Lead Opinion
{¶ 2} Statement of Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 3} On Saturday, August 26, 2006, at approximately 9:00 a.m., Officer Joseph Smolik ("Officer Smolik") of the city of Streetsboro police department observed a commercial vehicle, a dump truck, traveling westbound on State Route 303. Because *2 the rear license plate appeared to be covered with black tar and dirt concealing the registration sticker and the license plate numbers, Officer Smolik pulled the truck over, which was being driven by Mr. Starcovic.
{¶ 4} As part of the traffic stop, Officer Smolik asked Mr. Starcovic to see his driver's license and to produce the weight bill and bill of lading for the load he was hauling. Officer Smolik referred to the bill of lading and then measured the tires. Using his "cheat sheet," he referenced the tire measurements to the chart and drew the conclusion that Mr. Starcovic was probably carrying an overload. Officer Smolik asked Mr. Starcovic to follow him to the police station so that his vehicle could be weighed. The vehicle weighed 79,330 pounds, over 9,000 pounds over the legal limit. After weighing the vehicle and while speaking to Mr. Starcovic, Officer Smolik detected a moderate odor of alcohol on Mr. Starcovic.
{¶ 5} Mr. Starcovic submitted to a breathalyzer test, which revealed that he had a .083% blood alcohol level. As a result, Mr. Starcovic was cited for driving under the influence of alcohol, in violation of R.C.
{¶ 6} Mr. Starcovic filed a motion to suppress arguing that after the initial traffic stop, the police lacked probable cause to conduct any further investigation, including the right to conduct any field sobriety tests. The trial court overruled the motion to suppress.
{¶ 7} Mr. Starcovic was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol, in violation of R.C.
{¶ 8} Mr. Starcovic filed the instant appeal, raising one assignment of error: "The Trial Court erred in overruling Appellant's Motion to Suppress evidence."
{¶ 9} Standard of Review
{¶ 10} "When ruling on a motion to suppress, we give `due deference to the trial court's assignment of weight and inferences drawn from the evidence.'" State v. Wilson, 11th Dist. No. 2007-A-0044,
{¶ 11} "Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and fact." Id. at ¶ 12, citing Village of Kirtland Hillsv. Sulc, 11th Dist. No. 2007-L-026,
{¶ 12} Motion to Suppress *4
{¶ 13} Mr. Starcovic contends that his motion to suppress should have been granted because after the initial traffic stop, the police had no probable cause to continue to interrogate him. Specifically, Mr. Starcovic contends that although the initial traffic stop may have been justified because there was dirt and tar covering the license plate, once the officer was able to determine that the vehicle had a valid registration sticker on the vehicle, the police lacked probable cause to further investigate the load of the vehicle or to stop him for a potential operating vehicle intoxicated offense.
{¶ 14} Initial Stop
{¶ 15} "`It is well established that an officer may stop a motorist upon his or her observation that the vehicle in question violated a traffic law.' State v. Boczar, 11th Dist. No. 2004-A-0063,
{¶ 16} Continued Detention After Initial Traffic Stop *5
{¶ 17} We now turn to the issue of whether there was probable cause with respect to Mr. Starcovic's continued detention and investigation of the truck's apparent overload violation and subsequent submission to a breathalyzer test arising from the officer's suspicion that Mr. Starcovic was operating the vehicle under the influence of alcohol.
{¶ 18} "In evaluating the propriety of an investigative stop, the reviewing court must examine the totality of the circumstances surrounding the stop as `viewed through the eyes of the reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene who must react to events as they unfold.'" State v. Colby, 11th Dist. No. 2002-P-0061,
{¶ 19} "In particular to the investigation of overweight trucks, R.C.
{¶ 20} "Therefore, for a police officer to stop a vehicle and check its weight, the officer must be able to point to some reasonable and articulable facts that, when taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, lead the officer to believe that `the weight of the vehicle and its load is unlawful.'" Id., citing Myers at 770.
{¶ 21} "An investigatory stop `must be viewed in the light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances' presented to the police officer." Id., citing State v. Freeman (1980),
{¶ 22} Based upon our review of the evidence presented by the state during the suppression hearing, if we were to find a "reason to believe" existed in this case, then we would be in effect setting a much lower standard than the reasonable suspicion standard that is required to conduct an investigatory stop. By his own testimony, Officer Smolik did not suspect the truck was overloaded when he proceeded to measure the tires. Thus, wholly lacking in this case is any observation that would indicate the truck was hauling an overload that warranted the further investigation.
{¶ 23} Specifically, when asked whether he initially observed if the truck was hauling an overload, Officer Smolik responded that he was entirely focused on the obscured license plate and made no such observations as the truck drove past. Officer Smolik then testified that it was routine procedure to request the driver's license and bill of lading when conducting a traffic stop of a commercial vehicle. His very next action was to measure the tires and check them against the bill of lading and his "cheat sheet." *7
Only then did he have a "reason to believe" that Mr. Starcovic was carrying a heavy load. Thus, we would have to draw a conclusion that Officer Smolik made some sort of observation that indicated to him the truck was hauling an overload and that the tires needed to be measured other than just out of routine procedure. The problem presented by the state of the evidence in this case is that we have no premise from which to draw this conclusion or inference.
