214 N.W. 708 | Iowa | 1927
I. The indictment charges that the offense was committed in Ringgold County on or about February 1, 1925. On that date the prosecutrix was a few months past 13 years of age, and the defendant, 17 or 18.
According to the testimony of the prosecutrix, the act was committed during the evening, while she and defendant were taking an automobile ride. The defendant denied that he ever had sexual intercourse with prosecutrix. The evidence shows without conflict that, on the evening of September 26, 1924, defendant and prosecutrix and four others, two girls and one boy and one man, 25 years of age, went riding together, in a Ford automobile, in the country, near Mount Ayr. Prosecutrix and one of her female companions testified that sexual intercourse was had by each of the respective couples in the automobile on that occasion. This was denied by the defendant and one of his male companions. These acts of sexual intercourse were all had in the car, and in the presence of the several occupants. The girl who sat in the back seat on the lap of her companion testified that nothing improper occurred.
At the conclusion of the State's case, the county attorney was required to elect upon which act the State would rely for conviction. He elected to rely upon the alleged act of February 1, 1925. Prosecutrix gave birth to a child at the hospital at Iowa City, November 1, 1925. Many exceptions were preserved to the court's instructions and to the refusal of the court to give requested instructions.
It is also contended by appellant that there is an utter *132 absence of testimony to corroborate the prosecutrix, and tending to connect him with the commission of the offense. The prosecutrix admitted that, after she discovered 1. RAPE: that she was pregnant, she had intercourse on corrobora- two occasions with another person. Evidence was tion: introduced, tending to show that the defendant sufficiency. tacitly admitted having had immoral relations with prosecutrix, and evidence of his departure from the state, for the purpose of escaping arrest and punishment. It is true that the defendant denied all of the testimony in any way tending to incriminate him, and sought to explain his absence from the state. While the explanation was a reasonable one, the question was one of fact for the jury, and not of law for the court to decide. The evidence fully justified the submission of the case to the jury, and the verdict returned is supported thereby.
II. Numerous instructions were requested by the defendant. Some of these instructions might well have been given, but, in our opinion, the propositions presented thereby were sufficiently covered by the instructions given. For example, Requested Instruction No. 1, which related to the weight and effect to be given the evidence of the good character of the defendant, was fully covered by Instruction No. 21 1/2, and Requested Instruction No. 13, which related to reasonable doubt, was covered by Instruction No. 6, to which reference will be later made, and Requested Instruction No. 6 was sufficiently covered by Instruction No. 12.
III. Instruction No. 4 of the court's charge defined the term 2. CRIMINAL "reasonable doubt." Complaint is made of this LAW: instruction because it failed to state that a instruc- reasonable doubt may as well arise from the tions: absence of evidence as from the evidence reasonable introduced. This court has several times doubt: referred to this subject. It is said in Corpus essential Juris that: elements.
"* * * as a general rule, an instruction that a reasonable doubt must be one suggested by, or arising out of, the evidence adduced is erroneous, as it excludes all reasonable doubts that may arise from the lack or want of evidence * * *." 16 Corpus Juris, Section 2411.
The foregoing text is supported by numerous cases from other jurisdictions. It is, of course, elementary that a reasonable doubt may arise from the absence of evidence; but thus *133
far, this court has declined to reverse a conviction because of the omission from the instructions of any reference to the absence of evidence (State v. Ritchie,
Instructions on the subject of reasonable doubt should be so framed as to make it clear to the jury that a doubt may arise both from the absence of evidence and from the evidence introduced. A reversal must follow in this case upon other grounds, and we again call attention merely to the omission in the instruction complained of, and do not reverse on account thereof.
IV. The court, in Instruction No. 6, stated the punishment provided for rape, as follows:
"If any person carnally know and abuse any female child under the age of sixteen years, he shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary for life, or any term of years, not less than five; 3. CRIMINAL and the court may pronounce sentence for a LAW: lesser period than the maximum, the provisions instruc- of the indeterminate sentence law to the tions: contrary notwithstanding; and when a lesser than prejudicial the maximum sentence is pronounced, the prisoner recital of shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the punishment. board of parole."
The included offense of assault with intent to commit rape, of which the defendant was convicted, was submitted to the jury. The penalty for this offense, which is subject to the indeterminate sentence law, is for a term of years not 4. CRIMINAL exceeding twenty; but this was not stated to the LAW: jury. In a later paragraph of the instructions, instruc- the court clearly instructed the jury that the tions: punishment to be inflicted was a matter with instructions which they had no concern, and that it was their relative to duty to determine the guilt or innocence of the punishment. defendant and the degree of the crime charged. It is urged in defendant's behalf that the court committed error in stating to the jury the penalty as to rape, and particularly because of the failure to state the penalty provided for assault with intent to commit rape. This court has *134
repeatedly said that it is improper for the court, in its instructions to the jury, to refer to or state the penalty that may be inflicted upon the accused. State v. Reid,
V. Complaint is also made of the failure of the court to submit assault, and assault and battery, to the jury. The indictment does not charge that the act was accomplished by force or against the will of the prosecutrix. It is only when the 5. RAPE: indictment so charges that assault, or assault included and battery, should be submitted as included offenses: offenses. State v. Ellington,
Other instructions are complained of, but a careful consideration thereof satisfies us that no other ground for reversal is to be found in the record. We therefore deem it unnecessary to discuss in detail the remaining propositions relied upon by the defendant. For the reasons stated, the judgment of the court below must be, and it is, reversed. —Reversed.
EVANS, C.J., and FAVILLE, VERMILION, and ALBERT, JJ., concur.
De GRAFF, MORLING, and KINDIG, JJ., dissent.