193 P. 1030 | Or. | 1920
Although witness Harry Farmer gave some testimony tending to prove opportunity to commit the offense, a conviction was had in this cause upon the testimony of the defendant’s accomplice, corroborated by a confession made in the district attorney’s office. The defendant challenged the admissibility of the confession, especially upon the ground and for the reason that the said confession or statement was not taken in accordance with the provisions of Section 1781, Or. L., providing as follows t
“When the examination of the witnesses on the part of the state is closed, the magistrate must inform the defendant that it is his right to make a statement in relation to the charge against him; that the statement is designed to enable him, if he sees fit, to answer the charge and explain the facts alleged against him; that he is at liberty to waive making a statement, and that his waiver cannot be used against him on the trial.”
The objection, as we take it from the record, was as follows:
“Mr. Gallagher. — Now, I desire to object to the introduction of this testimony because there has been no proper foundation made for the introduction of it, because it appears from the testimony so far that this statement was made either immediately after * # or perhaps before the preliminary hearing had been dispensed with and pending his procuring bail, while he (defendant) was still in custody of the officers of the law, and it has not been shown that the prelimin*289 ary hearing was through at the time this framed-up written statement was made. ’ ’
Preliminary to the introduction of the confession into the record.of the trial, the sheriff testified that he was present at the defendant’s preliminary examination held at Ontario on the sixteenth day of December, 1919, and, in response to interrogations put by the district attorney, testified as follows:
“Q. Immediately after the preliminary examination, what, if anything, was done?
“A. We went over for lunch first.
“Q. Who went to lunch?
“A. Tourself and Judd Heep, Bill Stevenson (defendant, Mr. Farmer, and me.
, “Q. That party all go together?
*290 “A. All together; yes, sir.
“Q. And after lunch, where did that party go?
“A. Went across and went up to your office.
“Q. Was there anything said after the preliminary by Stevenson with reference to his signing a statement of his — or a confession?
“A. Why, there was some talk in regard to it. I don’t know just the words that was used. # * I don’t know that I could say exactly what he said. All that was said really started from what was said over in the preliminary hearing. That whole conversation started from the statement that he made there. That was talked over after that. * * He signified his willingness to sign a statement.
“Q. I hand you this, marked State’s Ex. 1, for , Ident., and ask you to examiné this and state if this was signed by the defendant in your presence as a witness.'
“A. Yes, it was.
“Q. Was that read by the defendant before he signed it in your presence, handed to him for reading?
“A. It was handed to him for reading; yes, sir.
“Q. And did he read it, as far as you know?
“A. Well, as far as I know; yes.
“Q. Was there at, that time, or at any other time in your presence, any statement made to this defendant offering him immunity or reducing his punishment, or any threats of prosecution such as to induce the making of this statement?
“A. None.
“Q. Or anything that would tend to produce such a statement?
“A. No.
“Q. And you were present at the time of it being prepared and while he signed it?
“A. I was.”
Witness testified that he thought Mr. Swagler, the district attorney, wrote the statement that the prisoner
Witness Farmer testified:'
“Q. Were you present at all times when this confession was being prepared and while the defendant was there?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Was there any promises of any nature or character offered to him if he made a confession of this character?
“A. No, sir; I think not. * *
“Q. Was there any promise of reward made to him for signing a confession or this confession?
“A. No, sir; not in my presence.
“Q. Was there any promise of immunity made to him, or protection or lessened punishment, by reason of signing that statement?
“A. No, sir; not that I know of.
“Q. Was there any threat or statements sounding like threats that induced him to sign that confession?
“A. Nothing that I seen or heard.
“Q. And you were there, present, during the time that was being prepared, in the same room, and signed as a witness immediately afterward, did you not?
- “A. Yes, sir.”
“Upon the trial of a criminal case, * * whenever a confession is offered in evidence against the accused, it becomes necessary for the court to ascertain and determine whether or not the confession has been obtained by the influence of hope or fear- applied by a third person to the prisoner’s mind. This inquiry is preliminary, and is addressed to the judge.”
