— This is аn appeal following a conviction and sentence of defendant for rape. That the unfortunate victim was brutally abused and repeatedly raped by .two or more men during a period of about two hours.appears without question and is,not an issue on appeal. -Defendant- admits being present-but denies any willing participation-in the offense. ' "■ ■
The evidence was sordid, shocking and nauseating. We will omit details. ' * ’ -
At about 1 a.m. on May 21, 1963, the prosecuting witness and her steady boyfriend (Robert Christiansen) were parked in a narrow lane off the public highway. They were indulging in some rather heavy petting to the extent that the girl had1 removed her clothing. Another car pulled into the lane in front of them. Dеfendant-and two other'men, David Sexauer- and George Fox, got out of the other ear and approached the Christiansen car; Fox and Sexauer were armed with pistols. Under threat of being shot Christiansen finally unlocked the car door! The girl was pulled from the' car. She identified ‘ defendant :and‘Fox as th'e men who pulled her from the car. For about two hours and against her violent struggles she was subjected to- abuse, indignities and, after several unsuccessful attempts by her assailants, *185 was1 -raped repeatedly. Her escort, Christiansen,- was beaten, pistol-whipped and threatened with being shot: ■ ■ -
The girl identified defendant as one of the two who pulled her from the car, one' of the first to attempt intercourse,' and as holding her down “by the hair of the head” to aid Fox in' his attempts., She testified that each assailant attempted -intercourse at least three times and that each, including defendant, succeeded.
Her testimony as to the assault and the participants was corroborated by Christiansen. ■■
■ At-sometime during-the two hours defendant intervеned in behalf of the victim-ánd--tried to make Fox and'Sexauer desist from further abuse. For his efforts he too was beaten-ánd threatened: In fright he took off across the'pasture. He later ^returned ás the-parties were leaving the scene:-
When-finally’released Christiansen and-the girl drove back to the city. ’The girl put on her' clothes during the drive-back. They went first to thе radio station where Christiansen was employed and immediately called the police. The police came and took them' to the’ police ‘station.' The girl was disheveled and hysterical-. She was-examined and questioned briefly and taken to the hospital. There she was examined and treated. - -
'Intercourse was confirmed. Multiple bruises, scratch marks, lesions -and recent trauma were noted'by the doctor. She-told the doctor what happened.
Before going from' the police station to the hospital the police’called Mrs.-J. N. Ashford with whom the girl lived. Mrs. Ashford testified: ■ . ' - ■ '
“I received a call from her or in her behalf on the early morning of May 21. First I received á call from the pоlice station and said that she wanted to talk to me, then I talked to her. She told me why. ' '
■ “Q. What did' -she’ say? (Mr. Crawford: Objeéted'to as hearsay. The Court': Overruled.) A. She said that she had been raped-by three men and I said, ‘Oh, no-:’-And she said, ‘Yes, but I couldn’t help it. They held guns on me.’- -Then she broke down and -sobbéd and cried: I told her I would be right down: I went to the police station. When I got there they had taken her to the hospital. I went to the hospital, * * ’ ■ ' • " •
*186 Christiansen and the girl told the police and testified before the grand jury that they were parked on the highway and that the girl was clothed when they were first accosted. At the trial they said they did this to avoid embarrassment but told the truth at the time of trial.
From descriptions given the police, Fox, Sexauer and defendant were arrested at the Fox home within a few hours. Sexauer was asleep on the floor still wearing his gun. Fox was upstairs in bed. A few hours later, acting with a search warrant, the sheriff found a twenty-two pistol under the pillow where Fox had been sleeping. Defendant was found in another bedroom.
■ The three men were taken to jail where each was positively identified as one of the assailants by Christiansen and the girl.
Statements were taken from defendant while in jail and later offered in evidence. Defendant does not claim that the statements were involuntary. From the witness stand he testified :
“I feel the statements are true as to what they state. I do feel that they’re areas where things have been left out. * #
In his own behalf defendant called twelve character witnesses who testified as to- his good character.
He also called a clinical psychologist who had examined defendant. This witness found defendant to have an intelligence quotient of 107 and “ended up with a diagnosis from these tests of a passive, aggressive personаlity, passive, dependent type. * * * He is normal in the sense he is not psychotic, he is not out of contact with reality at all. * *
Defendant testified in his own behalf.
I. Defendant claims error in the giving of Instruction No. 19. This instruction was as follows:
“It is the law of this state that all persons concerned or engaged in the commission of a crime, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense or knowingly aid, assist or encourage the same, are deemed to be principals in any crime so committed and are to be convicted as such.
“In other words, in order for a person to be guilty of the commission of a crime, it is not necessary that he commit the crime alone and unassisted.
*187 “In this case, if yon find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the State has proven that the defendant knowingly aided, assisted or encouraged one or more other persons to commit the crime charged in the indictment, in the manner and form and at the time and place therein charged, then you should return a verdict of guilty as against the defendant.
“If, however, on a full considеration of the whole case and in the light of the law as given you in all of these instructions, when considered and construed together, you have a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant, you must acquit the defendant of the crime charged.”
