128 Wash. App. 21 | Wash. Ct. App. | 2005
¶ 1 Roy Donald Stout, Jr., appeals his commitment as a sexually violent predator. He argues, among other things, that the State was required to re-prove at his commitment hearing that he committed burglary, which was the crime that he was incarcerated for when the State filed a commitment petition under chapter 71.09 RCW. We hold that the State was not required to re-prove that Stout
¶2 Stout pleaded guilty to first degree burglary in 1997. He was originally charged with indecent liberties for touching Tammy Dyer without consent. The incident occurred when Stout visited Dyer at home one afternoon and she invited him in to talk. Stout directed Dyer’s children into a bedroom by speaking sharply to them. After the children left the living room, Stout tried to move his hand up Dyer’s thigh, placed his hand on her breast, and attempted to kiss her. She resisted and Stout pushed her back on the couch by placing his hand across her throat. His thumb left a light bruise on her neck. Dyer got away from Stout’s grasp and, after he left, she called the police.
¶3 While Stout was serving a 75-month sentence, the State petitioned to have him committed as a sexually violent predator under chapter 71.09 RCW. The State alleged that the burglary was sexually motivated, constituting a sexually violent offense.
¶4 Stout has a lengthy criminal history, which includes both sexual and nonsexual offenses. On at least five occasions, Stout has engaged, or attempted to engage, in sexual acts with women without their consent.
¶5 During Stout’s commitment trial, the State admitted evidence of these incidents, including facts surrounding his encounter with Karen Winters in 1982. Stout testified that he approached Winters outside of a bar and that they attempted to have sexual intercourse. At some point, police officers arrived and heard Winters yelling that she was being raped. When Winters emerged from the bushes, her face was swollen and her lip was bloody. Stout was charged with attempted rape, but a jury found him not guilty.
¶7 Additionally, the State admitted evidence surrounding Stout’s 1992 conviction for indecent liberties by forcible compulsion. Kimberly Orestad testified that she was driving home one night when Stout pulled his truck behind her vehicle and began flashing his lights. Orestad mistakenly thought she was being followed by someone she knew and pulled into the parking lot of a closed convenience store. Stout walked over to the driver’s side door and offered Orestad money to feel her “pussy.” Orestad said “no,” and Stout grabbed her arm and threatened to break it. He also grabbed Orestad’s breast. Orestad quickly backed her vehicle out of the parking space and escaped.
¶8 After a nonjury commitment trial, the superior court concluded that the burglary for which Stout was incarcerated was sexually motivated and that Stout is a sexually violent predator.
II
¶9 Chapter 71.09 RCW is a civil statute that authorizes the State to involuntarily commit an individual to a secure treatment facility when he is found, after trial, to be
A. Sexually Violent Offense
¶10 Stout first contends that the State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was convicted of or charged with a sexually violent offense. He argues that the State was required to re-prove that he committed burglary, in addition to proving beyond a reasonable doubt that it was sexually motivated. This is a question of law, which we review de novo.
¶11 The State was not required to re-prove that Stout committed burglary. Under chapter 71.09 RCW, the State was required to show only that Stout was either “convicted of or charged with a crime of sexual violence.”
¶12 Because Stout pleaded guilty to first degree burglary, the State did not establish sexual motivation at the sentencing hearing. Therefore, during the commitment proceeding, the State alleged, and the trial court found beyond a reasonable doubt, that the burglary was sexually motivated.
B. Effective Assistance of Counsel
¶13 Next, Stout argues that his counsel was ineffective. Defendants have a statutory right to counsel at all stages of a commitment trial.
¶14 On review, there is a strong presumption that counsel was effective.
¶15 Stout claims three bases for ineffective assistance of counsel. First, he argues that his attorney should have objected to the State’s evidence of the 1982 rape charge because he was acquitted by a jury. He claims that the State was collaterally estopped from introducing evidence of the incident.