*293 “This quality of voluntariness, so necessary to a confession, presents itself at two stages of a trial: (1) To the judge; and (2) to the jury. The judge passes upon the admissibility and the jurors are the exclusive judges of the weight and credibility of the confession. The decision of the judge is only preliminary while that of the jury is ultimate.”
“The rule is well settled that a confession taken down by someone else and read to and signed by the accused is as much his written declaration as one entirely prepared by his own hand would be; and this is true although his exact language is not reduced to writing. By signing it and adopting its language, he makes it his own.”
It appears to us from the undisputed testimony of the witnesses that the confession offered and received in evidence was an extrajudicial confession, made by the defendant to the district attorney, and fully meets the requirements of law as to competency.
“A prosecution for the crime of adultery shall not be commenced except upon the complaint of the husband or wife.”
This clause of the adultery statute in substantially its present wording, first appeared in the Code of 1853, prepared by the Code commission authorized by an act of the territorial legislative assembly passed in January, 1853, entitled “An Act to Create a Board of Commissioners to Prepare a Code of Laws for the Territory of Oregon.”
What constitutes the statutory offense of adultery, or the procedure for the prosecution thereof, has not received uniform decision among the courts of the several states of the Union. The difference of opinion among the courts as to what constitutes the offense or what is the proper procedure in the prosecution of the crime of adultery generally arises from the fact that the decisions are founded upon Codes of law materially different from each other. Accordingly, the doctrine announced in a particular casé is dependent upon an individual statute under which the defendant is being prosecuted: Commonwealth v. Call, 21 Pick. (Mass.) 509 (32 Am. Dec. 284); State v. Lash, 16 N. J. Law, 380 (32 Am. Dec. 297); 1 Cyc. 953. While the crime of adultery is an offense against both the state and the innocent spouse in this state, yet according to the provisions of the statute of Oregon no grand jury can indict, nor can any person file an information before a magistrate charging
Concerning the right to institute; a prosecution, as in the case at bar, where both offending parties are married, there is a conflict of authorities construing statutes that are alike. The provision of the statute that requires the prosecution to be instituted by the husband or wife of one of the offenders has been held to mean that the proceedings may be set in operation against one or both of the offending spouses by the husband or wife of either. This rule was adopted by the Supreme Court of Michigan and followed by Minnesota and thence by North Dakota. The cases of Bayliss v. People, 46 Mich. 221 (9 N. W. 257), State v. Brecht, 41 Minn. 50 (42 N. W. 602), and State v. Wesie, 17 N. D. 567 (118 N. W. 20, 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 786), are.in point. Upon the other hand, the rule in Iowa declares that, in a case of adultery where both offenders are married, the complaint must be made by the husband or wife of the offender proceeded against: State v. Roth, 17 Iowa, 336; State v. Mahan, 81 Iowa, 121 (46 N. W. 855); Bush v. Workman, 64 Iowa, 205 (19 N. W. 910); State v. Oden, 100 Iowa, 22 (69 N. W. 270). This, provision found in the Iowa statute, as interpreted by the early case of State v. Roth, 17 Iowa, 336, limits the right to commence a prosecution for adultery to the husband or wife of the guilty party; and the commencement of the prosecution by the husband or wife of one party against his or her offending spouse does not authorize a prosecution against both. The Iowa statute provides that no “proseen
“This question is not only res integra, but it is sui generis, and so far as we have been able to extend our investigations, it has no parallel in the common or statute law, and is, therefore, purely an original question, to be decided without the aid of precedent.
“Adultery, though in England cognizable criminally under the ecclesiastical law, was not indictable at the common law, and is not therefore punishable in this country, where we have no established religion, except it is made so by statute. * '*
“Was this provision (providing that *nb prosecution for adultery can be commenced but on the complaint of the husband or wife’) incorporated in the statute simply to protect the partner or family from the public scandal attending the prosecution for the offense, or was it also in view of the fact that the penalty could not be visited upon the guilty party of such marriage, without, at the same time, in almost an equal degree, visiting it upon the innocent partner? Or, did the legislature regard the offense as primarily against the family, as tending to impose on the marriage a spurious issue, and as incidental only in its consequences to the public, and therefore left it .with the innocent partner to demand the enforcement of the penalty or not, at pleasure? * #
“What can be intended by the use of the definite ■article ‘the,’ preceding husband or wife, unless it re•fers to the husband or wife of the party against whom the prosecution is commenced. The object of the limitation of the statute, in our view, was to exempt the party from prosecution, unless the husband or wife of such party should commence the prosecution against him or her.”
