Lead Opinion
OPINION
Appellant was charged with robbery, burglary and theft. The state dismissed the theft charge at the close of its evidence. A jury found him guilty of the remaining charges. On aрpeal, he claims the trial court erred in denying his motion under Ariz. R.Crim.P. 20, 17 A.R.S., for a judgment of acquittal on the robbery charge and in responding to the jury’s question during deliberаtion regarding that offense.
A judgment of acquittal should only be granted if there is no substantial evidence to warrant conviction. Ariz.R.Crim.P. 20(a). Substantial evidence hаs been described as evidence that reasonable persons could find sufficient to support the conclusion that the defendant committed thе charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Mathers,
if in the course of taking any property of another from his person or immediate presence and against his will, such person threatens or uses force against any person with intent either to coerce surrender of property or tо prevent resistance to such person taking or retaining property.
A.R.S. § 13-1901. Threat means “a verbal or physical menace of imminent physical injury to a person.” A.R.S. § 13-1901. Appellant contends there was insufficient evidence of the threat to use or the use of force to send the charge to the jury. We disagree.
The state’s evidence included the victim’s testimony that while she was at an intersection in her car, appellant opened the door and told her that she had almost hit him. She did not recall almost hitting anyone. The victim described appellant as looking “very upset, and by his manner and the way that he approached me, he looked like
Clearly the victim was fearful and felt threatеned and did not consent to the taking of her property. Given her testimony and the commonly-known fact that carjackings are becoming tragically frеquent, we believe there was sufficient evidence from which reasonable jurors could conclude that the threatening behavior was directed аt coercing the victim into surrendering the purse or some other property belonging to her, or preventing her from resisting him in his efforts to take or retain it. See State v. Celaya,
In his second issue on appeal appellant contends the trial court erred in failing to further instruct the jury after it submitted questions to the court during deliberations. Thе jury asked whether the defendant had to threaten or “can the victim just perceive a threat?” They also asked the court to explain the pоrtion of the robbery instruction relating to the threat to use and the use of force. After some discussion, the court told counsel it would tell the jury to refer to the instructions and that the definition of threat had been given to them. Because defense counsel essentially conceded the trial court’s response was proper by failing to specifically object to the court’s refusal to give additional instructions, the issue may be deemed waived. See Ott v. Samaritan Health Service,
The convictions and the order placing appellant оn four years’ probation are affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. There is simply no evidence to establish that the defendant threatened or used forcе to take the victim’s purse. On direct examination by the prosecutor, the victim testified in pertinent part as follows:
Q. So after you stopped therе in your [vehicle] at about 10 o’clock in the morning, what happened?
A. Suddenly a young man opened the door of my car and told me that I almost hit him.
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Q. [C]ould yоu tell anything about his face when he was making these statements to you?
A. He looked very upset, and by his manner and the way that he approached mе, he looked like an abusive person.
Q. How could you tell that, what gave you this feeling?
A. His body movement and the way he talked to me, I was afraid that he might hurt me.
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Q. As best you can recall, at this point, what wеre the words that this man spoke to you?
A. He opened my door, all wide open, and he told me very angry that, “Hey,*414 lady, did you notice that you almost hit me.”
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Q. [D]id you say anything to him?
A. I don’t recall. I was so scared that I dоn’t recall talking.
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Q. What happened after you saw this man looking around and in different parts of your car and bending over?
A. He took my purse that was behind my seat and started running away to his ear.
From the foregoing, it is apparent that the defendant frightened and scared the victim before he grabbed her pursе and ran to his car. This would have been sufficient to establish robbery under our criminal code before it was amended in 1978. The prior statute, A.R.S. § 13-641, defined robbery as “the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another from his person, or immediate presence, and against his will, aсcomplished by means of force or fear.” However, fear is no longer an element of our current robbery statute, as this court recognized in State v. Miguel, supra. “A.R.S. § 13-1902 eliminates the requirement that the victim be placed in fear. ‘The new statute views robbery as an offense independent of the victim’s courage or lack of it.’ ” Id. at 541,
' Q. Okay, let me ask you, from the time the man opened the door to the timе he grabbed the purse and left, how long was that?
A. Less than a minute.
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Q. [Tjhere was no struggle, was there?
A. No.
Q. And there was no fight over the purse?
A. No.
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Q. The person never threatened you with a fist or made a move toward you to hit you or hurt you or touch yоu?
A. No.
Q. And the only 'thing the person said was something to the effect of, “Hey, lady, you almost hit me”?
A. Yes.
Given this unequivocal testimony, the defendant could not be convicted of robbery, only theft. “[T]he main difference between the crimes of theft and robbery lies in the use or threat of force____” State v. Tramble,