The appellant, Basil W. Smith, was convicted on a charge of larceny of property held by him as a bailee under R.C.M. 1947, see. 94-2701, subd. 2. The appeal is taken both from the judgment of conviction entered upon the verdict and from an оrder of the court denying a new trial.
There is little conflict in the testimony. The general fact *20 situation was this. Appellant Smith was president and general manager of a corporation known as the S. and S. Milling Company which operated a small sawmill. The two complaining witnesses, Ted and Frank Gustafson, brothers, were partners owning the Grizzly Bear Lumber Company, which also operated a sawmill and a planing mill. Their planing mill did “custom planing” and during the year 1955 planed some 70,000 board feet of lumber for the S. and S. Milling Company. Two carloаds of this lumber were shipped and are not involved in this case. A balance of some 8,000 board feet of lumber belonging to the S. and S. Milling Company remained on the Grizzly Bear Lumber Company premises. In September of 1955, as appears hereafter in detailed testimony, an arrangement was made between appellant Smith and complaining witness Ted Gustafson to ship a joint carload of lumber, to be made up of the 8,000 board feet of lumber belonging to the S. and S. Milling Comрany and the balance belonging to the Grizzly Bear Lumber Company.
This carload of lumber was loaded by the Grizzly Bear Lumber Company. It was shipped and sold by the S. and S. Mining Company. Proceeds of the sale were received by Smith and depоsited to the account of the S. and S. Milling Company. No amount was ever paid to the Grizzly Bear Lumber Company for their share of the carload.
At this point, the testimony is in somewhat of a conflict. The state and its chief witness, Ted Gustafson, сontend there was a bailment of the partial carload of lumber; that there was an agreement to pay over the share of the proceeds; and that the transaction did not constitute a sale. Further, it is the state’s pоsition that the transaction was a personal one with Smith, and not one with the corporation. This latter facet of the case will not be enlarged upon in view of what will hereafter appear.
For the purpose of this opinion, we shall assume that the transaction represented a bailment between the parties as urged by the State. This assumption may not be warranted, but as we view the case, but one matter is determinative of this appeal. Thаt matter is as to the proof of a criminal intent.
*21 The transaction took place between Smith and Ted Gustafson. Ted Gustafson’s testimony is the only testimony which reflects the situation and upon which the state’s case depends. Therefоre, the fact situation reflecting on criminal intent can best be set out by partial quotes of this prosecuting witness, Ted Gustafson:
‘ ‘ Q. How did that [the transaction leading up to the charge] come about? A. Well, Mr. Smith [the defendant who was president and general manager of S. and S. Milling Company] contacted me to plane out approximately 70,000 feet of lumber.
“Q. About when? A. Oh, that was the latter part of September, I imagine, the first part of October. So, in the process оf planing this 70,000 feet, which constitutes little more than two carloads, so we planed two carloads of — which developed No. 3 and 4 lumber, which we loaded and shipped for him, and out of planing that much lumber there was about 8,000 feet оf No. 2 pine lumber that developed out of planing that much— just mill run of lumber, as we call it. So I had contacted Mr. Smith and asked him what he wanted to do with the balance of that 8,000 feet of lumber. * * *
“Q. Well, what was the reason for this contact now, again? A. To question him what he wanted to do with the balance of the lumber that he had left in our yard over there, and he informed me that — well, he asked me if we had any No. 2 pine that belonged to us, and I said we did. We probably had enough to constitute a car, with what belonged to him. So he told me that he had an order for a carload of pine, No. 2 pine, to go ahead and load his in the car as well as mine, or ours, my brother and I, and that when he got the proceeds from the car he would turn that amount of money over to me for our share of the car, which arrangement was completed, and we went ahead with it. * * *
“Q. Do you know exactly how much of your lumber went into the car? A. I do.
“Q. And how much was that? A. There was 21,992 feet, which we were paid off at the rate of $84.50 per thousand, amounted to a total of $1,858.32.
*22 “Q. Well, what was — how was this value ascertained, do you recall? A. Well, Mr. Smith had the order for the car, and I didn’t know the price that the lumber wаs sold for until after he had gotten the returns, and he told me what the lumber was per thousand feet, after he got the returns from the car. * * *
“Q. Was this transaction evidenced by anything, Mr. Gustafson? A. What—
“Q. By that I mean, was it in writing of any— A. No, it was just a verbal conversatiоn between Mr. Smith and myself.
“Q. Well now, just what was your understanding of this transaction? A. Well, we were to load out this particular lumber that’s in question, which was ours, and we in turn at the time that the car was shipped and the proceeds were received fоr the lumber, that we were to be turned over our share of the proceeds for the amount of lumber that we had in the car. * * *
‘ ‘ Q. Did you authorize Mr. Smith, the defendant, to do anything in particular with the proceeds of this car? A. I did not. It was my understanding that we were to get our share of the proceeds of the car upon receipt of the same.
“Q. And from whom? A. From Mr. Smith. * * *
“Q. This may be objected to, but what was your understanding of Mr. Smith, the defendant’s status in handling your lumber in this transaction? A. Well, I just assumed on the oral convеrsation that we had on a joint loading of the car, which this was, that we would receive our proceeds for our share when the money was received for that particular car of lumber. * * #
“Q. Were you informed by the defendant that it hаd been sold? A. Yes, I was.