{¶ 24} Our district, and other districts have routinely found a "reason to believe" in cases where the officer has made some kind of observation, such as bulging tires, heavy exhaust fumes, or difficulty driving, that were indicia of a truck carrying an overload. These observations combined with the officer's experience and training is enough to satisfy the "reason to believe" standard. See Miller at 11-12 (Officer's experience and observations that the tires were bulging and that large amounts of black smoke were being emitted from the exhaust pipe gave the officer a reason to believe the truck was overloaded and warranted further investigation); State v. Snyder, 4th Dist. 02CA575,
{¶ 25} Although we may surmise that the officer observed some indicia of an overload in his unconscious, we cannot read his mind and draw that conclusion. The *8 facts of this case dangle perilously close to painting a picture of a simple "fishing expedition" that proved fruitful.
{¶ 26} Thus, the trial court should have granted Mr. Starcovic's motion to suppress.
{¶ 27} The judgment of the Portage County Municipal Court, Ravenna Division, is reversed and this case is remanded for further proceedings.
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurs,
DIANE V. GRENDELL, P.J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.
Dissenting Opinion
{¶ 28} Since the probable cause associated with the initial stop was not extinguished at the time Officer Smolik made additional observations leading to his reasonable belief that Starcovic's truck was overloaded, the trial court properly denied Starcovic's motion to suppress. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
{¶ 29} As the majority correctly notes, there is no dispute that Officer Smolik had probable cause for the initial stop of Starcovic's truck based upon the license plate violation. The majority is likewise correct in noting that the propriety of an investigative stop is viewed under the totality of the circumstances as "viewed through the eyes of the reasonable and prudent police officer" reacting to events "as they unfold." Colby,
{¶ 30} Furthermore, as the majority notes, R.C.
{¶ 31} Despite recognizing the appropriate standard under which such a detention may legally occur, the majority then concludes that "if we were to find a `reason to believe' existed in his case, then we would be in effect, setting a much lower standard than the reasonable suspicion standard that is required to conduct an investigatory stop." This conclusion defies not only law and logic, but also ignores the facts of this case.
{¶ 32} "Where a vehicle is lawfully stopped * * * a patrolman may draw upon his prior experience and upon his observations, including hisobservation of load information, which is in plain view on the loadingticket, to determine that there is reason to believe that the vehicle is overweight, and upon that determination to order the vehicle weighed."State v. Benson (Feb. 18, 1983), 6th Dist. No. L-82-253,
{¶ 33} In the instant case, while investigating the initial trafficstop for the plate violation, Officer Smolik, who was trained in making observations and measurements regarding the weights of commercial vehicles, testified that he knew the vehicle was loaded by its appearance.
{¶ 34} Concurrent with his investigation for the license plate violation, Officer Smolik asked Mr. Starcovic to see his driver's license and the bill of lading for the truck. The purpose of asking for Smolik's driver's license was "[t]o make sure he had a valid *10 commercial operator's license to operate that vehicle." Officer Smolik further testified that his request to see Starcovic's license and to see his bill of lading were standard departmental operating procedure for effectuating a stop of a loaded commercial vehicle.
{¶ 35} According to Officer Smolik, his review of Starcovic's bill of lading indicated the possibility that the truck was overloaded. Based upon his observation, Officer Smolik elected to further investigate, by use of his "cheat sheet" to determine the measurements from the front to rear tire center hubs. These measurements, along with his experience and training in observing overloaded trucks, served to further confirm his initial suspicions.
{¶ 36} Based upon the totality of the circumstances, as indicated above, Officer Smolik had "reason to believe" that Starcovic's truck was overloaded, and thus, could lawfully continue to detain Starcovic under R.C.
{¶ 37} It is well-settled that "[a]n officer's subjective motivation for stopping an individual is not relevant to a Fourth Amendment probable cause or reasonable suspicion analysis." Snyder,
{¶ 38} As is clear from the aforementioned analysis and the record, the investigation into a possible load violation was concurrent with that of the license plate violation, which Starcovic does not challenge as improper. Once Officer Smolik had lawfully detained Starcovic for the license plate violation, he "observed additional facts *11
that justified a continued detention to investigate whether appellant was violating R.C.
{¶ 39} The original purpose of the stop had not been extinguished by the time Officer Smolik made the additional observations giving him "reason to believe" Starcovic's vehicle was overweight. Therefore, his further detention of Starcovic for the purpose of having his vehicle weighed did not violate Starcovic's Fourth Amendment rights. Cf.Chatton,
{¶ 40} Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court's judgment denying Starcovic's motion to suppress. *1