State v. Sloan, No. 1,344

No. 1,344 | Mont. | Mar 20, 1899

BRANTLY, C. J.

1. The defendant takes exception to the action of the District Court in allowing, on motion of the County Attorney, the name of Carrie Sloan, the wife of defendant, to be indorsed upon the inf ormation, among the names of the witnesses for the State. This was done in open court three days before the trial began. The defendant was present, and made objection that the witness was his wife, and could not be a witness against him. He now complains that he was compelled to object to her competency at the trial, in the presence of the jury, and was therefore prejudiced in their estimation. The Penal Code (Section 1734) requires the county attorney to indorse upon the information, at the time of filing it, the names of all witnesses for the State known to him. But nowhere do we find any provision requiring the names of subsequently discovered witnesses to be so indorsed. It is, however, a safe and proper practice to have this done, so that the defendant may have no ground to complain that he has not had sufficient opportunity to meet the testimony of witnesses of whom he has received no notice. But the failure to have this done would not prevent the prosecution from examining at the trial a witness discovered after the filing of the information. The defendant could not complain, unless he could show that he had not been allowed suitable opportunity to meet such evidence. It was not necessary that the name of the wife should be indorsed, unless she was known to the county attorney to be a witness at the time the information was filed. She could have been called at the trial and offered by the State, subject to the objection defendant had a right to make under Code of Civil Procedure, Sec. 3163. The proper time to make the objection was when the testimony was offered. We cannot distinguish/the case under discussion from any other case where incompetent evidence has been offered and excluded. The nature of the matters sought to be proved by this witness is not revealed. Presumably she would have been an unfriendly witness. When she was offered by the State she was excluded, upon objection, when it appeared that, she was the wife of defendant. We do not think defendant was prejudiced. State v. McGilvery (Wash.) 55 Pac. 117, cited by counsel, is not in point. .

2. During the selection of the jury, when the time came to exercise the right of peremptory challenge, the court compelled the defendant to exhaust two challenges to each one taken by the State. This is assigned as error. Under the Penal Code (Sections 2044, 2045) the defendant was entitled to ten peremptory challenges, and the State to five. “Challenges for cause and peremptory challenges must be taken in. the manner provided in Sections 1059, 1062, 1063 of the Code of Civil Procedure.” (Penal Code, Sec. 2057.) ■ The Code of Civil Procedure (Section 1059) provides: “* -* * Each party is entitled to four peremptory challenges. If no peremptory challenges .are taken until the panel is full, they must be taken by the parties alternately, commencing with the plaintiff.” No challenge had been taken in this case until the panel was full. The other sections of the Code of Civil Procedure referred to in the section of the Penal Code cited supra do not refer to the manner of taking peremptory challenges. The only reference to be found in any of these sections, or elsewhere in the Codes, to the manner or order in which they shall be taken,- is Section 1059. This has reference to a condition where both parties have the same number of challenges. The contention is made by defendant that the proper construction of this section, as applied to criminal cases, is that the parties must alternately take one challenge each until the State has exhausted its number, and then defendant may continue challenging until he shall be satisfied, or has exhaused his entire number. We do not think the position tenable. The mandate of the statute is that the parties alternate in exercising this right. Alternation is possible only when the plan adopted by the District Court in this case is followed. The State gives the defendant the advantage of double the number of challenges it reserves for itself. It cannot for this reason be claimed that the defendant should have the additional advantage of reserving one-half his challenges until the State has exhausted its number. If this may be done, then there is no reason why the provision of the statute should not be construed to mean that the State should first take or waive all its challenges, and that the defendant, following it, should then take or waive all his. Thus the principle of alternation would be destroyed. No less would it be destroyed if the construction contended for by defendant’s counsel should be adopted. Certainly, in giving defendant double the number of challenges reserved to the State, the design of the law is that he should have this advantage, but it is equally clear that he should enjoy this advantage in the way pointed out by the law. The rule enforced in the selection of the jury in this case has been observed uniformly in this State since its birth, and was the rule in use under the territorial government, under similar statutory provisions. We think it a fair and just interpretation of- these provisions.