“Q. When? A. Well, it was probably — I don’t recall, two to three weeks from the time that the car was shipped before I got notification that the car was sold, and the price that the lumber was sold for.
“Q. Who notified you? A. Mr. Smith.
“Q. And where? A. Well, he probably, as I recall it, called me up on the phone. I asked about it numerous times, and *23 finally after at least two weeks, why lie informed me that they bad received tbe returns for tbe car.
“Q. And where bad be received them, under your understanding? A. Well, tbe check bad been mailed to him, and be in turn told me that it was deposited in tbe bank to bis account. * *
“Q. Were these receipts turned over to you? A. They were not.
“Q. Were you informed of what bad happened to them? A. Yes.
“Q. By whom? A. Well, I think by both tbe bookkeeper over there, and Mr. Smith, both.
“Q. Well, with refеrence to Mr. Smith only, what was bis statement as to tbe disposition of these proceeds? A. Well, they were short of money for their business, and they bad to use our money for running of their business.
“Q. Well, did be inform you of bow this was done? A. Well, be said they deposited it to tbe bank to their account.”
From tbe record it also appears that tbe two companies, because they dealt with each other quite often, were in tbe habit of maintaining running open accounts to recоrd intercompany payments and lumber shipments. Tbe pertinent entries regarding tbe lumber in question were made as any other entry might be. Thus, on tbe books kept by tbe Gustafson company tbe amount due them from tbe S. and S. Company was recordеd as an account receivable; and tbe S. and S. Company recorded it as an account payable.
Tbe two companies continued to do business with each other through tbe succeeding months until in February 1956, tbe S. and S. Milling Compаny failed. Tbe last attempt of tbe Gustafsons to collect for tbe carload of lumber was made in tbe spring of 1956, and this charge was brought in November 1957.
Tbe appellant makes twelve specifications of error raising three general questions. These may be classed as, error in allowing tbe case to come to trial under an insufficient information, refusing to dismiss the action for failure of proof, and giving and refusing instructions improperly.
*24 It is elemental that the necessary ingredient of a crime, as distinguished from a civil trespass, is the existence of а criminal intent. D.C.M. 1947, see. 94-2701, sets forth:
“Larceny defined. Every person who, with the intent to deprive or defraud the true owner of his property, or of the use and benefit thereof, or to appropriate the same to the use of the taker, or of any other person * * * ’ ’
In State v. Labbitt,
“It is elementary that the taking of property temporarily and with the intention of returning it is not larceny. The animus furandi, or intent to steal, is an essential element of the crime of larceny. ‘It is this intent which distinguishes larceny from a mere civil trеspass. Every taking of another’s property without legal justification is a trespass upon the owner’s right to its continued possession, but it does not constitute a crime unless the act is perpetrated feloniously, that is with animus furandi or with the intent to stеal.’ 36 C.J. Larceny, see. 101, p. 763. ‘Every taking and carrying away by one person of the personal property of another is not larceny even though it is done without right or claim of right and for the purpose of appropriating the рroperty to the use of the taker. Super-added to the wrongful taking there must be a felonious intent, for without it there would be only a bare trespass which, however aggravated, would not be crime. It is the criminal mind and purpose going with the act which distinguishes a criminal trespass from a mere civil injury.’ 32 Am. Jur., Larceny, see. 36, p. 925.’’
The instant case shows a complete lack of proof of the criminal intent necessary. At the worst, it can only be said that an aggravated trespass was committed.
The intent required, of course, may be found from the facts and circumstances surrounding the transaction, but the mere existence of an unpaid debt, as shown by this testimony, does not demonstrate any intent to fraudulently appropriate the property. Generally in such a case as this there is evidence of a deliberate attempt to hide, to lie, or to cheat or some other
*25
.action inconsistent with an ordinary debtor-creditor relatiоnship. “ ‘ To constitute larceny, the party committing the offense must have the view of converting the property to his own use
permanently,
or depriving the owner of his property permanently.’ Territory v. Paul (1875),
The only possible circumstance which would indicate an intent to fraudulently deprive the Grizzly Bear Lumber Company of its money permanently is the assertion by Ted Gustafson, one ■of the complaining witnesses, that the defendant did not inform him of his receipt of the proceeds until some two or three weeks ■after the car was loaded and shipped. However, there is nothing in the record to indicate even roughly the date this remittance was received by Smith so we are in no way able to infer that he concealed, even for a short time, his receipt of the money.
We are inclined to regard the fact that two years and more •elapsed between the transaction and the filing of the complaint as significant. During this period of time, the complaining witnesses treated the transaction as one in the regular course of business and the conversations, testified to, were an attempt to collect a debt owing them as a partnership from a defunct cоrporation by looking to the managing officer for personal payment.
Because the state completely failed to prove criminal intent, the trial court should have granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss at the conclusion of the State’s case.
Because of the determinative nature of our finding with regard to the lack of proof of intent, it is not necessary to indulge in a lengthy discussion of the errors assigned involving the information or the instructions.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of conviction is reversed. The cause is remanded to the district court, and ordered dismissed.