State v. StewartState v. Stewart
Defendant, Clyde Stewart, was indicted by a grand jury on December 21, 1979 for first degree murder in violation of
The record from the trial court, as narrated by the witness, Anthony Green, reflects the following series of events which led to the defendant‘s arrest and conviction for second degree murder. On October 14, 1977, Anthony Alexander and Anthony Green, who were friends, met after work at the Hilton Hotel where Green was employed. From there, they proceeded to a local hamburger place for supper and afterwards,
Thirteen months later, Green was notified that the police had a suspect and was again asked to view some mug shots. On November 24, 1978, this photographic lineup was conducted at the police station with Green and one officer, Detective Hoyt, present. According to Green, after one to two hours of examining the six photos, he identified the defendant as the passenger who held the gun on them and who participated in the robbery and subsequent murder of Alexander. The defendant was subsequently arrested for first degree murder.
One month later, on December 19, 1978, Green again identified the defendant as the passenger at a six-person physical lineup at the police station. Defendant was then indicted by the grand jury for first degree murder and, ultimately, convicted of second degree murder.
Defendant raises the following assignments of error in connection with his conviction.
Assignment of Error Number 1
Defendant contends his conviction should be reversed because the trial court failed to suppress the evidence and/or testimony at trial relating to the November 24, 1978 photographic lineup identification of the defendant on the basis of its suggestive nature.
To decide whether to suppress identification testimony one must balance the reliability of such identification against the corrupting influence of the suggestive identification itself. Manson v. Braithwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977). Reliability is seen by examining the five factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972), which are articulated in Manson, supra, and followed by this Court. State v. Guillot, 353 So.2d 1005 (La.1977). As applied to this case, the factors reveal: (1) Opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime. Green‘s testimony is that the two perpetrators drove Alexander and him around for 1½ hours with the passenger/defendant holding a gun and facing them as they sat in the rear seat. Green said he could see the defendant‘s face because of the traffic and street lights. After the crime, he described the defendant as a black male with a black hat, wearing a black Levi suit, and having pock marks on his face. This thorough description reveals Green could clearly see the defendant. (2) The witness’ degree of attention. Green testified that he paid close attention to the defendant as the defendant
We conclude that a cumulation of the five factors shows the identification was reliable. Balanced against the reliability is the suggestiveness of the photographic lineup, and we find the photographic lineup procedure was not suggestive in any manner.
Green was called to the police station to view a photographic lineup because the police believed they had a suspect. This, in itself, does not constitute suggestiveness, for it is generally assumed if one is called to examine a photographic or physical lineup that there is a suspect in the crowd. State v. Knight, 323 So.2d 765 (La. 1975); State v. Curtis, 363 So.2d 1375 (La. 1978).
Green also testified that no threats or intimidation were used to obtain the identification. Detective Hoyt was the only other person in the room during the identification and he never suggested a particular photograph should be selected.
Lastly, the defense argues the photographic lineup was overly suggestive because the defendant was the only subject with a pock marked face. This is not correct, as an examination of the six photographs reveals several of the subjects have pock marks and/or scars on their faces.
This assignment is without merit.
Assignment of Error Number 2
Defendant contends his conviction should be reversed because the trial court failed to suppress the evidence and/or testimony at trial relating to the November 24, 1978 photographic lineup identification on the basis that the defendant was not represented by legal counsel.
The general rule is that a defendant is not entitled to be represented by an attorney during a pre-trial, post-indictment photographic lineup. United States v. Ash, 413 U.S. 300, 93 S.Ct. 2568, 37 L.Ed.2d 619 (1973). In State v. Cass, 356 So.2d 936 (La.1977), this Court held in accordance with the United States Supreme Court‘s decision in Ash, supra, in finding that a criminal defendant does not have a constitutional right to have counsel present at photographic displays conducted by the state for the purpose of attempting to secure an identification of the perpetrator of a crime.
Here, the defendant contends that the length of time which transpired between the crime and the photographic lineup was sufficient to change the nature of the investigation to accusatory, thereby requiring the attendance of counsel. The record clearly shows that at the time the photographic
This assignment is without merit.
Assignment of Error Number 3
Defendant contends his conviction should be reversed because the trial court failed to suppress the evidence and/or testimony at trial relating to the physical lineup identification of the defendant on December 19, 1978, on the basis of its suggestive nature.
The lineup itself was not suggestive as all of the six subjects were of the same race, similar in appearance and stature to the defendant, and were all dressed in identical uniforms. The defendant was allowed to choose his position and to tell the other subjects where to stand. None of the subjects used in the photographic lineup, except the defendant, was used in the physical lineup. The witness, Green, sat alone and pointed out the defendant without any coercion, suggestions or assistance from the police or anyone else.
The only possible questionable aspect of the physical lineup was that, not only did Green give a positive identification of suspect # 2 as the passenger/defendant, but he also gave a tentative identification of suspect # 4 as the other perpetrator, i. e., the driver who scrambled with Green for possession of the pistol. The trial testimony reveals that the officer conducting the physical lineup, Detective Richards, did not know if any other prospect was arrested for the crime except the defendant, and had no knowledge that the lineup participant tentatively identified by Green as the other perpetrator of the crime, was in any way connected with the crime. While the record does not reflect this, the implication was that the person (subject # 4) identified by him was never charged with having committed the crime. Nevertheless, this second identification was only tentative, for as Green testified, he was not positive only as to the identity of subject # 4 as the driver. He remained positive of the identification of subject # 2 as the passenger/defendant.