¶16 The acquittal fails the first test for determining whether it collaterally estops the challenged evidence. Washington courts apply a four-part test to determine whether a litigated issue should be given collateral estoppel effect: “(1) the issue decided in the prior adjudication [must be] identical to the one presented in the current action, (2) the prior adjudication must have resulted in a final judgment on the merits, (3) the party against whom collateral estoppel is asserted [must have been] a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication, and (4) precluding
¶17 The specific issue decided in the 1982 criminal trial was whether Stout attempted to rape Winters. In his commitment trial, the issue was whether he is a sexually violent predator. That determination is based on a number of factors, and the incident with Winters was relevant evidence, but far from conclusive. As the State points out, the superior court did not find that Stout attempted to rape Winters. Rather, it found that intercourse was attempted, and Winters’ face was swollen and bloody when police arrived. This evidence is relevant to whether Stout is sexually abusive. Stout’s attorney acted reasonably by not objecting to evidence surrounding the 1982 incident.
¶18 Stout also claims that his attorney should have objected to evidence of his convictions for nonsexual offenses. But, in fact, Stout’s attorney did object to the relevance of a forgery conviction. The court overruled the objection after the State explained that the crime was relevant to Stout’s antisocial personality disorder (APD) because people with APD typically have a pattern of criminal offenses.
¶19 Stout cites In re Personal Restraint of Young
¶20 Regardless, the issue here is not whether the trial court improperly admitted evidence, but whether Stout’s
¶21 Finally, Stout argues that his attorney erred by not moving to exclude the State’s Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool — Revised (MnSOST-R) results because his evidence showed that the results were unreliable. Because results from actuarial instruments, including the MnSOST-R, are routinely admitted as evidence concerning a defendant’s recidivism risk in sexually violent predator proceedings, it was reasonable for Stout’s attorney to not object to the State’s evidence.
¶22 Stout’s attorney was not ineffective.
C. Difficulty Controlling Behavior
¶23 Stout argues that the trial court erred by not entering a conclusion of law that he has serious difficulty controlling his behavior. Stout claims that a factual finding is not enough. Alternatively, Stout claims that the court’s finding is not supported by sufficient evidence.
¶25 In In re Detention of Thorell,
Crane requires linking [a Sexually Violent Predator’s] serious difficulty in controlling behavior to a mental abnormality, which together with a history of sexually predatory behavior, gives rise to a finding of future dangerousness, justifies civil commitment, and sufficiently distinguishes the SVP from the*32 dangerous but typical criminal recidivist. It is the finding of this link, rather than an independent determination, that establishes the serious lack of control and thus meets the constitutional requirements for SVP commitment. . . .[31 ]
¶26 Stout’s contention that the court was required to enter a conclusion of law that he lacks volitional control is incorrect. Rather, the court was required to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Stout suffers from a mental abnormality that causes him serious difficulty controlling his behavior. It was then required to conclude, based on all of the necessary findings, that Stout is a sexually violent predator.
¶27 In considering whether there is sufficient evidence to support the superior court’s finding, we view the evidence in the State’s favor to determine whether a rational person could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Stout suffers from a mental abnormality that causes him to have difficulty controlling his behavior.
¶28 The superior court found that Stout’s mental disorder causes him difficulty controlling his behavior of engaging in sex with nonconsenting others. Dr. Packard testified that Stout suffers from APD and paraphilia. Paraphilia causes him to have recurring and intense sexually arousing fantasies involving nonconsenting others. This is a chronic and long-term condition. Dr. Packard also opined that Stout’s personality disorder causes him difficulty in controlling his urges. He pointed to Stout’s recurring offenses and
D. The Trial Court’s Finding that Stout Forced Joan G. to Have Sex
f29 Finally, Stout challenges the superior court’s finding that he forced Joan G. to have sex with him. He claims that it is not supported by sufficient evidence.
¶30 Joan G., a mildly retarded woman, testified that she did not want to have sex with Stout, she told him “no,” and tried to push him away, but Stout continued to have intercourse with her. She testified that Stout threatened to kill her if she told anyone. In contrast, Stout testified that they had consensual sex. Yet, the State also entered evidence that Stout lied to the police when they first questioned him about the incident by claiming that he did not touch Joan G. The court found that Stout’s version of events was “far less credible” than Joan G.’s. Viewing the evidence in the State’s favor, and deferring to the trial court’s judgment regarding witness credibility, a rational person could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Stout forced Joan G. to have sex with him.
