State v. SMITHState v. SMITH
This is a consolidated motion to dismiss 98 indictments returned by the 15th and 16th Grand Juries of the September 1966 term sitting during the May 1967 session.
On September 29, 1967 defendant John William Smith filed with the court a motion to dismiss two indictments returned against him by the Essex County grand jury. Each indictment charged him with assault and battery upon a police officer, contrary to the provisions of
In order that there would be no delay in the disposition of these indictments, the court ordered at the first hearing that all indictments returnеd against defendants would proceed to trial. Since the filing of this motion, the indictments returned against defendant John William Smith have been disposed of by trial. A jury returned a verdict of guilty on indictment 2678-66 and were in disagreement on indictment 2679-66. Of the remaining indictments, 71 were dismissed on motion of the Essex County Prosecutor, and most of the defendants in this group were charged with a lesser offense under the Disorderly Persons Act. In addition, 16 defendants were tried, convicted and sentenced, 6 were tried and found not guilty, and 1 failed to appear in court and a bench warrant was issued for his arrest. The remaining indictments have not been disposed of at this time.
This motion presents basically four issues concerning (1) the loyalty oath of grand and petit jurors; (2) the lack of a
THE OATH OF THE GRAND AND PETIT JURORS
The grand jurors who indicted defendants were required to take an oath pursuant to
“* * * you do not believe in, advocate or advise the use of force, or violence, or other unlawful or unconstitutional means, to overthrow or make any change in the government established in the United States or in this State; and that you are not a member of or affiliated with any organization, association, party, group or combination of persons, which so approves, advocates, or advises the use of such means * * *.”
Petit jurors are required to take a similar oath as provided in
Defendants contend that this oath is violative of the
In addition, defendants contend in their moving papers that the oath created “an effect of instilling in the minds and consciences of the grand jurors * * * a disregard of the Constitution of the United States.” How this “effect” resulted was not explained to the court. Finally, defendants argue that the oath, coupled with the court‘s charge to the grand jury and certain alleged inflammatory statements by public officials, prejudiced them. As to this argument defendants fаiled to show how they were prejudiced and did not support this position with accurate authority. Therefore, these contentions were not considered by the court.
On oral argument of this matter counsel stipulated that no defendant is a member of the class of persons allegedly excluded by the oath, i.e., persons who believe in the unlawful overthrow of our government or persons who are inactive members of a subversive organization. In addition, there was no evidence presented to this court that any member of the grand jury which indicted defendants refused to take the required oath and was thereby excluded from jury service. These facts present the question of whether defendants have standing to challenge the constitutionality of the oaths. Defendants’ position is that they have standing to challenge the oath because of its chilling effect on the
Under the present state of the law as espoused by the United States Supreme Court, a federal court has “never entertained a defendant‘s objection to exclusions from the jury except when he was a member of the excluded class.” Fay v. People of State of New York, 332 U.S. 261, 287, 67 S.Ct. 1613, 1627, 91 L.Ed. 2043 (1947); Rawlins v. State of Georgia, 201 U.S. 638, 26 S.Ct. 560, 50 L.Ed. 899 (1906). The apparent rationale for this rule is that if a
This doctrine of standing has been followed in several states. See State v. Lea, 228 La. 724, 84 So.2d 169, 170 (Sup. Ct. 1955); People v. White, 43 Cal.2d 740, 278 P.2d 9, 17 (Sup. Ct. 1954), certiorari denied 350 U.S. 875, 76 S.Ct. 120, 100 L.Ed. 774 (1956); Griffin v. State, 183 Ga. 775, 190 S.E. 2 (Sup. Ct. 1937); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 159 S.W.2d 733 (Sup. Ct. 1942), certiorari denied 317 U.S. 648, 63 S.Ct. 42, 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 43 S.E.2d 77 (Sup Ct. 1947), certiorari denied 332 U.S. 768, 68 S.Ct. 80, 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); State v. Jones, 5 Terry 372, 44 Del. 372, 57 A.2d 109, 113 (Del. O. & T. 1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 165 A. 825 (Sup. Ct. 1933); State v. Clifton, 247 La. 495, 172 So.2d 657 (Sup. Ct. 1965). Likewise, this doctrine is the procedural law of New Jersey. State v. James, 96 N.J.L. 132, 144 (E. & A. 1921). See also State v. Lee, 74 N.J.L. 852 (E. & A. 1905), affirmed 207 U.S. 67, 28 S.Ct. 22, 52 L.Ed. 106 (1907). The James case involved a situation in which women were allegedly excluded from the jury panel by the jury commissioners. The Court of Errors and Appeals held that defendant could not raise the question that the exclusion of women from jury duty violated the
