State v. ThomasState v. Thomas
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James E. Thomas appeals his convictions of driving while a habitual violator, no proof of liability insurance, and driving *656 without an assigned tag. On appeal, Thomas argues (1) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions; (2) the trial court erred in instructing the jury; and (3) the trial court erred in denying his Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 106 S. Ct. 1712 (1986), challenge to the State’s use of peremptory strikes. We disagree and affirm.
On May 30, 1999, Officer Michael Conrady and his partner observed a vehicle with no tag that was traveling approximately 15-20 miles per hour. The officers observed the car turn onto another street and shortly thereafter turn onto a driveway. After the vehicle stopped, the officers approached the driver, James Thomas, and asked for his driver’s license and proof of insurance. Thomas stated that he did not have a driver’s license or proof of insurance and that he was on probation for felony driving while suspended. The officers verified that Thomas’ driver’s license was revoked and that he was on probation for felony driving while suspended. Thomas told the officers that the vehicle did not run. Thomas, a mechanic, indicated that he was going to fix the car so he had pushed it to get it going and then had coasted it down the hill and around the corner.
Thomas was charged with single counts of felony driving while a habitual violator, no proof of liability insurance, windshield materially obstructed, and driving without an assigned tag.
At Thomas’ jury trial, Officer Conrady testified that he did not hear the engine of the car running. He also testified that the street where Thomas was driving was downhill, so it was possible that Thomas could have pushed the car to get it going, jumped into it, and traveled downhill to his driveway. Officer Conrady testified that he did not ask Thomas to try to start the car as proof it could not run.
Garvis Williams testified on Thomas’ behalf. Williams testified that the car in question was her 1987 Chevy Nova and that the vehicle did not run. Williams testified that she offered to pay Thomas to fix her vehicle. She said that her car was parked at her aunt’s house, which was approximately a third of a mile from Thomas’ residence. She agreed that the windshield of the vehicle was cracked and that the car did not have a license plate.
*657 Thomas testified that while the vehicle was at Williams’ aunt’s residence he put in a new battery and attempted to start the car, but the car would not run. He stated that his mechanic’s tools were located in his garage, so he pushed the car to get it rolling and then steered it onto his driveway.
The jury found Thomas guilty of driving while a habitual violator, no proof of insurance, and driving without an assigned tag. He was sentenced to 11 months’ confinement to run concurrent with sentences imposed in two other cases.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Thomas first contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions. When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, the standard of review is whether, after review of all the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the appellate court is convinced a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Mason, 268 Kan. 37, 39, 986 P.2d 387 (1999).
Thomas claims that the evidence is insufficient because the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was operating a motor vehicle. To establish the driving while a habitual violator charge, the State was required to prove that Thomas operated “a
motor vehicle
in this state while [his] driving privileges [were] revoked pursuant to
“Motor vehicle” is defined as “every vehicle, other than a motorized bicycle or a motorized wheelchair, which is self-propelled.”
*658
Although Kansas appellate courts have not addressed the issue of whether a vehicle must be operable to constitute a motor vehicle, the question has been considered in other jurisdictions. For example, Rosenbaum v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 61, 402 S.E.2d 498 (1991), addressed whether the defendant was properly convicted of driving while a habitual offender. The defendant was sitting on the seat of a motorcycle touching two wires together in an attempt to make the engine turn over while parked in the emergency lane of an interstate. The Rosenbaum court found that this evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction even though he never drove or moved the motorcycle, the motorcycle was inoperable, and the defendant was merely attempting to start the motorcycle. The court rationalized that “[t]he fact that the motorcycle did not start or was incapable of starting is irrelevant.” In so holding, the Rosenbaum court relied on Nicolls v. Commonwealth, 212 Va. 257, 259, 184 S.E.2d 9 (1971), which held that “‘[e]very vehicle . . . which is self-propelled or designed for self-propulsion’ is contemplated under the law as a motor vehicle.” 12 Va. App. at 64.
Similarly, State v. Osgood, 135 N.H. 436, 605 A.2d 1071 (1992), held that it is not necessary that a motor vehicle actually be operable in order for an individual to drive it for purposes of violating the driving while a habitual offender statute. In Osgood, an officer observed the defendant traveling on a highway in the breakdown lane at a speed of approximately 15 to 20 miles per hour. The officer noticed that the motorcycle did not have a license plate. When the officer stopped the defendant, who had been certified a habitual offender, the defendant stated that he recently purchased the motorcycle and he was attempting to start it by rolling it down the road.
The Osgood court affirmed the defendant’s conviction of driving while a habitual offender, finding that “one who puts a motorcycle *659 in motion on the highway through coasting, even though the motor may be inoperable, is ‘in actual physical control’ of the vehicle.” 135 N.H. at 438; see State v. Griffin, 152 Vt. 41, 563 A.2d 642 (1989) (holding that despite alleged mechanical inoperability, the defendant had actual physical control of coasting vehicle). The Osgood court reasoned that “[t]he habitual offender statute is intended to promote public safety ‘by removing irresponsible drivers from the highways of the State.’ [Citation omitted.] The danger to the public occurs when an habitual offender places a motor vehicle, ‘whether powered by its engine or gravity,’ in motion on the highway. [Citation omitted.]” 135 N.H. at 438.
We find the rationale applied in
Rosenbaum
and
Osgood
persuasive and interpret
Moreover, we read
Jury Instructions
Thomas next contends that the jury instruction stating the elements of driving while a habitual violator was clearly erroneous because it allowed the juxy an alternate means of convicting him of that crime which was not included in the statute. Thomas, however, failed to object to the instruction. Accordingly, our standard of review is as follows:
“[N]o party may assign as error the giving or failure to give an instruction unless he or she objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating *660 distinctly the matter to which he or she objects and the grounds of his or her objection, unless the instruction or the failure to give the instruction is clearly erroneous.K.S.A. 22-3414 . Instructions are clearly erroneous only if the reviewing court is firmly convinced that there is a real possibility the jury would have rendered a different verdict if the trial error had not occurred.” State v. Henry, 263 Kan. 118, 131, 947 P.2d 1020 (1997).