3. The defendant contends that the testimony of Fred. Bussell, detailing the occurrences on -Sunday afternoon before the killing, is immaterial, and should not have been admitted. In this we think the defendant is wrong. Certainly the message sent by defendant, — “Well, so long. Tell the old man I don’t want any trouble, but, if he wants any, he can get it,” ■ — tends to show the threatening attitude in which his mind stood towards the deceased. On the trial of an indictment for murder, previous threats of defendant against the deceased are competent as showing malice, or, when long before, as showing deliberation or premeditation. (Underh. Cr. Ev. Sec. 328.) This is the rule, even though the threat is conditional in its terms. (State v. Johnson, 76 Mo. 121" court="Mo." date_filed="1882-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-johnson-8007126?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8007126">76 Mo. 121; State v. Adams,, 76 Mo. 355" court="Mo." date_filed="1882-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-adams-8007181?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8007181">76 Mo. 355; Schoolcraft v. People, 117 Ill. 271" court="Ill." date_filed="1886-06-12" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/schoolcraft-v-people-6963080?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6963080">117 Ill. 271, 7 N. E. 649.) The threat may not be to do any specific injury, if it tends to show a malicious condition of defendant’s mind. (See case last cited.) “The language used need not be specific, as regards the means by which, or as to the time, place, or manner in which, violence is to be inflieted. It is for the court to say whether the utterance of the defendant imports a threat, and the cases go very far in admitting as a threat any declaration which indicates, however vaguely and indefinitely, an intention on the part of the accused to inflict violence upon the deceased.” (Underh. Cr. Ev. Sec. 329.) Evidence of this language was properly admitted for the purpose indicated, and, for the purpose of giving the jury a clear understanding of its import, the attendant circumstances were properly admitted.

4. Evidence was offered by defendant tending to show that he°had previously borne a good character for peace. The court below instructed the jury in this regard as follows:

“Evidence has been introduced as to the former good character of the defendant. This is to be taken into consideration by the jury, as one of the circumstances of the case, and as tending to illustrate or explain the circumstances attending the homicide, and tending to show who was the first aggressor, and who provoked this conflict; it being less probable and less reasonable that a man of former quiet and peaceable character would invite a contest, or make an unprovoked and violent attack upon another, than that a quarrelsome, violent and vieious person would do so. And it is for this purpose this testimony is admitted, in case there is any doubt in your minds as to who was the aggressor at the time of the homicide.

“However, if the jury believe from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant committed the crime in question, as charged in the information, it will be your sworn duty as jurors to find the defendant guilty, even though the evidence may satisfy your minds that the defendant, previous to the commission of the alleged crime, had sustained a good reputation and character as a peaceable and law-abiding citizen. ’ ’

This instruction practically tells the jury not to consider the evidence in this connection, unless they had doubts as to who was the aggressor. There is no controversy but that deceased was the aggressor. The jury therefore could not, under this instruction, consider at all the previous good'character of defendant. It should have been submitted to the jury generally, leaving them to form their own conclusion, upon the whole of the evidence, whether an individual whose character was previously unblemished had or had not committed the crime for which he was called to answer. (Thomp. Trials, Sec. 2444; State v. Northrup, 48 Iowa, 583" court="Iowa" date_filed="1878-06-10" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-northrup-7097917?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7097917">48 Iowa, 583; Booker v. State, 76 Ala. 22" court="Ala." date_filed="1884-12-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/booker-v-state-6511932?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6511932">76 Ala. 22; People v. Doggett, 62 Cal. 27" court="Cal." date_filed="1882-11-13" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/people-v-doggett-5440997?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5440997">62 Cal. 27; People v. Bowman, 81 Cal. 566" court="Cal." date_filed="1889-12-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/people-v-bowman-6554089?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6554089">81 Cal. 566, 22 Vac. 917; People v. Smith, 59 Cal. 601" court="Cal." date_filed="1881-11-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/people-v-smith-5440613?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5440613">59 Cal. 601; McQueen v. State, 82 Ind. 74; Rollins v. State, 62 Ind. 46" court="Ind." date_filed="1878-05-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/rollins-v-state-7042432?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7042432">62 Ind. 46; Hall v. State, 40 Ala. 698" court="Ala." date_filed="1867-06-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hall-v-state-6507334?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6507334">40 Ala. 698; State v. Clemons, 51 Iowa, 274" court="Iowa" date_filed="1879-06-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-clemons-7098387?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7098387">51 Iowa, 274, 1 N. W. 546.) The rule adopted by the authorities cited supra is approved. The instruction, as given, is erroneous.

5. The court instructed the jury as follows as to malice and heat of passion:

‘ ‘If you find from the evidence in this case that the defendant willfully and unlawfully killed the deceased, that such killing was done during a quarrel between deceased and defendant, and while defendant’s passions were aroused, but you further find from the evidence that malice towards the deceased was present in defendant’s mind immediately before and at the time of the killing, then you are instructed that the mere fact that the killing was done during such quarrel, and while defendant’s passions were aroused, is not sufficient to reduce the crime from murder to manslaughter; but you must, determine from all the evidence whether or not such killing was prompted principally by such passion or by such malice. If by passion, it is manslaughter; if by malice, it is murder.”