131 Affirmed.
Kennedy and Agid, JJ., concur.
Review granted at 156 Wn.2d 1030 (2006).
North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970).
Rachel Riggles testified to a similar incident in 1990. Stout pulled his truck behind her vehicle, flashed his lights, and when she pulled over, he offered her money for sex.
RCW 71.09.010.
RCW 71.09.020(16); In re Det. of Thorell, 149 Wn.2d 724, 742, 72 P.3d 708 (2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 990 (2004).
Thorell, 149 Wn.2d at 736.
RCW 71.09.030(5); In re Pers. Restraint of Young, 122 Wn.2d 1, 41, 857 P.2d 989 (1993) (superseded by statute on other grounds).
Diehl v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 153 Wn.2d 207, 212, 103 P.3d 193 (2004).
RCW 71.09.020(16) (defining “sexually violent predator”).
RCW 71.09.020(15)(c). “ ‘Sexual motivation’ means that one of the purposes for which the defendant committed the crime was for the purpose of his or her sexual gratification.” RCW 9.94A.030(39).
The State pleaded in the alternative and argued that Stout’s 1992 indecent liberties conviction could also serve as the predicate sexual offense. Because Stout had been released from prison since that offense, however, the State alleged that the burglary served as a recent overt act. But the trial court accepted the State’s primary argument and found that Stout’s burglary conviction, for which he was serving a prison sentence, was a predicate offense because it was sexually motivated.
RCW 71.09.050(1); In re Det. of Petersen, 138 Wn.2d 70, 92, 980 P.2d 1204 (1999). Stout contends that he has both a constitutional and statutory right to counsel. But our Supreme Court has held that a defendant has no Fifth or Sixth Amendment right to counsel during a sexually violent predator proceeding because it is a civil, rather than criminal, proceeding. Petersen, 138 Wn.2d at 91.
117 Wn. App. 611, 72 P.3d 186 (2003).
Strickland, v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).
In re Bet. of T.A.H.-L., 123 Wn. App. 172, 178, 97 P.3d 767 (2004); Smith, 117 Wn. App. at 617-18.
Smith, 117 Wn. App. at 617.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88; State v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222,226, 743 P.2d 816 (1987).
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Thomas, 109 Wn.2d at 226; Smith, 117 Wn. App. at 617.
Smith, 117 Wn. App. at 617-18.
Clark v. Baines, 150 Wn.2d 905, 913, 84 P.3d 245 (2004).
122 Wn.2d 1, 857 P.2d 989 (1993).
Young, 122 Wn.2d at 54. The court held that there was no prejudice, however. Young, 122 Wn.2d at 54.
Thorell, 149 Wn.2d at 753; In re Det. of Halgren, 124 Wn. App. 206, 219, 98 P.3d 1206 (2004).
534 U.S. 407, 122 S. Ct. 867, 151 L. Ed. 2d 856 (2002).
521 U.S. 346, 117 S. Ct. 2072, 138 L. Ed. 2d 501 (1997).
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 59-29a01 (1994).
Hendricks, 521 U.S. at 358.
Hendricks, 521 U.S. at 358.
Crane, 534 U.S. at 413.
149 Wn.2d 724, 742, 72 P.3d 708 (2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 990 (2004).
Thorell, 149 Wn.2d at 736.
Thorell, 149 Wn.2d at 736 (interpreting Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407, and Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346).
Thorell, 149 Wn.2d at 744-45.
State v. Bonisisio, 92 Wn. App. 783, 794, 964 P.2d 1222 (1998).
Bonisisio, 92 Wn. App. at 794.
Stout also claims that the trial court did not find that he is a sexually violent predator beyond a reasonable doubt because the court did not mention the standard of proof it applied in its written findings of fact and conclusions of law. But the court indicated in a memorandum decision that the State met its burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Because the court’s memorandum order was the functional equivalent of an oral ruling, we rely on it to confirm that the trial court applied the correct standard of proof. See Knecht v. Marzano, 65 Wn.2d 290, 292, 396 P.2d 782 (1964); Gestson v. Scott, 116 Wn. App. 616, 620, 67 P.3d 496 (2003) (holding that when the trial court’s order omits an issue, a reviewing court can look to its oral decision).