Defendant claims that this instruction fails to set forth his theory of the case that he desisted and withdrew befоre the crime was committed by anyone.
It is not now claimed that the instruction as given was an incorrect statement of the law as a general proposition. In the trial court defendant excepted to the instruction as not a correct statement of the law and not defining the crime charged or the quantity of proof necessary to convict and going beyond the requirements of the statute. (Section 688.1, Code of Iowa, abrogates the distinction between an accessory before the fact and a principal.) It is now claimed that the instruction is not complete nor correct as “applicable to the facts of this case.”
The record does not disclоse that in the trial court there were any exceptions to the instruction except as we have noted. There was no request for amplification nor for an additional instruction on the theory of defendant’s withdrawal.
We find no error in this instruction. It is in accord with the statute.
The first case cited by defendant in his brief, State v. Baker,
There was a good reason for defendant’s failure to seek and the court’s failure to instruct on withdrawal. The defense was *188 not based on that theory. The question-.of withdrawal w'as not in the case. •' ■ . ’ • •: • • •
■ 'Defendant denied any, voluntary -participation .at anytime; He. denied .assisting ■ Fox. and' Sexauer in .anyway;- He -denied intercourse. He denied: any contact."with -the. girl-'except- at ¡the point of a gun.’ ■ Under- defendant’s own testimony- -there was- no theory .of. withdrawal .because he could not withdraw: from an аctivity he,.was never in. ¡Defendant denied .any.,common enterr prise,.with Fox. and Sexauer from, which he. could, withdraw. The^e was no, need for an instruction on withdrawal.. ...
The defense was based on nonparticipation-and an attempt to help the. victims. That is not the same as the theory of withdrawal .now .argued. ■■ - . • ... ,; ,, ¡
In Welton v. Stated
. “The, defendant’s,.plea was not guilty.. His, testimony amounted to a denial that the offense occurred. He presented no evidence of,an affirmative or other special defense. The assignment of error in reference to a failure of the trial court .to instruct the jury as to the -defendant’s theory of the case is without merit.” , ...
II. The incident toqk place while. the victims of the assault were parked in .a private, lane off the public highway! At the time the girl was disrobed. These facts were voluntarily disclosed by Christiansen and the girl in their direct examination. ’ The accuracy of these , disclosures is not challenged. Initially they told the police and testified before the grand jury that they were parked on 'the highway and' that the girl was clothed.
In the trial court defendant asked the court to give the stock ■ Instruction on impeachment,'Nó. 1.10, Iowa-State'Bar Association Uniform Instructions, and how-'alleges 'error for failure to so instruct.' Defendant argues that an'instruction, based On the maxim.'“falsus'in uno; falsusin omnibus'”'should have been given!’
The variation in the testimony of the State’s witnesses' at the trial from the testimony befоre the grand jury went to the question of-general credibility , and-not to the accuracy of the testi *189 mony .at the trial. Everyone agreed' as to where the attack took' place and .that' the girl was disrobed. That a rape' -toold plaee in. Webster County >is not disputed.' How or if-the ‘girl was-clothfed at the time in no way tended to prove --or disprоve.defendant's participation therein. - . • . ■ .. >
• - The witnesses disclosed--the discrepancy in-their own state-* ments and explained it as an initial attempt to avoid embarrassment. ' ' • - ■ • ■
■ Welton v. State, supra, was a-prosecution for contributing to the delinquency of a minor. The prosecution-brought out-conflicting statements by the prosecuting witness! The cоurt said at page 646-of-171=Neb., page 396 of -107 N.W.2d-: ■ '■■■ ■
• ■ “It is always permissible for a party to ask his own-witness whether he had made prior statements inconsistent with--his testimony and such an inquiry is not objectionable, although the: incidental effect of it is to impeach the witness. Such' ah examination is -a proper: one for the purpose of showing * * ■* an explanation of his apparent inconsistency * ”* ■ ■ :
■ * The discrepancies did not impeach: any material testimony' offered at. the-trial. The testimony of the State’s witnesses ■ in. these particulars-was in accord with defendant’s testimony. :
In State v. Hartung,
“We do not condone or'excuse the conduct of these witnesses;But the subject matter of .their admitted misrepresentation' was-entirely -immaterial--both here -and in the'-charges against Robinson and’StanfeL * * * Nor do we find anything in -their-testimony in the instant case to- warrant the giving of such an in-* struetion.- -
“There-was ho error in refusing.-it.”
' In State .v. -Kobylasz,
“Thе giving of such an instruction was approved in O’Hara v. Miller,64 Iowa 462 ,20 N.W. 760 . -Had it been given-here we jmobably would-not have held it-error. But the giving of such instruction is much-id the' discretion of-the trial court. 64 C. J., *190 Trial, section 551; 53 Am. Jur., Trial, .section 784; Wunrath v. Peoples Furniture & Carpet Co.,100 Neb. 539 ,160 N.W. 971 , 973. See also 23 C. J. S., Criminal Law, section 1259; annotation 90 A. L. R. 74 et seq.