On the other hand, defendants contend they need not show actual prejudice by the application of the law or
Since defendants have failed to show prejudice and in view of the above-cited cases this court concludes that defendants do not have standing to challenge the constitutionality of
Assuming, arguendo, that defendants do have standing to challenge those statutes, this court is still constrained to find them constitutional for the following reasons:
Loyalty oaths have long been the subject of litigation. Within the past few years this interest was renewed by the United States Supreme Court regarding loyalty oaths required of teachers. See Keyishian v. Board of Regents of University of State of New York, 385 U.S. 589, 87 S.Ct. 675, 17 L.Ed.2d 629 (1967); Whitehill v. Elkins, 389 U.S. 54, 88 S.Ct. 184, 19 L.Ed.2d 228 (1967); Elfbrandt v. Russell, 384 U.S. 11, 86 S.Ct. 1238, 16 L.Ed.2d 321 (1966); Baggett v. Bullitt, 377 U.S. 360, 84 S.Ct. 1316, 12 L.Ed.2d 377 (1964). Keyishian dealt with an oath almost identical to the oath required of grand and petit jurors in the case at bar. The United States Supreme Court held that the oath as applied to teachers was unconstitutionally vague and violative of the
“Our nation is deeply committed to safeguarding academic freedom, which is of transcendent value to all of us and not merely to the teachers concerned. That freedom is therefore a special concern of the First Amendment, which does not tolerate laws that cast a pall of orthodoxy over the classroom.” (385 U.S., at p. 603, 87 S.Ct., at p. 683)
See also Sweezy v. State of New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234, 77 S.Ct. 1203, 1 L.Ed.2d 1311 (1957).
Therefore, this Court must consider whether jurors are also to be given this special consideration. In dоing so the court must weigh the State‘s interest in having loyal jurors against
Juries, in particular grand juries, have always been considered an arm of the court; they perform a quasi-judicial function in our present judicial structure. In re Jeck, 26 N.J. Super. 514 (App. Div. 1953). As provided in
When considering the above it becomes apparent that the real interest of the State is in its right to self-preservation.
TRANSCRIPT OF THE GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS
There was no stenographic record made of the grand jury proceedings which resulted in the indictment of defendants. Movants contend that the failure to make a stenographic record or otherwise record these proceedings has deprived defendants of their rights contemplated by the
The present state of the law in the federal courts is that “There is no constitutional rеquirement that grand jury proceedings be transcribed.” United States v. Cianchetti, 315 F.2d 584, 591 (2 Cir. 1963). See also United States v. Hensley, 374 F.2d 341 (6 Cir. 1967); McCaffrey v. United States, 372 F.2d 482 (10 Cir. 1967). The attendance of a stenographer at a grand jury proceeding in the federal courts is permissive rather than mandatory. United States v. Borys, 169 F. Supp. 366, 368 (D. Alaska 1959); United States v. Rosen, 259 F. Supp. 942 (S.D.N.Y. 1966).
THE GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS
The third major contention of defendants involves alleged misconduct on the part of the 15th and 16th Grand juries and the Court, allegedly resulting in a denial of their rights as guaranteed to them under the
There is no doubt that the Newark civil disturbance and the similar outbreaks of lawlessness which occurred throughout the country during the summer of 1967 received nationwide publicity. Likewise, there is no question that certain public officials made statements condemning the numerous criminal activities which occurred spontaneously at that time. Thus, the question presented is whether this publicity so adversely affected the grand juries which indicted defendants that it caused a violation of due process of law.