This case has been cited and followed in many subsequent Iowa cases and has generally been followed by the Circuit Courts of Oregon. In the case of Bush v. Workman, 64 Iowa, 205 (19 N. W. 910), the
“It cannot be doubted that the words ‘husband or wife’ refer to and mean the spouse of the person charged with the offense. The statute is express and plain in its language, and its meaning cannot be misunderstood. It forbids prosecutions for adultery, except when commenced by the spouse of the person prosecuted.”
Such provisions restricting the prosecution of the offense to the aggrieved husband or wife of the defendant are said to be grounded in the regard which the law has for the marriage relation and the right of the husband and wife to condone the wrongs of either toward the other: State v. Corliss, 85 Iowa, 18 (51 N. W. 1154); State v. Andrews, 95 Iowa, 451 (64 N. W. 404); State v. Oden, 100 Iowa, 22 (69 N. W. 270). The recent cases of State v. Astin, 106 Wash. 336 (180 Pac. 394, 4 A. L. R. 1335), and State v. La Bounty, 64 Wash. 415 (116 Pac. 1073), seem to support the Iowa rule. In the latter case Judge Dunbar, speaking for the Supreme Court of the State of Washington, in discussing the reason for providing that a prosecution of that case could be commenced only upon the complaint of the husband or wife, said:
It was “the * * intention of the legislature which incorporated the provisions into the law” to regard adultery “as a crime against'the husband or wife personally, rather than as a crime against society, leaving the husband or wife # # to condone the offense if he or she desired so to do, unembarrassed by the publicity incident to the prosecution instituted by the officers of the state.”
‘ ‘ The purpose of the act is, as stated in the case of State v. La Bounty, * * to put the commencement of the prosecution in the exclusive control of the injured spouse, in order that reconciliation might take place free from publicity and notoriety.”
The fact that the highest courts of the different states we have mentioned differ as to the meaning of this clause of the adultery statute tends to prove that doubt exists as to its import. In view of the conflict of the decisions of the courts, we will assume that the meaning of this clause is not plain, and call to our aid the history of the legislation, the legislative interpretation, and the practical construction given this provision of the adultery statute in Oregon. On June 5, 1843, the legislative committee of the provisional government of Oregon made a report to the people recommending that—
“The laws of Iowa territory shall be the law of this territory, in civil, military, and criminal cases; where*300 not otherwise provided for, and where no statute of Iowa territory applies, the principles of common law and equity shall govern.”
This report was adopted by^he people on July 5, 1843. The laws of Iowa thus adopted by the people were “the statute laws of the territory of Iowa, enacted at the first session of the legislative assembly of said territory, held at Burlington, A. D. 1838-39; published by authority, DuBuque, Bussel, and Beeves, Printers, 1839”: Oregon Archives; pp. 30, 31, and 32. The Centennial History of Oregon, pp. '174, 182.
In the Iowa Code, Section 85 of an act defining crimes in the territory of Iowa became, by adoption, the first law in Oregon denouncing the crime of adultery.
On June 27, 1844, the legislature of' the provisional government passed an act which provided, among other things, that — :
“All the statute laws of Iowa Territory passed at the first session of the legislative assembly of said' territory, and not of a local character, and not incompatible with the condition and circumstances of this country, shall be the law of this government, unless otherwise modified; and the common law of England and principles of equity, not modified by the statutes of Iowa or of this government, and not incompatible with its principles, shall constitute a part of the law of this land”: Laws of Oregon of 1843 — 49, p. 100.
