally § 30-l-8(C), (D). We do not believe that the Legislature intended such a result. For these reasons, we reject the State’s argument that a three-year statute of limitations should apply to all violations of the Motor Vehicle Code.
{12} We now turn to the State’s argument that a two-year statute of limitations should apply to DWI (first offense) and reckless driving. The State relies on Section 30-1-6, which provides:
B. A crime is a misdemeanor if it is so designated by law or if upon conviction thereof a sentence of imprisonment in excess of six months but less than one year is authorized.
C. A crime is a petty misdemeanor if it is so designated by law or if upon conviction thereof a sentence of imprisonment for six months or less is authorized.
{13} The State contends that Section 66-8-7(A) designates all violations of the Motor Vehicle Code as misdemeanors “unless the violation is declared a felony.” Section 66-8-7(A) provides that “[i]t is a misdemeanor for any person to violate any provision of the Motor Vehicle Code [Section 66-1-1] unless the violation is declared a felony.” The State argues that, in selecting between these two means of defining a misdemeanor or petty misdemeanor, the Legislature’s designation of violations of the Motor Vehicle Code as misdemeanors takes precedence over the authorized punishment for the violation. The
{14} We disagree with the State that, if this Court were to rely on the Legislature’s designation of violations of the Motor Vehicle Code as “misdemeanors” in Section 66-8-7(A), our inquiry would be complete. Misdemeanor is defined as “[a] crime that is less serious than a felony and is usually punishable by fine, penalty, forfeiture, or confinement ... in a place other than prison.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1089 (9th ed. 2009) (emphasis added). Based on this definition, a misdemeanor would encompass any crime that was not a felony, including petty misdemeanors. We read the Legislature’s use of “misdemeanor” in Section 66-8-7 as merely making this distinction and not as precluding treatment of violations of the Motor Vehicle Code as petty misdemeanors. Cf. Incorporated Cnty. of Los Alamos v. Johnson,
{15} Section 66-8-7(B) provides further support for our interpretation of these provisions:
Unless another penalty is specified in the Motor Vehicle Code, every person convicted of a misdemeanor for violation of any provision of the Motor Vehicle Code shall be punished by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars ($300) or by imprisonment for not more than ninety days or both.
The Legislature has therefore set the penalty for violations of the Motor Vehicle Code to be consistent with the classification of petty misdemeanors found in the Criminal Code. See § 30-l-6(C) (“A crime is a petty misdemean- or if it is so designated by law or if upon conviction thereof a sentence of imprisonment for six months or less is authorized.”).
{16} To the extent the State argues that there are “persuasive policy considerations based on which the Legislature could rationally treat the particular offenses of DWI and reckless driving as more serious than petty misdemeanors[,]” we agree. However, it does not appear that the Legislature has chosen to do so with respect to DWI (first offense) and reckless driving. Instead, the punishment designated by the Legislature for reckless driving and DWI (first offense) indicates the legislative intent to treat these crimes as petty misdemeanors. See § 66-8-113(B); § 66-8-102(E); cf Lewis v. United States,
{17} The State also relies on City of Santa Fe v. Martinez,
the original purpose of the [misdemeanor arrest] rule was to minimize the harm historically associated with lengthy custodial detentions for minor crimes. Ochoa,2008-NMSC-023 , It 12 [143 N.M. 749 ,182 P.3d 130 ] [ (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)]. Although the continued viability of the misdemeanor arrest rule has been questioned generally, see Cave v. Cooley,48 N.M. 478 , 483-84,152 P.2d 886 , 890 (1944), we conclude that DWI investigations, in particular, fall outside the original purpose of the rule.
{18} The case before us, involves a criminal statute of limitations imposed by the Legislature. Criminal statutes of limitation “are to be liberally construed in favor of a defendant because their purpose ‘is to limit exposure to criminal prosecution to a certain fixed period of time following the occurrence of those acts the [Legislature has decided to punish by criminal sanctions.’ ” State v. Kerby,
{19} If the State is correct and the Legislature intended to treat these crimes more seriously by providing for a longer limitations period, the Legislature may explicitly do so by providing a specific limitation period for these crimes in Section 30-1-8 as it did following our Supreme Court’s decision in Robinson. However, based on the current legislation, we conclude that the Legislature intended for these crimes to be treated as petty misdemeanors. We further conclude that, pursuant to Section 30-l-8(D), a one-year statute of limitations applies. CONCLUSION
{20}, We affirm the district court and remand to the metropolitan court to dismiss the charges with prejudice.
{21} IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. The Legislature’s 2009 amendment to Section 30-1-8 added a provision providing a statute of limitations of five years for identity theft once discovered. The amendment did not change the substance of Section 30-l-8(G), but the numbering for the statute changed. The provision is now codified as Section 30-l-8(H). We refer to the provision herein as Section 30-l-8(G).
. At the time Robinson was decided, the three-year statute of limitations for crimes outside of the Criminal Code was codified as Section 30-1-8(F). We note that the language in Section 30-1-8(G) is the same as when the Court decided Robinson. To avoid confusion, we continue to refer to this provision as Section 30-l-8(G) in the text of the opinion.