Defendant appeals from a judgment of conviction for attempted prostitution. ORS 167.007; ORS 161.405(1). He argues, inter alia, that the trial court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal. We affirm.
Although the procedural sequence that underlies this appeal is unusual and somewhat complex, the events that resulted in defendant’s arrest are straightforward. Defendant was driving on N.E. Sandy Boulevard in Portland and saw a woman whom he believed to be a prostitute, but who was, in fact, Portland Police Officer Thompson on undercover duty. Defendant stopped and asked Thompson what she charged for her “services.” After discovering that he did not have cash to pay the quoted amount, defendant told Thompson that the “deal [was] off’ and drove away. Other officers immediately arrested defendant, and he was ultimately indicted for attempted prostitution under ORS 167.007 (Count 1) and prostitution procurement activity under Portland City Code § 14.24.055 (Count 2). 1
“I know it’s very thin, but I am going to grant the motion on the attempt [Count 1]. I could be wrong on this, and I know I cut the state off completely, but it seems to me that in the state’s case-in-chief, the evidence is [defendant] just left. * * * He said later when interrogated, ‘Temptation is a terrible thing,’ and I think that goes to the change of heart. * * * And I might be wrong, but that’s what I’m ruling.”
The court then excused the jury for the day.
The next morning, outside the presence of the jury and before any further proceedings occurred, the state renewed its objections to the court’s ruling on Count 1. The court reversed itself on that ruling, concluding that defendant had the burden of producing evidence to support his affirmative defense, and reinstated Count l. 3 Defendant then presented his case and thereafter moved again for a judgment of acquittal on both counts, arguing that the court’s initial oral ruling on Count 1 had effected an acquittal and that, consequently, any further proceedings on Count 1 would violate the state and federal constitutional bars against double jeopardy. He further argued that, because Count 1 and Count 2 were the same offense, the court’s judgment of acquittal on Count 1 necessarily required a judgment of acquittal on Count 2. The trial court disagreed, concluding that its oral allowance of the judgment of acquittal at the conclusion of proceedings on one day did not preclude it from revisiting the issue the next morning. Consequently, the court denied defendant’s motion with respect to both counts.
The jury ultimately found defendant guilty on both counts. The court entered judgment
On appeal, defendant raises four assignments of error. He first challenges the trial court’s denial of his pretrial motion to dismiss either Count 1 or Count 2, or to treat them as a single offense. He argues that both counts constituted the same offense and that, as such, the state’s decision to proceed on both counts violated the “rule against multiplicity,” which defendant describes as “the long-standing principle that an accusatory instrument may not charge a single offense in several counts.” The purpose of that “rule,” which is derived from double jeopardy concerns, is to protect against multiple punishments for a single offense.
See, e.g., Simpson v. United States,
In this case, and assuming, without deciding, that the city ordinance and the state statute did, in fact, constitute a single offense, defendant was protected from multiple punishments, because the trial court ultimately entered only one conviction. 5 Thus, the vice that the “rule against multiplicity” addresses was avoided. Any error was harmless.
Defendant nevertheless argues that “pyramiding” his single offense into multiple counts created other types of prejudice:
“Creating the impression that multiple punishments may be imposed can seriously distort a defendant’s response to an accusation. * * *
“As for jury prejudice, creating the appearance that the defendant’s alleged conduct violated more laws than it did is especially dangerous when the laws of superficially separate governmental authorities are involved. This communicates to the jury the irrelevant but maligning message that distinct official entities have felt compelled to legislate against the kind of conduct he is alleged to have committed. Implicit in such communication is the message that the jury has a civic duty to do its part in attacking the problem by convicting the defendant.”
Although those concerns are arguably valid in some practical sense, we are unaware of any authority — and defendant provides none — for the proposition that those possible side effects of multiple charging require reversal of an otherwise valid conviction. 6 We therefore conclude that the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s pretrial motion. 7
As described below, we do not agree with the state that,
as a constitutional matter,
double jeopardy can
never
arise unless or until a court’s ruling granting a judgment of acquittal is reduced to writing. Nevertheless, under the circumstances presented here, the trial court could reconsider and withdraw its ruling without violating either the applicable statutes, ORS 136.445 and ORS 131.505, or constitutional prohibitions. We begin with the statutory issues.