The fourteenth section of the act of Congress of August 14, 1848, c. 177, 9 Stat. 323, organizing the territory of Oregon, continued these laws of provisional government in force until they should be altered or repealed: General Laws of Oregon, 1843-72; Deady and Lane Code, p. 60. The legislative assembly of Oregon Territory, September 29, 1849, adopted the revised laws of Iowa of 1843. The Code
“The result of these conflicting views of the judges was that in Judge Nelson’s judicial district, composed of Clackamas, Marion, and Linn counties, and in Judge Strong’s district, composed of Clatsop County and the counties North of the Columbia River, the Iowa Code of 1838, adopted by the Provisional Government, was held to be in force. Judge Pratt’s district, composed of all the territory West of the Willamette River, included the counties of Washington, Yamhill, Polk, and Benton, and in this district the ‘Chapman Code’ of the Revised Code of Iowa Statutes of 1843 was recognized as the law in force. In the district of Nelson and Strong, the lawyers would cite the law from the ‘Little Blue'Book,’ as the volume of Statutes of Iowa of 1838 was called. In Judge Pratt’s district the same lawyers would quote from the ‘Big Blue Book,’ as the Iowa Code of 1843 was. called.” Oregon Historical Society, Volume 4, page 188. Article by Hon. James K. Kelly.
It was this dispute that gave rise to the appointment of the Code commission authorized and appointed by the legislative session of 1853, who prepared the. Oregon Code of 1853, which commission consisted of James K. Kelly of Clackamas
“It was agreed among us that Mr. Boise should prepare the act relating to executors and administrators, and also proceedings in the probate courts.
“To Mr. Bigelow was assigned the duty of preparing the act relating to crimes and misdemeanors, and to regulate criminal proceedings.
“I undertook to prepare the Code of Civil Procedure in actions at law and suits in equity.”
The commission gathered material for the Code of 1853 from different sources. That part of the Oregon statute relating to the manner of commencing and prosecuting actions at law was taken from the New York Code. It is commonly asserted that the adultery statute of the Code of 1853, wherein the clause relating to the commencement of the prosecution first appears in Oregon, was taken from the Iowa Code of 1851. "We have no positive proof that this is true; but by a comparison of Chapter 11 of the Criminal Code of Oregon prepared by the commission of 1853, denouncing a list of offenses against “chastity, morality and decency,” with a list of acts condemned as “offenses against chastity, morality and decency” by Chapter 145 of the Iowa Code of 1851, we believe that there is much reason for the claim.
The adultery statute as provided in the Code of 1853, remained unchanged until the adoption of the Criminal Code of Oregon annotated and compiled by M. P. Deady. This Code was prepared and reported to the legislative assembly that met September 12, 1864. It was passed as reported at the same session,
• Prior to the legislative session of 1891, the clause providing that “a prosecution for the crime of adultery shall not be commenced except upon the complaint of the husband or wife” had received numerous interpretations by the Circuit Courts of this state. The legislature re-enacted said section, without change other than noted, after the courts had long construed this clause to mean that no prosecution for the crime of adultery should be commenced except upon the complaint of the husband or the wife of the defendant when both parties to the crime were married. This is an important fact in looking for legislative intent.
“A construction made by the body charged with the enforcement of a statute, which construction has long obtained in practical execution, and has been impliedly sanctioned by the re-enactment of the statute without alteration in the particulars construed, when not plainly erroneous, must be treated as read into the statute”: New York, N. H., etc. R. Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 200 U. S. 361 (50 L. Ed.*304 515, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 272, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes); Endlich. on Inter. Statutes, § 367; State v. Schenk, 238 Mo. 429 (142 S. W. 263).
“It is a well-settled rule that the contemporaneous construction of a statute by those charged with its execution, especially when it has long prevailed, is entitled to great weight, and should not be disregarded or overturned except for cogent reasons, and unless it be clear that such construction is erroneous”: Biggs v. McBride, 17 Or. 640 (21 Pac. 878, 5 L. R. A. 115); Kelly v. Multnomah County, 18 Or. 356 (22 Pac. 1110); Rule 56, Statutes and Statutory Construction, 1 Fed. Stats. Ann. (2 ed.), and numerous cases under note 56.
It is the order of this court that the judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded, with direction that the appellant be discharged from further prosecution of the pending indictment.
Reversed "With Directions.