The defendant, Ray W. Snell, was convicted of leaving the scene of a personal injury accident in violation of section 39-762, R. R. S. 1943. His motion for new trial was overruled and he has appealed.
The defendant assigns as error the insufficiency of the evidence tо sustain the conviction, the failure to grant a mistrial for misconduct of the county attorney, the admission of certain evidence, the failure to give instructions requested by the defendant, and the giving of certain instructions by the trial court upon its own motion.
Section 39-762, R. R. S. 1943, prоvides as follows: “The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident upon either a public highway, priyate road, or private drive,. resulting in injury or death to any person, shall .'(1) immediately stop such vehicle at the scene of such accident, (2) give his name, addrеss, and the registration number of his vehicle and exhibit his operator’s or chauffeur’s *398 .license to .the person struck or the driver or occupants ■.of . any vehicle collided with, and (3) render to any person injured in such accident reasonable assistance, inсluding the carrying of such person to a physician or surgeon for medical or surgical treatment if it is apparent that such treatment is necessary or is requested by the injured person. Any person violating any of the provisions of this section shall upon conviction thereof bé punished as provided in section 39-763.”
The State produced evidence that on October 21, 1962, at approximately 1:10 a.m., Vern C. Omer, a state safety patrolman, had stopped a motor vehicle on U. S. Highway No. 20 at a point approximatеly 3% miles east of Crookston in Cherry County, Nebraska. The motor vehicle which patrolman Omer had stopped was parked on the highway near the south edge of the paved portion of the highway. The patrol vehicle, was parked to the rear of the motor vehicle which had been stopped and the right wheels of the patrol vehicle were 2 or 3 feet onto the south shoulder of the highway. Both vehicles were headed east. The headlights on both vehicles- were lighted and the blinker lights on the patrol vehiclе were turned on. As patrolman Omer was preparing to get out of the. patrol vehicle, a 1957 bluish-green- "Chevrolet coming from the- west struck the left rear of the -patrol vehicle, forcing it forward and into the rear of the motor vehicle which was parked in front of the patrol car. ■The collision resulted in severe damage to both the front- and rear of the patrol vehicle and patrolman Omer received neck and back injuries in the accident-. ■
The 1957 Chevrolet which collided with the patrol vehicle did nоt stop but continued to the east on U. S. Highway No. 20. Patrolman Omer called Valentine, Nebraska, by radio and reported the accident. He gave a description of the 1957 Chevrolet which had collided with the patrol vehicle and requested assistance tо stop that automobile. The Cherry County sheriff’s office *399 then notified G. D. Essley,. a state safety patrolman, that the accident, had occurred. .
.Patrolman Essley talked with patrolman Omer. by radio and received a description of the automobile that had cоllided with the patrol vehicle. At approximately 1:25 a.m., patrolman Essley observed the. defendant driving a 1957 blue Chevrolet east on U. S. Highway No. 20. Patrolman Essley and the sheriff stopped the .defendant at a point approximately 2 miles west of. ¡Valentine, Nebraskа. The right front .of the defendant’s automobile was. severely damaged and only-the- ¡left headlight was operating. The defendant was the only person in the automobile and he appeared to be. intoxicated. The defendant was arrested and taken to Vаlentine.
The evidence which, has- been summarized, although circumstantial, was sufficient, if believed, to sustain a finding that the defendant was guilty of a violation of section 39-762, R. R. S. 1943.. The defendant produced evidence which tended to show the contrary. The result is that it was a question for the jury as to wheher the defendant- was guilty as charged. It is not the province of this court in a criminal case to resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the. credibility of witnesses,. or weigh the evidence. State v. Nichols,
In his opening statement the county attorney advised the jury that the defendant had been charged with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcoholic liquor and with leaving the scene of- a personal injury accident, and that the defendant had appeared in court and entered a plea of guilty to both counts. The defendant immediately moved for a mistrial, but the motion was overruled.
During the trial patrolman Essley was allowed to testify, over objection, that the defendant had pleaded guilty in the county court to driving while under thе influence of intoxicating liquor and leaving the scene of a *400 personal injury accident. The. defendant contends that this evidence was not admissible, that the defendant’s objection to the evidence should have been sustained, and that it was misconduct for the county attorney to refer to this evidence in his opening statement.