The proceedings of the grand jury are presumed valid unless proof is submitted to the court which rebuts this presumption. State v. Graziani, 60 N.J. Super. 1 (App. Div. 1959), affirmed 31 N.J. 538 (1960). In the case at bar there has been no indication to the court that the grand jury proceedings in question were not conducted in the usual solemn manner. Likewise, there has been no evidence presented to the court that any indictment involved herein was the result of bias, prejudice or malice as was condemned in the case of State v. Borg, 9 N.J. Misc. 59 (Sup. Ct. 1931). On the contrary, the news media merely reported the Newark civil disturbances as accurately as possible under the circumstances. The fact of news publicity alone cannot be said to have created such a “probability of prejudice” that the grand jury proceedings should be deemed “inherently lacking in due process.” See Estes v. State of Texas, supra, 381 U.S., at pp. 542-543, 85 S.Ct. 1628. The court therefore finds that defendants were in no way prejudiced by the publicity surrounding the Newark Civil disturbance.
Defendants further contend that the language of the charge by the court to the 15th and 16th grand juries was
“The Court has requested that you appear before it this morning to be charged and instructed relative to the many killings, serious injuries inflicted upon individuals, the burning and destruction of personal property, the plundering and looting of business establishments and general lawless and riotous conduct by many individuals * * *. There is no doubt that certain guarantees and protections cloak all citizens under the Federal and State Constitutions, but these constitutional rights were never meant to be shields for acts of criminality. They were never intended to be licenses for burning, shooting, looting, plundering and murder. * * *
Certain events have taken place in the City of Newark which demand your immediate attention and consideration. I do not have to remind you of the complete disregard for law and order that has been hovering over this municipality. Facts which have come to the attention of the Court indicate a pattern of lawlessness which cannot be permitted to go unnoticed by those charged with the administration of justice * * *”
It is well established in our system of jurisprudence that the grand jury performs a two-fold function. It acts as a sword so that those who are suspect of wrongdoing may be properly brought to trial, and as a shield to protect the people frоm arbitrary prosecution. State v. Sibilia, 88 N.J. Super. 546, 550 (Cty. Ct. 1965). In conformance therewith the court charged each grand jury that it was the duty of the grand jury to return an indictment in each instance where the State had presented a prima facie case with “due process as the beacon.” Likewise, the court charged that where the State failed to present a prima facie case it was equally the grand jury‘s duty not to indict. The court further charged that
“You should without fear or favor, prejudice or symphathy examine the evidence presented to you in each case and determine whether or not it merits your returning an indictment against the accused.”
When this charge is considered in its totality, this court concludes it did not prejudice defendants, for the
Defendants further contend that the 15th and 16th grand juries spent insufficient time deliberating on each case presented to them before returning an indictment, thereby resulting in a violation of the grand jurors’ oath as set forth in
After these indictments were returned, many were dismissed by the court on the prosecutor‘s motion after an amended or new complaint was filed charging the accused with a lesser offense under the Disorderly Persons Act. This procedure is commonly referred to as “downgrading” an indictment. It is employed by the prosecutor only after he has considered the circumstances of the offense charged, the
Under the present state of the law, grand jury proceedings are generally considered secret. State v. DiModica, 40 N.J. 404 (1963). The reasons for grand jury secrecy were aptly stated in the case of United States v. Rose, 215 F.2d 617, 628-629 (3 Cir. 1954):
“(1) To prevent the escape of those whose indictment may be contemplated; (2) to insure the utmost freedom to the grand jury in its deliberations, and to prevent persons subject to indictment or their friends from importuning the grand jurors; (3) to prevent subornation of perjury or tampering with the witnesses who may testify before grand jury and later appear at the trial of those indicted by it; (4) to encourage free and untrammeled disclosures by persons who have information with respect to the commission of crimes; (5) to protect innocent accused who is exonerated from disclosure of the fact that he has been under investigation, and from the expense of standing trial where there was no probability of guilt.”
