State v. Thompson

154 Wis. 320 | Wis. | 1913

Lead Opinion

BarNes, J.

There is no serious dispute on the facts in this case. The burden of proof was upon the plaintiff to show that the gifts were made in contemplation of death. The only substantial question in the case is whether the circuit court was warranted in drawing the inferences which it did from the testimony. If the evidence fairly justified the drawing of such inferences, the decision of the lower court must be affirmed. Kola L. Co. v. Stoughton W. Co. 143 Wis. 329, 127 N. W. 974.

It is undisputed that the deceased was active and healthy in mind and body until about three months before he died. The first large gift was made four and one-half years prior to his death, and the second a few days less than three years before death. All of the gifts were made to his daughter and her husband. Deceased had made his home with his daughter for twenty-two years before he died.

The contention of the appellants is that the gifts were made in contemplation of death and were- in the nature of a final distribution of the estate and are therefore subject to the inheritance tax. The following reasons are urged in support of this contention: (1) The gifts were substantially in accordance with the will of the deceased, made in 1891. (2) They included more than two thirds of a large estate. (3) The deceased had reached an extreme old age. (4) He had surrendered the management of his property and business.

The first, second, and fourth reasons assigned are not very significant. The will gave practically all of the estate to the daughter. As she was his only child, this was a perfectly natural disposition to make of it. If he desired to make substantial gifts, naturally they would be made to her. It is true she would receive the property under the will if the gifts had not been made. She would also receive the estate if no will had been made. These facts do not argue that fhe gifts were made in contemplation of death, as that term is used in the statute. The daughter was a woman of mature years when the first large gift was made. Her age is not given, but sbe bad been married eighteen years at tbe time. Men like tbe deceased wbo start with nothing and accumulate large fortunes are naturally desirous that they be neither squandered nor dissipated by their heirs. As hardheaded men of affairs they appreciate that it is ordinarily undesirable that any considerable sums of money should come into.the hands of their children until they have had time to acquire the wisdom and experience which will enable them to take care of it. They appreciate the further fact that it is ordinarily undesirable that large fortunes be placed within their control at one time. If a part only is given and it is prudently handled, then the capacity for handling more is shown. If it is unwisely handled there is still an opportunity to profit by former mistakes when other sums are forthcoming and before it is too late. It is for these reasons that trust estates are created so that large prop-' erties cannot be manipulated by those who have not acquired the maturity of character or business ability to manage them. We apprehend that one of the substantial-pleasures in the life of an aged person is to observe the objects of his bounty make a judicious use of what has been bestowed on them. When the first substantial gift was made to Mrs. Thompson the deceased still had left an estate of over $400,000. The next large gift was made a year and a half later. In the meantime the deceased had an opportunity to observe whether or not the daughter and her husband had the necessary capacity to handle the estate. At the time of his death the testator still had left an estate of over $217,000, or a sum large enough so that the income therefrom would greatly exceed his wants. It is also somewhat significant that the first of the two large gifts referred to was made about two years after the plaintiff bad intrusted his son-in-law with the active management of his affairs and had had an opportunity to become fully acquainted with his business capacity. Leaving out of consideration tbe question of old' age, there is nothing in the case that distinguishes it from any other where a parent during his lifetime gives a large portion of his estate to his children. This practice is not uncommon. Men who have built up a substantial business and acquired a competence through their thrift and business capacity frequently desire to be relieved from the cares and worries of their business as they become aged, and they turn the same over to their sons. Farmers frequently dispose of their farms in the same way. The real question is whether a gift made to a child by an aged parent sound in mind and body is subject to an inheritance tax because the donor was advanced in years when the gift was made. If this question is answered in the negative, the further question arises: Should the instant case be taken out of the operation of the general rule because of the unusual age which Mr. Dessert had attained when the gifts were made?

The material part of the inheritance tax statute, sec. 1087 — 1, is as follows:

“A tax shall be and is hereby imposed upon any transfer of property, real, personal or mixed, or any interest therein, or income therefrom in trust or otherwise, to any person . . . in the following eases:

“(1) When the transfer is by will or by intestate laws of this state from any person dying possessed of the property while a resident of this state.

“(2) • • •

“(3) When the transfer is of property made by a resident . . . by deed, grant, bargain, sale or gift, made in contemplation of death of the grantor, vendor or donor, or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after such death.”