See State v. Moylett,
“In any criminal action the defendant may, after close of the state’s evidence or of all the evidence, move the court for a judgment of acquittal. The court shall grant the motion if the evidence introduced theretofore is such as would not support a verdict against the defendant. The acquittal shall be a bar to another prosecution for the same offense.” (Emphasis supplied.)
ORS chapter 136 does not define “acquittal,” and we have found no authority directly defining that term in ORS 136.445. However, ORS 131.505 defines operative terms for purposes of the statutory bar against former jeopardy. See ORS 131.505 to ORS 131.575. 11 ORS 131.505(6) provides:
“(6) There is an ‘acquittal’ if the prosecution results in a finding of not guilty by the trier of fact or in a determination that there is insufficient evidence to warrant a conviction.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Defendant argues in this case that: (1) the trial court’s oral pronouncement was a “determination that there [was] insufficient evidence to warrant a conviction,” ORS 131.505(6); and (2) that “determination” was an “acquittal” for purposes of the double jeopardy bar described in ORS 136.445. We agree with defendant that “acquittal” in ORS 136.445 can and should be construed by reference to ORS 131.505(6).
See State v. Wolfs,
Our conclusion in that regard rests on the oft-reiterated principle that a trial court’s oral ruling is not binding until reduced to writing and, unless executed in open court, is not effective until filed with the clerk.
Clark v. Auto Wholesale Co., Inc.,
That, however, disposes only of the statutory issue. As noted, defendant raises double jeopardy arguments under Article I, section 12, as well as under the Fifth Amendment. Relying on authority from other jurisdictions, 12 defendant argues that, as a constitutional matter, the court’s oral ruling precluded further prosecution. Defendant’s arguments under the state and federal constitutions both rest, without differentiation, on that premise. The state responds, in part:
“[T]he initial ruling was oral, not written, and made before the defense committed itself to a final course of action. This is not an instance of defendant detrimentally relying on a court’s oral acquittal and confessing to a crime for which he thought prosecution [was] barred. Nor is this an instance where, having rested, the state sought to offer additional facts to bolster its case.”
The issue is one of first impression in Oregon, and its resolution is by no means clear. There is, indeed, substantial appeal to defendant’s “bright-line” position that, once a trial judge utters the “magic words” of acquittal, further prosecution is precluded. Moreover, to the extent the state is urging that, as a constitutional matter, the oral allowance of a judgment of acquittal is never entitled to preclusive effect, that position is constitutionally unsupported and practically unworkable. Nevertheless, we do agree with the state that an oral ruling allowing a motion for judgment of acquittal is not preclusive, and may be rescinded, where, as here, neither the parties nor the court have detrimentally relied on that rul ing — e.g., through presentation of arguments, introduction of evidence, or instruction or discharging of the jury — in the interval between the oral allowance and rescission.
In so concluding, we find the analysis expressed in
United States v. Baker,
419 F2d 83 (2d Cir 1969),
cert den
“In the case before us, no final judgment of acquittal was ever entered, and certainly Baker was not subjected to the harassment of successive prosecutions. Nor did the prosecution seek a delay in order to obtain a more favorable opportunity to convict. The only prejudice Baker suffered is psychological; his hopes were first raised, then quickly lowered. But so ephemeral and insubstantial an injury is not proscribed by the Constitution.” Id. at 89.
Here, as in
Baker,
it is arguable that defendant may have suffered some incremental psychic distress from believing overnight that one of the charges against him had been dismissed and learning the next morning that it had not. “So ephemeral and insubstantial an injury is not proscribed by the Constitution.”
Baker,
419 F2d at 89. Conversely, none of the other concerns that underlie double jeopardy protections was implicated. Defendant was “not subjected to the harassment of successive prosecutions.”
Id.
Nor did the state gain any tactical advantage or defendant incur any tactical detriment.
See State v. Bannister,
Defendant’s third assignment of error challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal on Count 2. Defendant’s argument is that, because the trial court granted an acquittal on Count 1 and because Count 1 and Count 2 are the same offense, the trial court necessarily had to grant an acquittal on Count 2 as well. Our disposition of the second assignment of error, that there was no judgment of acquittal on Count 1, necessarily defeats that argument.
Defendant’s final assignment of error challenges the court’s instructions to the jury regarding his renunciation defense. The trial court instructed the jury as follows:
“The defendant has raised the affirmative defense of renunciation to the charges of Attempted Prostitution (Count 1) and Unlawful Prostitution Procurement Activities (Count 2).
