The evidence of the State tended to show that the respondent knocked down one Gruyette on the street late in the evening, and took from his person a pocket-book containing two five dollar bills and a one dollar bill. The respondent claimed and testified that G-uyette’s pocket-book was snatched from his hand by one Finneran, who came up while the respondent and Guyette were together on the street. In support of this defense the respondent offered to show that on the night of the robbery and after its commission, while he and Finneran were together at the house of one Ploof, Finneran attempted to steal from the respondent’s pocket. This was properly excluded. There was no legitimate evidentiary connection between the subsequent act and the one which the respondent sought to establish. The subsequent act could have no effect in fastening the robbery upon Finneran except as showing that he was morally capable of it. Proof of this nature is inadmissible. State v. Kelley, 65 Vt. 531.
The respondent offered to show that on the evening in question and prior to the robbery Finneran tried to borrow ten cents to get shaved with and, in a separate offer, at what stage of the evidence and by what witness does not appear, that on the same evening and subsequent to the robbery he hada considerable sum of money, including a five dollar bill. It is probable that an offer embracing both these matters would have been admissible. But neither the want of money before the robbery, nor the possession of it afterwards, standing alone, was material. The probative effect results from a combination of the two. The rule requires that when two facts are dependent upon each other for their
So the correctness of the second ruling is to be determined by what was contained in the offer then presented, and it is true that this was an offer to show that Finneran had no money before the robbery and that he did have after it. But in this offer, the fact that Finneran had no money before the robbery was to be shown by his declarations that; he had none. This vitiated the entire offer. The declarations of a third person, tending to show that he- committed the crime for which the respondent is being tried, are not admissible. 1 Best Ev.*118; State v. Marsh, 70 Vt. 288.
The respondent also offered to show that in displaying money after the robbery, Finneran said that he had “ touched ” a man on the street for it, and that he had taken it from a “ certain person.’’ This offer was inadmissible for the reasons before stated. But if the fact of Finneran’s having money after the robbery had been made admissible by a proper offer, the declarations offered would not have been admissible. The respondent claims that inasmuch as they accompanied the production of the money they were admissible as a part of the res gestae. It is argued that the production of the money was inseparable from its possession, and that statements characterizing possession are always admissible. But these declarations did not characterize the possession otherwise than by stating its origin, and in giving the origin of the possession they were merely the recitals of a past
The exception to the failure to charge further upon the subject of good character is not sustained. The treatment of the matter was not of the nature considered objectionable in State v. Daley, 53 Vt. 442. It was proper to refer to the fact that those who testified to the respondent’s character had known him but a short time.
The court charged in substance that, upon all the evidence in the case, the jury must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of the respondent’s guilt. There was no special application of this doctrine to the nature of the defense. The respondent excepted to the omission to charge that it was not necessary to the respondent’s defense that the jury be convinced that Finneran committed the crime, and that their failure to believe his evidence regarding Finneran would bear only upon his credit as a witness generally, and that it would be sufficient if that evidence raised a reasonable doubt in their minds as to the respondent’s guilt. The court then charged further that it was not necessary that they should find the respondent’s evidence regarding Finneran true beyond a reasonable doubt, but that they should consider it in connection with the rest of the testimony upon the general question as to his guilt. No exception was taken to this supplemental charge. Some members of the court think the respondent was entitled to a more definite instruction as to the bearing of his testimony under the doctrine of reasonable doubt, but a majority of the court are satisfied that the jury cannothave failed to understand the application of the general rule, as previously announced, to a defense of this character. It was said in the opinion in State v. Gorham, 67 Vt. 365, that a jury must
There was certainly no error in failing to charge that a finding that the Finneran story was an invention would bear only upon the respondent’s credibility as a witness. If the story was an invention, its introduction was a circumstance tending to establish his guilt.
The respondent took other exceptions to the charge and to omissions to charge, upon which it is argued generally that the court presented the evidence and claims of the State so fully, and ignored those of the respondent to such an extent, that it in effect withdrew substantial portions of the respondent’s case from the consideration of the jury. This court recognizes the doctrine that, without erroneous statement of legal principle, there may be such a failure to adequately present the claim of a party as will require a reversal. Some members of the court are inclined to think there was such a failure in this case, but a majority of the court, upon a careful review of the exceptions and after a full comparison of views, are satisfied that there was-no error in this respect-.
J udgment that there is no error in the proceedings, cmd that the respondent take nothing by his exceptions.