If the evidence was admissible, it was not misconduct for the county attorney to refer to it in his opening statement. If the evidence was not admissible, it was highly prejudicial to the defendant and the judgment must be reversed. Consequently, the only question which requires consideration here is whether the evidence was admissible.
Under the previous decisions of this court, the testimony in question would be admissible. A voluntary statement made by the defendant at a preliminary examinatiоn before a magistrate is admissible as an admission or confession at a subsequent trial. Adams v. State,
In a recent decision, White v. State of Maryland,
The record in this case shows that the trial court appointed counsel for the defendant upon his application and affidavit that he was indigent after the information had been filed in that court. There is evidence that in the county court the county attorney advised the defendant that he had a right to counsel and that the defendant said “he didn’t care for counsel.” There is no evidence that the defendant was advised that he was entitled to counsel at the expense of the State, and our stаtute does not provide for the appointment of counsel until after the filing of an information. § 29-1803, R. S. Supp., 1961. See, also, Lingo v. Hann,
We think that the record fails to show affirmatively an effective waiver of the right‘to counsel by the defendant in the county court. See Cаrnley v. Cochran,
Upon direct examination, the defendant testified that he had pleaded guilty to being drunk when he was in the county judge’s office. This testimony was a waiver of any error in respect to the admission of evidence as to his plea of guilty to the charge of driving whilе under the influence of intoxicating liquor. Adams v. State, supra. It was not a. waiver, of the error in the admission of the evidence as to his plea of guilty to the' charge of leaving the scene of a personal injury accident, and the judgment must be reversed.
*402 Upon direct еxamination of patrolman Essley the ¡following occurred:
“Q Now, based upon your investigation of — and , the accident, did you. request that charges be filed against the defendant? A Yes, I did.
“MR,' 'DONOHO: Now, move for a mistrial, because of the improper question of the county attоrney. * * *
“THE .COURT: The objection which was made just prior to the recess is overruled. .1 guess it was .a motion. Overruled.
“Very well.”
., .The fact that patrolman Essley requested, the county attorney to. file charges against the defendant was not relevant to any issue in the case. Howevеr, no objection was made until after the question had been answered and. the defendant did not move to strike the answer. A defendant may not predicate error on the admission of evidence to which no objection is made at the time it is offered. State v. Hеnry,
In the case at bar the defendant requested an instruction that, an automobile driver is not criminally liable for failure to stop and failure .to render aid to an injured person until he knows that an accident has happened and injury has been inflicted or a death has occurrеd. The trial court did not give the requested instruction as such but did give the following instruction No. 9: “Evidence has been presented in this case to the effect that defendant was unaware that any accident had happened in which he was involved. ■ The jury is instructed as a matter of law that an automobile driver is not criminally liable for failure to stop and failure to render aid to an injured person when he does not know an accident *403 has happened or an injury has been inflicted,, unless he should have known. If the jury shall find that an accidеnt occurred in which defendant was involved, and that a person was. , injured therein, and shall, further find that the defendant was ignorant or unaware of these facts through no fault of his own, then the defendant shall be found not guilty. If, however, the jury shall find that the defendant, although he did not know that he was involved in an accident, or consequential personal injury,, under all the facts and circumstances should have, known, then this rule shall not apply, and the guilt or innocence of .defendant shall be1 determined in accordance with the other instructions hеrein given.”
In Behrens v. State,
“Further, lack of such knowledge constitutes a proper defense. Olson v. State,
Thе defendant contends that instruction Ño. 9 was erroneous in that it permitted the jury to find the de *404 fendant guilty even though it found that the defendant did not know that he had been involved in an accident in which a person had been injured. The instruction is erroneous because it substitutes the element of negligence for the element of knowledge which is required under the Behrens case.
Knowledge may be proved by circumstantial evidence and the jury may consider all of the facts and circumstances which are indicative of knowledge. The evidence in this case was sufficient to sustain a finding of knowledge on the part of the defendant, but the jury was instructed that it might find the defendant guilty even though it should find that the defendant did not know that he had been involved in an accident in which a person had been injured. The instruction was erroneous and it requires that the judgment be reversed.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.