“The defendant is not guilty of Attempted Prostitution and Unlawful Prostitution Procurement Activities if:
“(1) The defendant avoided the commission of the crime of Attempted Prostitution by abandoning his attempt to commit the crime of prostitution, and if necessary, then did everything that he could have done to prevent the commission of the crime;
“(2) The defendant avoided the commission of the crime of Unlawful Prostitution Activities by abandoning his attempt to commit the crime of Unlawful Prostitution Procurement Activities and if necessary, then did everything that he could have done to prevent the commission of the crime; and
“(3) The defendant’s abandonment was under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of the defendant’s criminal intent.
“The burden of proof is on the defendant to prove the affirmative defense by a preponderance of the evidence.”
Defendant argues:
“The trial court erroneously instructed the jury on the defense of renunciation to consider whether the defendant had abandoned or prevented the inchoate crime, ‘attempted prostitution [and unlawful prostitution procurement activities],’ rather than directing the jury to consider whether the defendant avoided committing the substantive crime, prostitution.”
The state responds that, as to the renunciation instruction pertaining to the statutory offense, attempted prostitution, the court instructed the jurors just as defendant argues they should have been instructed:
“[T]he court instructed jurors that the defense applied if defendant avoided the crime of attempted prostitution, ‘by abandoning his attempt to commit the crime of prostitu tion.’ ” (Emphasis in original.)
Thus, the state argues, the instruction, “as a whole [,] made it clear that the sole issue in dispute was whether defendant had renounced the substantive prostitution crime [.]” We agree. Finally, any error in the renunciation instruction pertaining to the ordinance was not prejudicial, given that the court merged the conviction under the ordinance into the conviction under the statute.
Affirmed.
Notes
ORS 167.007 provides, in part:
“(1) A person commits the crime of prostitution if:
“(a) The person engages in or offers or agrees to engage in sexual conduct or sexual contact in return for a fee; or
“(b) The person pays or offers or agrees to pay a fee to engage in sexual conduct or sexual contact.”
Portland City Code § 14.24.055 provides:
“(a) * * * As used in this Section, ‘prostitution procurement activity’ means any conduct by any person that constitutes a substantial step in furtherance of an act of prostitution. Such activity includes, but is not limited to, lingering in or near any street or public place, repeatedly circling an area in a motor vehicle, or repeatedly beckoning to, contacting, or attempting to stop pedestrians or motor vehicle operators.
“(b) It is unlawful for any person to engage in any prostitution procurement activity with an intent to induce, entice, solicit, procure, locate, or contact another person to commit an act of prostitution.”
ORS 161.430 provides:
“(1) A person is not liable under ORS 161.405 if, under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of the criminal intent of the person, the person avoids the commission of the crime attempted by abandoning the criminal effort and, if mere abandonment is insufficient to accomplish this avoidance, doing everything necessary to prevent the commission of the attempted crime.
“(2) The defense of renunciation is an affirmative defense.”
The trial court reversed its ruling based on its understanding of
State v. Caswell,
The amended judgment states, in part:
“Now therefore, it is hereby ordered that the original judgment of conviction entered herein on June 25, 1996 is amended to merge count two (Prostitution Procurement Activity) into count one (Attempted Prostitution) for the purposes of conviction and sentencing.”
Although it is true that the jury found defendant guilty on both counts, the “conviction” that matters in this case is the
judgment
of conviction.
See State v. Morales,
Defendant cites numerous cases in support of this argument. We have reviewed them and find no persuasive authority in support of his position.
Defendant also argues that the trial court’s denial of his pretrial motion violated double jeopardy principles. Double jeopardy protects a defendant against (1) a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, or (3) multiple punishments for the same offense.
State v. Whittlinger,
Article I, section 12, provides:
“No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offencef.]”
The Fifth Amendment provides, in part:
“No person shall * * * be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limbfj”
Defendant does not argue that the trial court’s ultimate ruling' — i.e., that, under Caswell, defendant was not entitled to a judgment of acquittal — was wrong on the “merits.”
Those provisions include ORS 131.515(1), which provides, generally, that “[n]o person shall be prosecuted twice for the same offense.”
Tinker v. State,
Moreover, defendant’s reliance on the holdings of other jurisdictions,
see