(Quoted in State v. DiModica, supra, 40 N.J., at pp. 409-410, and State v. Clement, 40 N.J. 139-143 (1963))
This veil of secrecy may be lifted when the Court is satisfied under the circumstances of a particular case that the policy
Since defendants charged the grand juries with serious misconduct, the Court permitted defendants to inquire as to whether there was some legal evidence before each grand jury to support a return of the indictments in question and whether each grand jury spent sufficient time deliberating on each case. This is permissible under the law. See State v. Donovan, 129 N.J.L. 478, 483 (Sup. Ct. 1943). However, this court refused to allow defendants to inquire as to the competency and adequacy of evidence before the grand jury. This is not required by the
Defendants’ final contention on this point is that the court was in error for failing to inquire of each grand juror regarding the possibility of prejudice against defendants or members of their class. This argument presents the question whether the court has the duty and responsibility to make such an extensive inquiry of prospective grand jurors. There is no case law or statute which imposes this duty upon the court. At present it is sufficient that the court instruct grand jurors to decide each case on the merits and “without fear or favor, prejudice or sympathy, examine the evidence presented * * * in each case and determine whether or not it merits your returning an indictment against the accused.” In addition, grand jurors are required to take an oath
“* * * that you shall diligently inquire * * * that you shall present no one through envy, hatred or malice; neither shall you leave аnyone unpresented for fear, favor or affection, for reward, gain or the hope thereof * * *”
In view of the above procedures this court concludes that the charge, coupled with the required oath, is sufficient to preclude the possibility of prejudice on the part of the grand jury. The court therefore is under no obligation to question grand jurors regarding the possibility of their being prejudiced against a prospective defendant or class of defendants.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE GRAND AND PETIT JURIES
The defendants’ final contention is that the grand and petit juries were improperly and unconstitutionally impaneled. In particular, defendants claim that the procedure employed by the Essex County jury commissioners in the selection of grand and petit jurors resulted in a systematic and deliberate exclusion of Negroes, women, residents of the City of Newark, and persons of lower economic status. Defendants submit that this alleged discrimination deprived them of their rights to an indictment сonstitutionally found and to trial by jury in accordance with the
The New Jersey Legislature has entrusted the jury commissioners of each county with the task of obtaining
It is a well established principle of our jurisprudence that juries, as instruments of public justice, be truly representative of the community. Smith v. State of Texas, 311 U.S. 128, 130, 61 S.Ct. 164, 85 L.Ed. 84 (1940); Glassner v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 85, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1941); State v. Stewart, supra, 2 N.J. Super., at p. 26. Therefore, a deliberate and systematic еxclusion from jury service of Negroes or any other qualified class of persons constitutes a deprivation of equal protection under the
This court must now examine the practices and procedures employed by the Essex County jury commissioners and their staff in obtaining grand and petit jurors. Since the procedure of selecting grand and petit jurors differ, they shall be dealt with separately.
Names of prospective grand jurors are obtained by the jury commissioners, who solicit such names from various civic organizations, churches, labor unions, phone books and various other organizations including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This system is commonly referred to as the “key-man” system. Although this system is somewhat outmoded, this court has found no case declaring it to be unconstitutional per se. After these names are supplied to the jury commissioners they are turned over to their staff who, in turn, send an objective questionnaire to the prospective grand jurors. Form, see
Names of prospective petit jurors are taken solely from the voter registration lists of Essex County. The voters’ names are on addressograph plates in the office of the superintendent of elections for Essex County. Each plate contains the name, address, district and ward of each registered voter, and the plates are arranged on trays by ward and district, street number first and then alphabetically by name. The voter registration printed lists are made up from the addressograph plates and are аrranged in the same manner as the plates. Since 1966 the staff, at the direction of the jury commissioners, has prepared petit jury lists by selecting names in a given alphabet range from the addressograph plates. For example, in 1967-1968 the jury commissioners’ staff authorized the use of the letters M to R in preparing the petit jury panels. The staff went through the plates and sought the names beginning with those letters. They then placed each name on a standard questionnaire and a blank card. If a
Approximately 35,000 questionnaires are mailed out to prospective petit jurors in the various wards and municipalities of the county at the beginning of each year.1 The number of questionnaires mailed annually varies in accordance with the needs of the court for petit jurors. Out of this total number, approximately 3,000 questionnaires are returned “Address Unknown“, and an additional 15% of the total number mailed receive no response. The majority of these questionnaires returned “Address Unknown“, or those which receive no response are addressed to Newark residents. Questionnaires which are returned are reviewed by the staff with the approval of the jury commissioners. Those persons who do not qualify or are exempt from jury service are not placed on the list. The names of those persons who dо qualify are placed on IBM cards and then into a computer
The procedure heretofore discussed is unlike any procedure condemned as unconstitutional by our federal courts. For example, in Whitus v. Georgia, supra, prospective jurors’ names were chosen from a tax digest on which a “C” was placed after every Negro name. In addition, there was a significant disparity between the percentage of Negroes on the tax digest (27.1%) and that on the grand jury venire (9.1%) and the petit jury venire (7.8%) which strongly pointed to a conclusion of discrimination. Likewise, in Avery v. Georgia, 345 U.S. 559, 73 S.Ct. 891, 97 L.Ed. 1244 (1953), not only was the source of prospective jurors’ names maintained on a racially segregated basis, but also the names of prospective Negro jurors were placed in the jury box on yellow colored tickets. In both the aforesaid cases, it was primarily the procedure employed in selecting jurors that pointed to the conclusion of discrimination. See also Arnold v. North Carolina, 376 U.S. 773, 84 S.Ct. 1032, 12 L.Ed.2d 77 (1964); Norris v. State of Alabama, 294 U.S. 587, 55 S.Ct. 579, 79 L.Ed. 1074 (1935).
