State v. StiffarmState v. Stiffarm
For Respondent: Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Ilka Becker, Assistant Attorney General, Helena; Brant Light, Cascade County Attorney, Great Falls.
JUSTICE TRIEWEILER delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 The State of Montana charged Defendant, Daniel Lee Stiffarm,
¶2 The issues on appeal are:
¶3 1. Was Stiffarm denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial in District Court?
¶4 2. May this Court review the District Court‘s flight instruction when no objection was made in the District Court?
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶5 Daniel Lee Stiffarm was arrested on November 11, 1998, and initially charged with attempted homicide based on allegations that he had repeatedly stabbed his former girlfriend. Those charges were later dismissed and, on November 24, 1998, the State filed an information charging Stiffarm with assault in violation of
¶6 Trial was initially set for April 19, 1999, however, due to various continuances, it did not occur until November 1, 1999.
¶7 On September 14, 1999, Stiffarm filed a pro se Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Provide a Speedy Trial and an Affidavit, in which he alleged that he had been provided ineffective assistance of counsel from his prior attorney, that his second attorney had been appointed just 75 days prior to trial, that he had been in maximum security and lockdown, and that this “exacerbated a problem I realized I had and for which I was attempting to obtain help prior to the alleged incident for which I am charged.” He also alleged that the delay had caused the loss of deposition testimony and that he was unable to locate several witnesses, including a doctor who took a CAT scan of his brain prior to the alleged incident. Stiffarm did not provide names for the missing witnesses or doctor.
¶8 On October 26, 1999, the District Court conducted a hearing with respect to the trial delay and any prejudice it may have caused. The State presented witnesses who testified that their memories of the
¶9 After the hearing, the District Court concluded that Stiffarm had not been denied his right to a speedy trial based on its finding that any presumption of prejudice from delay had been rebutted by the State.
¶10 On October 22, 1999, the Cascade County Attorney submitted proposed jury instructions, which included Proposed Instruction #10, an instruction on flight, which stated:
If you are satisfied that the crime charged in the information has been committed, by someone, then you may take into consideration any testimony showing, or tending to show, flight by the defendant. This testimony may be considered by the jury as a circumstance tending to prove a consciousness of guilt, but is not sufficient of itself to prove guilt. The weight to be given such circumstance and significance if any, to be attached to it, are matters for the jury to determine.
In his October 28, 1999, response, Stiffarm presented no written objection to the flight instruction. The same flight instruction was presented to the jury by the District Court as Instruction #14 on November 3, 1999. Stiffarm did not object to Instruction #14 at any time during the settlement of the final jury instructions.
¶11 Following trial, the jury returned a guilty verdict. The District Court found that Stiffarm was a persistent felony offender and sentenced Stiffarm to twenty years in prison. Stiffarm appeals the judgment of the District Court.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶12 The District Court‘s conclusion that Stiffarm was not denied his right to a speedy trial involves a question of constitutional law. City of Billings v. Bruce, 1998 MT 186, ¶ 18, 290 Mont. 148, ¶ 18, 965 P.2d 866, ¶ 18. We review a district court‘s conclusions of law “to determine whether its interpretation of the law is correct.” Bruce, ¶ 18 (citations omitted).
DISCUSSION
ISSUE 1
¶13 Was Stiffarm denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial in District Court?
¶14 The District Court concluded that Stiffarm was not denied his right to a speedy trial after considering the four-part test set forth in Barker v. Wingo (1972), 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101, as modified by this Court in Bruce. The District Court found that there were 342 days of delay between the filing of charges and Stiffarm‘s trial and that the entire delay was attributable to the State. However, after considering the testimony and evidence presented by the State, the District Court concluded that the State had sufficiently rebutted the presumption that the trial delay had caused prejudice to Stiffarm and that, therefore, his constitutional right to a speedy trial had not been denied.
¶15 The right to a speedy trial is protected both by the
¶16 Following Bruce, we will first consider the length of the delay. In Bruce, ¶ 55, this Court established that a delay greater than 200 days will trigger further speedy trial analysis. The District Court found that the length of delay for Stiffarm was 342 days. On appeal, Stiffarm contends that the delay was 353 days — the time between his arrest on November 11, 1998, and his trial which began on November 1, 1999. The State contends that the delay was 342 days — the time from when charges were filed until trial. Since the difference does not affect our analysis, we need not resolve that issue.
¶18 Before considering prejudice to the defendant, we must next consider whether Stiffarm timely asserted his right to a speedy trial. In Bruce, ¶ 57, we concluded that “we will follow those decisions in which we have held that if the right to speedy trial is invoked at any time prior to the commencement of trial, either by demanding a speedy trial, or by moving to dismiss for failure to provide a speedy trial, the third prong is satisfied.” There is no dispute that Stiffarm timely filed his pro se motion to dismiss, satisfying the third factor.