An act is not done in contemplation of death when the feeling that dissolution is approaching-is absent and is not the cause which impels or prompts the doing of the act. An aged person in good bealtb wbo bas acquired a competency and wlio desires to retire from active life may desire to distribute a portion of Ms accumulations among his children without any thought of impending death. He may derive genuine enjoyment from seeing them enjoy the fruits of his accumulations if they put them to good use, and may take pleasure in giving his advice or counsel as to how the 'business or property turned over should be managed or handled. The question of whether such a person may have a few years or many years to live is not a consideration that has entered into or affected the transaction. He does not give because he is anticipating death,'but because it affords him a pleasure in life.

It was held in State v. Pabst, 139 Wis. 561, 121 N. W. 351, that the words “in contemplation of death” as used in the statute quoted were “not used as referring to that expectation of death generally entertained by every person Speaking affirmatively the opinion proceeds: “The words are evidently intended to refer to an expectation of death which arises from such a bodily or mental condition as prompts persons to dispose of their property and bestow it on those whom they regard as entitled to their bounty.” In further explanation of the phrase it is said: “A gift is made in contemplation of an event when it is made in expectation of that event and having it in view, and a gift made when the donor is looking forward to his death as impending, and in view of that event, is within the language of the statute.” In that case the circuit court held that the gifts made by Captain Pabst were subject to the inheritance tax principally because he was suffering from a serious if not a necessarily fatal disease at the time the gifts were made, which ultimately produced death; and this court affirmed the judgment. The definition of the words “in contemplation of death” given in the Pabst Oase does not differ from that announced by the New York court in Matter of Baker, 83 App. Div. 530, 82 N. Y. Supp. 390 (affirmed 178 N. Y. 575, 70 N. E. 1094), where it is said:

“This court has held that the words in contemplation of death do not refer to that general expectation which every mortal entertains, but rather to the apprehension which arises from some existing condition of body or some impending peril.”

Neither does it differ from the interpretation put upon the words by the Illinois court in People v. Burkhalter, 247 Ill. 600, 604, 93 N. E. 379, where it held that contemplation of death must be the impelling motive for making the gift in order that it be subject to an inheritance tax.

It is only gifts made in contemplation of death that are taxable. A parent has the right to give his property to any proper subject for his bounty, freed from any transfer tax, provided the contemplation of death is not the cause which impels the making of the donation.

It is apparent, therefore, that it would be illogical to hold that proof that a person was aged, when he made a gift conclusively establishes that it was- made in contemplation of death. This could not be true if the donor might be actuated by any other motive. Common knowledge and experience teach us that aged.people frequently give property to their children because of their desire to help them, and without any thought in reference to their own deaths. Mr. Carnegie is an old man in years. He has given away what would make several princely fortunes. It could- not be fairly said that the feeling that he must soon-die was the cause that actuated him to give." Instead, it was the pleasure of bestowing a part of his fortune where he conceived it would accomplish much for the uplift and betterment of mankind by furnishing useful 'and healthful reading matter free of charge.

This brings us to the last question in the case, and that is whether the age of Mr. Dessert was so great when the gifts in question were made as to establish the fact that they were made in contemplation of death. If there is room for con-dieting inferences, the decision of the circuit court must stand. The deceased was eighty-six years old when he made the first of the large gifts and a year and a half older when the second one was made. He died at the age of ninety-two, being sound and active in mind and body until three months before his death. The evidence all tended to show that his physical and mental faculties remained unimpaired until his last illness, except that he was somewhat deaf.

We do not think the court can fix any particular age limit and say that 'after it is reached a party can give his property away only in contemplation of death. In a sense, old age is a relative term. Some men are old at sixty, although they may have no organic disease. Others are vigorous in mind and body at seventy, and still others long after they have passed their eightieth milestone. There are octogenarians among the members of the Dane county bar at the present time. One is as actively engaged in his professional work as he was twenty-five years ago. Another is creditably administering the affairs of an important office. The third is retired from active labor. Chief Justice Fullee performed his arduous labors until he reached the age of seventy-seven. Justice HaelaN did likewise until he was seventy-eight; Justice Field until he was eighty-three; and Chief Justice TaNev until he was past eighty-seven. The venerable ex-Chief Justice LyoN of this court recently died at the age of ninety-one, retaining his bodily and mental vigor until a short time before his death. Ex-Speaker Cannon, now past seventy-seven, is an antagonist who might well command both fear and respect in any forensic encounter in which he might see fit to engage.