There are several other cases in which a long and continued absence of Negroes on the jury lists brought the court to a conclusion of discrimination. See, for example,
Since there is nothing unconstitutional about the jury selection procedure per se, the next question presented is whether there is such significant under-representation on the jury lists of Negroes, women, residents of the City of Newark and persons of lower economic status as would strongly point to a conclusion of discrimination. If so, there is the further question whether such under-representation establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, thereby rebutting the presumption of validity of the jury panels and shifting the
During the hearing heretofore mentioned, the composition of the grand and petit juries was determined by the use of statistics and what is commonly called a “random sample technique.” For the purpose of determining the composition of the grand jury, this court considered the four past grand jury master lists, i.e., from May 1966 to May 1967. The lists totalled 1,200 names and defendants used a sample of 300 names to determine race, sеx, residence and occupational background of the jury panels. The sample indicated that of the names on the grand jury master list, 25.0% were female (21.8% by actual count), 26.7% were residents of Newark (26.9% by actual count), and 6% were Negro (by sample only). The average occupational breakdown on the aforesaid grand jury lists was approximately 39% professional, 16% manager, 9% clerical, 9% sales, 2% craftman, 2% operative, 2% household, 1.5% laborer, .5% unemployed, 7.5% housewife, 11% retired, and .5% self-employed. The largest classification was “professional” and included over 100 professions or occupations.
According to the population statistics furnished by defendants, the breakdown of the Essex County population between the age of 21 and 74 years indicates that 52.2% are female, 41.7% of the county population reside in Newark, and 17% of the county population are Negro.
The occupational breakdown of the Essex County labor force is as follows: professional 11.55%, manager 8.20%, clerical 16.47%, sales 7.41%, craftman 11.56%, operative 20.19%, household 9.93%, laborer 4.03%, unemployed 2.51%, housewife (not considered in labor force), retired (not considered in labor force), and self-employed 8.15%. There were no statistics introduced in evidence to indicate the number of persons qualified for jury service in any of the aforesaid classifications. For example, there was no evidence to indicate the number of persons classified in “craftman” who
Additional evidence was introduced to indicate the probability of observing the present composition of the grand jury. For example, defendants’ statistician testified that assuming Negroes between the ages of 21 and 74 years comprise 17% of the Essex County рopulation, the probability of observing 6% or less Negroes on a given grand jury list is less than one in a million. The same statistician also testified that he would expect to find on a grand jury master list of 300 names, 12.7% to 21.3% Negroes 95% of the time. The court is not impressed with these statistics because defendants’ statistician admittedly did not consider all of the qualifications for jury service or exemptions from jury service. Namely, defendants’ statistician did not consider the percentage of Negroes, women, residents of Newark and persons of lower economic status between the ages of 21 and 74 years who were disqualified from jury service because they were: (1) not a resident of this State for at least two years; or (2) not a resident of Essex County; or (3) convicted of a crime, or (4) not able to read, write and understand the
This court now turns tо the composition of the petit jury. It has considered the four petit jury master lists for May 1966 to May 1967 consisting of approximately 18,000 names, Since the voter registration lists are the source for the petit jury lists, it is incumbent upon this court to know the composition of those lists. If a particular group of persons fails to register to vote, it is not the result of discrimination that the particular group is not represented on the jury panels. The evidence indicates that in 1967 53.9% of the voters registered in Essex County were women and 33.3% of all voters residents of Newark. There was no evidence introduced to indicate the number of Negroes registered to vote in this county or the number of registered voters in each of the occupational classifications heretofore discussed in the selection of the grand jury.