We conclude the physical lineup was not suggestive in any manner, and the positive identification of the defendant by the witness was a reliable one.
This assignment is without merit.
Assignment of Error Number 4
Defendant contends his conviction should be reversed because the trial court failed to suppress the evidence and/or testimony at trial relating to the physical lineup identification of the defendant on December 19, 1978 on the basis that he was not represented by legal counsel.
At the time of the physical lineup the defendant had been arrested, but he was not indicted until two days after the physical lineup. In Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 92 S.Ct. 1877, 32 L.Ed.2d 411 (1972), the United States Supreme Court held that the presence of counsel at a pre-indictment lineup was not a requirement of due process. This Court has followed Kirby in a number of decisions: State v. Hargrove, 330 So.2d 895 (La.1976); State v. Johnson, 327 So.2d 388 (La.1976); and State v. Smith, 357 So.2d 798 (La. 1978).
Furthermore, a good faith effort, though not required, was made on the part of the police to notify counsel of their intention to hold a physical lineup. Detective Richards testified that he contacted the Office of Indigent Defender Program and informed them of the state‘s intention to conduct a physical lineup, but no one from that office showed up. Defendant was not entitled to representation at the pre-indictment lineup, but the police still made a good faith effort to see that he was so represented.
This assignment is without merit.
Assignment of Error Number 5
Defendant contends his conviction should be reversed because the verdict of
This assignment is without merit.
Assignment of Error Number 6
Defendant contends his conviction should be reversed because the trial court denied the defendant‘s motion to quash the indictment on the basis of the state‘s amendment of the grand jury indictment from first degree murder to second degree murder.
However, district attorneys are empowered to amend indictments to charge lesser offenses. State v. Gilmore, 332 So.2d 789 (La.1978). The state may abandon the charge of a greater crime and proceed with prosecution for the lesser crime and no formal indictment is necessary for that purpose. State v. Edwards, 287 So.2d 518 (La. 1973). Obviously, the state can, by formal amendment, do what it also can do with no formal indictment change.
Concerning the amendment of an indictment, this Court recently allowed the district attorney to amend the charge from first degree murder to second degree murder after the trial began, but before the first prospective juror was called. State v. Davis, 385 So.2d 193 (La.1980). This is to be distinguished from the situation in State v. Donahue, 355 So.2d 247 (La.1978) where the district attorney nolle prosequied a first degree murder indictment and reinstituted the prosecution by a bill of information. In the present case, the defendant was indicted for first degree murder by a grand jury. The assistant district attorney then properly amended the charge to the lesser included offense of second degree murder before the trial began.
This assignment is without merit.
Assignment of Error Number 7
Defendant contends his conviction should be reversed because the trial court denied his motion to quash the indictment on the basis of the state‘s failure to furnish a sufficient bill of particulars.
In its motion to produce, the defense asked the state to furnish any oral statements made by the defendant which were to be introduced in evidence and to give the names and addresses of all of the witnesses known by the state to possess knowledge of the crime.
Before the trial the state gave notice of its intention to offer in evidence an oral statement made by the defendant to Louise Armstrong on October 17, 1977 in her apartment in compliance with
As to the request for the names and addresses of the state‘s witnesses, the state replied that the defendant was not entitled to this information. State v. Thornton, 351 So.2d 480 (La.1977). As a practical matter, the court has recognized that this information becomes available on the public record when the subpoenas and returns are filed with the clerk of court. State v. Hudson, 361 So.2d 858 (La.1978).
Besides furnishing sufficient answers to the defense requests, it appears the defense was already adequately satisfied with the answers. At a February 2, 1979 hearing for answers to the bill of particulars and motion to produce, the defense counsel, Mr. Philip S. Brooks, stated:
“All right, if the court pleases, we are satisfied to [sic] the answers to the bill of particulars and the motion to produce.”
This assignment is without merit.
For these reasons, the seven assignments of error made by defendant are without merit and defendant‘s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
DIXON, C. J., concurs with reasons.
LEMMON, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
DIXON, Chief Justice (concurring).
I respectfully concur, believing the treatment of Assignment No. 5 is incorrect.
LEMMON, Justice, dissenting.
This decision should be reversed because the eyewitness identification is so unreliable that it violates due process.
Thirteen months after the crime the victim was requested “to look at pictures to see if I could make an identification“, because “they had some evidence that could link this person to this (the crime)“. This statement to the victim was unduly suggestive.
There is a vast difference between telling an eyewitness called to view a line-up that “we have a suspect” and that “we have someone linked by other evidence to the crime“. The latter statement virtually tells the eyewitness “we have the perpetrator“. Under such circumstances the eyewitness, instead of being free to determine whether or not any of the persons shown is the perpetrator, is pressured into deciding which of the persons shown is the perpetrator.
This suggestiveness alone, arguably, did not so substantially increase the likelihood of misidentification as to violate due process. However, under the totality of circumstances a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification exists in this case.
The identification was 13 months after the crime. According to the victim, about an hour elapsed from the time he looked at the photographs until he made the identification. He also admitted he had “considerable trouble” and “[i]t was quite hard for me to remember“.
At the subsequent physical line-up, fortified by the questionable photographic identification, the eyewitness positively identified defendant as one perpetrator, but also positively identified a second person in the line-up as the other perpetrator. The undisputed error in the contemporaneous identification of the second perpetrator casts further substantial doubt on the eyewitness’ questionable identification of defendant.
In my opinion the motion to suppress should have been granted.