Age in itself is not a very important factor in determining the capacity of persons to deal with their property or in ascertaining tbe motives wbicb actuated them in disposing of it. Tbe deceased in tbis case might bave made tbe gifts wbicb be did because be expected to die at any time. But it was just as reasonable an inference for tbe trial court to draw that be made tbe gifts without any particular thought of death and because be wanted bis daughter and her family to enjoy tbe benefits of a part of bis accumulations and to see her and them use what was given while be was still alive so that be could observe tbe uses to wbicb it was put. It is an erroneous concept to conclude that aged persons dispose of their property because they think that death is staring them in tbe face. Tbe hypochondriac or the pessimist might entertain such an idea, but such a one rarely attains old age. On tbe contrary, we think it is true that persons who bave lived long and who are free from disease generally entertain tbe feeling that they bave a few years longer to live no matter bow old they are and that they do not regard death as imminent. We are not disposed to say in tbe instant case that tbe circuit court did not draw an entirely correct inference from tbe testimony, much less to say that its decision should be set aside.

By the Court. — Tbe judgment of tbe .circuit court is affirmed. Inasmuch as tbe State is tbe principal party appellant in interest, no costs will be allowed, except that appellants must pay tbe clerk’s fees in tbis court.

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Dissenting Opinion

SiebecKER, I.

(dissenting). I cannot concur in the affirmance of tbe judgment of tbe circuit court. It seems clear to me that tbe property, amounting to tbe sum of $494,423.29, wbicb decedent transferred as gifts to bis daughter and her husband at tbe times designated in tbe statement of facts by tbe court, is subject to an inheritance tax. There is no dispute in tbe facts. The circuit court concluded as a matter of fact that these gifts were not made in contemplation of death in tbe sense of tbe inheritance tax law. I am wholly unable to discover any uncertainty as to what the ultimate facts in the case are. There is no dispute in the evidentiary facts, and from their nature and significance they leave, to my mind, no room for drawing different conclusions. In view of this state of the case the question raised is purely one of law, and the circuit court’s opinion of the facts cannot control this court in applying the law to these undisputed facts. The county court and the circuit court had the identical question for determination on the same evidence. The same proposition is presented here, and hence the question for review here, in my judgment, is whether or not the circuit court applied the correct principle of law to the undisputed facts.

Do the acts of decedent constitute a transfer of his property “in contemplation of his death” in the sense these words are used in the statute? As stated in the court’s opinion these words were interpreted in the Pabst Case (State v. Pabst, 139 Wis. 561, 121 N. W. 351) as referring “to an expectation of death which arises from such a bodily or mental condition as prompts persons to dispose of their property, and bestow it on those whom they regard as entitled to their bounty.” It was there also considered that a gift is deemed to be in contemplation of the event of death when it is made in expectation of it. To my mind, the facts and circumstances of this case clearly indicate that Mr. Dessert, from old age, was in that bodily and mental state which made him conscious of the fact that his demise must occur in the near future as an unavoidable event pursuant to Nature’s immutable laws. I think it is the general experience that such conditions impress men with a greater certainty of impending death than do the aíñictions of illness. I am unable to escape the conviction that the fact of impending death from old age, under the circumstances shown in this case, actuated Mr. Dessert in making these gifts.

Does it appear that he acted upon, this expectation or not? What more conclusive proof can there he that he acted in view thereof than that he gave the great hulk of his estate to his daughter as he had planned by his will? There is no proof indicating that he gave these sums as remuneration for some obligation he was under to her or her husband, nor is there anything to show he did so in compliance with a plan that he had tested her and his* qualifications and worthiness of-having such gifts bestowed on them. On the contrary, the acts of transfer are in harmony with and fulfil his express ■ intention declared in the will to beátow his property on those whom he regarded as entitled to inherit it. To my mind, all the facts and circumstances point to the one conclusion, namely, that decedent by reason of .his extreme old age undoubtedly lived in the thought of expectant death and was thereby prompted to transfer his property to those on whom he expected to bestow it under the rules for the devolution of property, and that the gifts' were in the nature of a testamentary disposition and hence were subject to an inheritanea tax as declared by the county court.