The trial court instructed the jury that to convict Thomas of driving while a habitual violator, the State had to prove that Thomas “drove or attempted to drive a motor vehicle.” Thomas contends that it was error to instruct the jury in this manner because the driving while a habitual violator statute does not include attempting to drive a motor vehicle as a means of committing the offense.
As noted previously, the offense of driving while a habitual violator is committed when an individual operates “a motor vehicle in this state while one’s driving privileges are revoked pursuant to
“It is a fundamental rule of statutory construction, to which all other rules are subordinate, that the intent of the legislature governs if that intent can be ascertained. [Citation omitted.] The legislature is presumed to have expressed its intent through the language of the statutory scheme it enacted. When a statute is plain and unambiguous, the court must give effect to the intention of the legislature as expressed, rather than determine what the law should or should not be. [Citation omitted.] Stated another way, when a statute is plain and unambiguous, the appellate courts will not speculate as to the legislative intent behind it and will not read such a statute so as to add something not readily found in the statute. [Citation omitted.]” In re Marriage of Killman, 264 Kan. 33, 42-43, 955 P.2d 1228 (1998).
Because attempting to drive a motor vehicle while a habitual violator is not criminalized by
While the jury instruction in question constituted a misstatement of the law, we must determine whether there is a real possibility the jury would have rendered a different verdict had the trial error not occurred. The instruction would bé clearly erroneous if the jury could have reasonably acquitted Thomas of driving while a habitual violator had the “attempted to drive” language not been included in the instruction. However, there was no evidence presented to the juiy that Thomas was merely attempting to drive the vehicle. Instead, the evidence showed that Thomas was in actual physical control of the vehicle in that he maneuvered it approximately a third of a mile by steering it and applying the brakes when necessary. See
A jury instruction is not constitutionally flawed where one of the possible bases of conviction was neither unconstitutional nor illegal but “merely” unsupported by sufficient evidence. Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 59-60, 116 L. Ed. 2d 371, 112 S. Ct. 466 (1991). Here, although the jury instruction constituted a misstatement of the law by reason of the attempting to drive language, this inappropriate theory of conviction was not supported by die evidence. We can reasonably assume that the jury did not behave capriciously and convict on a theory in which there was no evidence, when *662 strong evidence existed supporting the theory that Thomas drove the vehicle. See State v. Ice, 27 Kan. App. 2d 1, 7, 997 P.2d 737 (2000). As a result, although the trial court erred in instructing the jury, the instruction was not clearly erroneous because no real possibility existed that the jury would have rendered a different verdict had the trial error not occurred.
Thomas also contends that the trial court erred when it failed to instruct on attempted driving while a habitual violator. Thomas, however, did not request such an instruction. “No party may assign as error the giving or failure to give an instruction, including a lesser included crime instruction, unless the party objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict stating distinctly the matter to which the party objects and the grounds of the objections unless the instruction or the failure to give an instruction is clearly erroneous.”
It cannot be said that the failure to instruct on attempted driving while a habitual violator was clearly erroneous because, as we previously determined, the evidence did not support a finding that Thomas attempted to drive the vehicle. As a result, the trial court did not err in instructing the jury.
Batson Challenge
Thomas further argues that the State used peremptory strikes to exclude potential jurors on the basis of race. Our standard of review is whether the trial court abused its discretion in determining the challenged strikes were constitutionally permissible. State v. Vargas, 260 Kan. 791, Syl. ¶ 1, 926 P.2d 223 (1996). Because the trial judge’s findings in the context under consideration turn on evaluation of the credibility of the prosecutor, we give those findings great deference. State v. Walston, 256 Kan. 372, 378, 886 P.2d 349 (1994).
The United States Supreme Court has outlined a three-part test to determine if the State’s use of peremptory strikes violates the Equal Protection Clause. The Kansas Supreme Court restated the test in State v. Poole, 252 Kan. 108, Syl. ¶ 1, 843 P.2d 689 (1992):
“First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race. Second, if the requisite *663 showing has been made, the burden shifts to the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral explanation for striking the jurors in question. Finally, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has carried his burden of proving purposeful discrimination.”
The second step of the Batson process does not demand an explanation by the prosecutor that is persuasive, or even plausible, but one that is merely facially valid. Further, unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutors explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race neutral. The ultimate burden of persuasion rests with, and never shifts from, the opponent of the strike. Vargas, 260 Kan. 791, Syl. ¶ 3.
In the present case, the State used three of its peremptoiy strikes to remove three of the four African-Americans from the jury. Thomas is an African-American. Thomas concedes that the removal of two African-Americans from the jury was proper but insists that the prosecutor’s reasons for striking a third African-American, Ms. B, were constitutionally insufficient.
The State noted to the trial court that Ms. B was removed because she gave the prosecutor “very funny, weird looks and she wasn’t responding very well.” Thomas alleges that this response is not sufficient because Ms. B responded to the questions appropriately. Even though Ms. B’s responses may have been appropriate, we have no way of knowing whether the State believed Ms. B or what her demeanor was when she answered the questions. The State provided racially neutral reasons for the removal of Ms. B. Moreover, Thomas failed to show that these race neutral reasons were a pretext for discrimination. As a result, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Thomas’ Batson challenge to the removal of Ms. B.
Affirmed.