“The testimony of the prosecuting witness here was in some respects quitе incredible. But the portions which were in conflict with the other testimony, particularly that of defendant and Burns, relate to somewhat collateral matters * * *.
“We cannot hold that failure here to give the instruction constituted reversible error.”
In the ease at bar the impeachment or falsity in prior testimony did not go to a material matter or to- any matter in controversy. The giving or refusal of the instruction was within the discretion of the trial court. There was no such-abuse of discretion as to require reversal. :
III. Defendant claims reversible error because of leading questions asked the prosecuting witness. In disclosing to the jury the sordid and very intimate details of the offense some leading questions wеre asked and answered. They related to matters that a young woman would not be anxious to discuss-in public. The allowance of leading questions under the circumstances was within the discretion of the trial court. The general rule is stated in 98 C. J. S., Witnesses, section 331, as follows:
“Notwithstanding the general rule against leading questions, the control of such matters is largеly, within the sound discretion of the trial court. Stated otherwise, the extent to which leading questions may or may not be permitted is primarily subject to the control of the court in the exercise of its sound discretion, which may, in the exercise of such discretion, in criminal as well as in civil cases, allow such questions to be put to a witness when it deems such course necessary or advisable, * *
In support of this general rule C. J. S. cites Hackman v. Beckwith,
State v. Blackburn (Iowa),
“Objections to the rulings of the court in -the admission of evidence may be briefly disposed of. Leading questions on the *191 examination of the prosecutrix in behalf of the state are not usually a ground for reversal of this class of cases, the matter being largely within the discretion of the trial court. State v. Peterson,110 Iowa 647 ,82 N.W. 329 ; State v. Sheets,127 Iowa 73 ,102 N.W. 415 .”
There was no such abuse of discretion in the case at bar as to require reversal.
IV. Defendant claims error in overruling objections to the testimony of Mrs. Ashford, quoted supra. Defendant’s attack is aimed at the admission into' evidence of the statement, “Yes, but I couldn’t help it. They held guns on me.”
Defendant аdmits in argument that evidence of complaint is admissible but says the particulars are not unless they are part of the res gestae.
State v. Strable,
In the case before us there is no claim of consent or denial of the use of guns. The words attacked as not part of the res gestae related to matters admitted by defendant in .his own testimony. The words did not have any bearing on anything in dispute. There could be no error in the admission of this evidence.
The telephone conversation was within a few minutes after the girl’s arrival at the police station. According to the several State’s witnesses who saw her she was hysterical, upsеt and in pain. We think the declarations were admissible as part of the res gestae. In any event the trial court has considerable discretion in this matter. State v. McClain,
There was no error.
Y. Exhibit 9 was a written statement signed by defendant on May 22, 1963. It related defendant’s activities beginning with May 19. It traced the activities of Fox, Sexauer and defendant through the evening of May 20 just prior to thе *192 assault;and mentioned larcenies by Fox and Sexauer.,-Defendant, drove.the car but denied participation otherwise.. . ..
The admission -into evidence of this exhibit was;without prejudice. In-his direct testimony defendant-related the-same facts and elaborated thereon. See State v. Woodmansee,
. YI. It appears without dispute that, during-the assault Fox and Sexauer were armed with pistols. Exhibit ,1 was ,a pistol found under a pillow in Fox’s bedroom. It was identified .by. Christiansen a,s one of the. guns used in the assault. The sheriff testified that during a search of the Fox house under a search warrant they found “three or four twenty-two rifles, twenty-two barrel shotguns, two double-barreled shotguns, knives, ammunition, ammunition bélts.”
The offer of Exhibit 1 was objected to as irrelevant and immaterial and having “no causal connection whatsoever with the, crime charged.” The objection was properly pverruled. The gun was identified. Defendant by his own testimony was in the company of armed assailants. The gun used during the assault clearly had causal connection with the crime charged.
The other guns and ammunition found in the Fox home were not offered in evidence.. The only reference thereto was by the sheriff in stating what he found' with a search warrant. Defendant objected and moved to strike on the ground that the evidence was obtained, by illegal search,. No other objection was urged. There jvas nothing in the record to support .the objection made and it was properly overruled. The only error, now urged is lack of connection with the crime charged. No such objeсtion was made in the trial court and'there is nothing for us to review. State v. Mauch,
"Our statutory duty, to review the..record'without regard to technical errors.or defects does not apply where.proper
*193
objections are not made. State v. Ostby,
VII. We have considered the entire record but have set forth herein1 only so much’of the evidence a:ss is necessary' for appellаte review. We find no such prejudicial'error as to require reversal. The jury found defendant guilty, as charged. The verdict had ample support in the, evidence. .
■ The record -gives a word picture of- a ■ youhg man- with no previous criminal record falling into bad'company and in a short time ending in very serious troüble. Bád' company may' have been the initial' cause of defendant’s ‘trouble'but ids neither a legal' defense nor exctise''ft>r major'crime. T' 'L' ' . '
The- case is — Affirmed..