A review of the record indicates that out of all the questionnaires mailed for the 1966 lists, 26.3% were sent
“Any person who has the actual physical care and custody of a minor child and who gives written notice to the jury commissioners of the county of his residence that jury service would interfere with the care required for such child shall be exempt * * *.”
Naturally, many more women than men fall into this category of exemption, thereby explaining the imbalance. Furthermore, where a family‘s name appears on the voter registration lists, the jury commissioners’ staff would only choose one or two members of that family to serve on jury duty. In many instances the male name was chosen to alleviate the burden of service on women entrusted with the care of minor children. Although a disparity resulted by use of the aforesaid procedure, this court cannot dismiss the indictments on this ground in the absence of showing that the jury commissioners were arbitrary or deliberate in their exclusion of women from the jury lists, or that their action was probably harmful to defendants’ substantive rights. Butler v. State, 229 N.E.2d 471 (Ind. Sup. Ct. 1967).
Additional evidence was introduced which indicates that the petit jury master lists contained an average of approximately 20.3% residents of Newark after mailing. Defendants contend this under-representation is the result of using the voter registration lists as a source of names since the percentage of Newark residents registered to vote is less than the percentage of Newark residents in the general population. The court finds this argument without merit. Those who fail to register to vote in this county eliminate themselves from jury service. See: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Improvements in Judicial Machinery of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate, 19th Cong., 1st. Sess. 43 (1967). Recently the Federal Government passed into law the Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968,
This court now turns to the question of the alleged disparity between the number of Negroes qualified for jury service and those actually on the petit jury master lists. A sample from the petit jury master lists of May 1966 to May 1967 was taken by selecting every 16th name and then personally interviewing the juror to determine his or her race. The sample totalled 299 names out of a universe on the four lists of approximately 18,000 names. The result of this sample showed 8.36% to be Negro. There was no evidence introduced to the court which indicates the number of qualified Negroes registered to vote in Essex County. Therefore, this court is without sufficient evidence to determine if a significant disparity exists between the number of Negroes qualified for jury service and the number of Negroes who actually served on the petit jury. As indicated heretofore, Negroes comprise 17% of the general population of Essex County between the ages of 21 to 74 years. When comparing this figure of 17% with the result of the sample (8.36%), one finds a disparity of 8.64%. This court cannot conclude that this disparity is the result of a systematic and deliberate exclusion of Negroes. There is the strong probability that this segment of the Negro population is not qualified for jury service, or is exempt from jury service, or has simply failed to register to vote. This court therefore concludes that defendants have failed to establish a prima facie case of jury discrimination against Negroes in the case at bar.
The aforesaid reasoning applies equally to the question of whether there is a significant disparity between the percentage of persons of lower economic status qualified for jury service and persons of that group who actually serve on jury duty. Again, defendants failed to introduce in evidence statistics which indicate the percentage of persons of lower economic status who are qualified for jury service or who are registered to vote in this county. Therefore this court concludes
In conclusion, defendants’ motions to dismiss the indictments herein are denied.
Notes
1965 for 1966 1966 for 1967
Municipality Male Female Total Male Female Total
Belleville ....... 685 193 878 1141 283 1424
Bloomfield ....... 881 396 1277 1536 644 2180
Caldwell ......... 226 110 336 268 125 393
Cedar Grove ...... 399 68 467 457 114 571
East Orange ...... 1530 522 2052 2249 852 3101
Essex Fells ...... 102 77 179 135 89 224
Fairfield ........ 134 20 154 201 29 230
Glen Ridge ....... 227 140 367 352 184 536
Irvington ........ 1427 422 1849 2132 421 2553
Livingston ....... 927 132 1059 850 399 1249
Maplewood ........ 888 354 1242 989 396 1385
Millburn ......... 657 254 911 864 264 1128
Montclair ........ 717 400 1117 927 442 1369
Newark ........... 5163 1625 6788 8728 2887 11615
North Caldwell ... 156 47 203 194 44 238
Nutley ........... 755 254 1009 935 354 1289
Orange ........... 575 190 765 1236 474 1710
Roseland ......... 113 68 181 171 50 221
South Orange ..... 507 301 808 610 338 948
Verona ........... 528 169 697 614 159 773
West Caldwell .... 308 114 422 421 133 554
West Orange ...... 906 379 1285 1406 603 2009