¶19 We next consider the fourth factor of the Barker analysis, whether Stiffarm was prejudiced by the pretrial delay. As stated previously, due to the length and cause of the delay, the State bears the burden to demonstrate that Stiffarm was not prejudiced as a result of the delay. In Bruce, ¶ 56, we stated that:
The State‘s proof should take into consideration, but need not include, all three traditional bases for prejudice: (a) pretrial incarceration, (b) anxiety and all of its attendant considerations, and (c) impairment of the defense. In considering whether the State has met its burden, the district court should take into consideration the fact that direct proof of a defendant‘s state of mind may not always be possible, and that the State‘s ability to anticipate the nature of the defendant‘s defense may vary from case to case. Therefore, there may be cases where the State can satisfy its burden without demonstrating a lack of prejudice based on each consideration.
¶20 With respect to the first basis for prejudice, pretrial incarceration, it is apparent that Stiffarm was in jail between the time of his arrest and trial due to his inability to pay the $150,000 bail necessary for his conditional release. The State noted that Stiffarm‘s bail was set at this amount due to the severity of the alleged crime, that Stiffarm was on probation for a prior felony offense when the alleged crime occurred, and that Stiffarm had a prior criminal record, which included convictions of burglary, domestic abuse, disorderly conduct, and
¶21 With respect to pretrial anxiety, Stiffarm testified that he suffered from depression as a result of his incarceration, being in “lockdown” at times, and his separation from his daughter. He testified that he was on “suicide watch” for the first two months of his incarceration, and that he had difficulty sleeping due to anxiety about his upcoming trial. However, while on direct examination by his counsel, Stiffarm admitted that he was depressed prior to his incarceration, and when asked “Were you as depressed on the streets as you are while you are incarcerated,” he testified that “I was about, about the same when I first came in, yeah.” Stiffarm further testified that his depression had gotten “a lot better” in the previous five months and that he had access to counselors and medication to treat his depression. The State also presented the testimony of Katherine Barr, a transport officer for the Cascade County Sheriff‘s office, who testified that an inmate would only be placed on “lock down” for violations of prison rules or for concerns about inmate safety as opposed to the severity of the crime which the inmate was accused of committing. We conclude, therefore, that any presumption of prejudice from pretrial anxiety was adequately rebutted.
¶22 With respect to impairment of the defense, the State presented affidavits of its subpoenaed witnesses stating that they believed their memories of the alleged assault were still intact. In addition, the State provided the testimony of the victim, one of its witnesses and Officer James Nett, the police officer who responded to the reported incident, who testified to the same effect. The State also presented the testimony of Patty Davidson, an evidence technician for the Great Falls Police Department, who testified that all of the evidence stored at the Great Falls Police Department was properly stored and preserved.
¶23 In this case, giving due consideration to the three traditional bases for prejudice, we conclude that the State did sufficiently rebut the presumption of prejudice against Stiffarm. Therefore, as we stated in Bruce, ¶ 56, “[o]nce the State has demonstrated lack of prejudice based on one or more of these considerations, the burden will then shift to the defendant to demonstrate prejudice and the district court will have to weigh the evidence of each party.” Stiffarm provided little additional evidence to demonstrate prejudice. He stated that his prior
¶24 We conclude that the State sufficiently rebutted the presumption that the trial delay in this case prejudiced Stiffarm and that Stiffarm failed to demonstrate any prejudice.
¶25 For these reasons, we conclude that the State did not deny Stiffarm‘s constitutional right to a speedy trial.
ISSUE 2
¶26 May this Court review the District Court‘s flight instruction when no objection was made in the District Court?
¶27 Stiffarm contends that this Court should consider the District Court‘s flight instruction to the jury based on our decision in State v. Hall, 1999 MT 297, 297 Mont. 111, 991 P.2d 929, where, subsequent to Stiffarm‘s trial, we adopted the view that “a jury instruction on flight is an unnecessary comment on the evidence by the trial court.” See Hall, ¶¶ 45-46. The State contends that our opinion in Hall was to be applied prospectively, that it does not impact a fundamental constitutional right, and that Stiffarm should be precluded from making this argument on appeal because he failed to object to the instruction before and during trial. The State cites our decisions in State v. Hatten, 1999 MT 298, 297 Mont. 127, 991 P.2d 939, and State v. Baker, 2000 MT 307, 302 Mont. 408, 15 P.3d 379, in support of its contention that Stiffarm‘s objection was not properly preserved.
¶28 Our opinion in Hall was decided on December 6, 1999, one month after the trial in this case and our opinion in Hall stated that “the better policy in future cases where evidence of flight has been properly admitted is to reserve comment to counsel, rather than the court.” Hall, ¶ 46 (emphasis added); see also Hatten, ¶ 66. In Hatten, we concluded that where the defendant objected to the flight instruction but failed to specifically object that the flight instruction was “an
¶29 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE GRAY, JUSTICES REGNIER, LEAPHART and RICE concur.