Under our statute (Penal Code, Sec. 350) “murder is the unlawful killing of' a human being, with malice aforethought. ’ ’ “Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice, ’ ’ either £ ‘upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion, ” or “in the commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to felony; or in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death, in an unlawful manner, or without due caution or circumspection.” (Penal Code, Sec. 355.) The distinction between murder and manslaughter, therefore, is that in the former the element of malice aforethought enters, while it is wanting in the latter. The malice necessary to the crime of murder cannot co-exist with the heat of passion. “There can be no such thing in law as a killing with malice, and also upon the furor irevis of passion; and provocation furnishes no extenuation, unless it produces passion. Malice excludes passion. Passion presupposes the absence of malice. In law, they cannot co-exist.” [State v. Johnson, 23 N. C. (1 Iredell’s Law) 354, s. c. 35 Am. Dec. 742; 2 Bish. Cr. Law, Sec. 697.) The act of killing cannot be prompted by both. The heat of passion necessary to reduce the killing to manslaughter must be irresistible, as is sometimes said, and the killing must proceed from it. But the existence of such passion, aroused by. adequate provocation, rebuts the idea that the act is the result of malice. '. This is true always where the heat of passion ensues from a sudden quarrel. The law in such case attributes the fatal blow to the impulse of passion. If, however, the killing appears to have been done with deliberate intention, and with a deadly weapon, under circumstances not requiring its use, then the inference is that malice, not passion, impelled the blow, and the homicide is murder. Again, if it appear that the intent to kill was previously formed, then the existence of passion furnishes no extenuation. The homicide is murder. The distinction rests entirely upon the formation of the intent. If the intent is conceived in the heat of passion, the homicide is manslaughter. Otherwise it is murder. The instruction quoted is erroneous, in that the jury are left to determine the degree of homicide according as the one or the other of these mental conditions predominated. It fails, also, to draw any distinction between the mere existence of passion, and the existence of the heat of passion necessary to reduce the homicide from murder to manslaughter.

6. Exception is also taken to the following paragraphs of the charge:

“Although you should find from the evidence that the said William B. Russell and the defendant, Roland T. Sloan, got into a quarrel at the time in question, and that the said Russell struck the defendant with his fist, still the defendant would have no right to assault the said Russell with a deadly weapon, in a manner calculated to take life or do great bodily harm, unless there was reasonable ground to apprehend a design on the part of the said Russell to kill the said defendant or to do him some great bodily injury, and imminent danger of such design being accomplished, and the circumstances were such as to excite the fears of a reasonable person, and the defendant acted under the influence of such fears alone.

‘ 'The phrase ‘great- bodily injury, ’ as used in these instructions, means something more than mere apprehension, however imminent, of a mere battery not amounting to a felony. In order to justify the assault, and to slay an assailant, within the meaning of these instructions, there must be an apparent design on the part of such assailant to either take the life of the person assailed, or the infliction of some great bodily injury, amounting to a felony, if carried out; and, in addition thereto, there must be imminent danger of such design being accomplished. ’ ’

Both these instructions were prej udicial to the defendant, in that the jury were told that, before defendant could slay deceased, he must have been in imminent danger of death or receiving great bodily harm at the hands of deceased. They ignore the right of defendant, as a reasonable man, to act upon appearances as they were presented to him. This feature of the law of homicide is discussed by this Court in State v. Rolla, 21 Mont. 582, 55 Pac. 523, decided in December, 1898. It is not necessary to repeat here what is said in that case. The jury,- in a preceding paragraph of the charge, had been fairly and correctly, though briefly, instructed on this subject. These instructions contradict and nullify the previous correct statement of the law, and were well calculated to confuse and mislead the jury. The first sentence of the latter of these instructions is open to the further criticism that it involves a confusion of terms. It was evidently the intention of the trial court to say that the apprehension or fear of great bodily harm means more than the mere apprehension or fear of a battery not amounting to a felony; in other words, the apprehension on the part of the defendant of a mere battery upon himself at'the hands of deceased, not amounting to a felony, would not justify the killing of deceased. It is both inaccurate and misleading, in that it practically lays it down as the law that, though assaulted, the accused may not kill his assailant until it appears to him that the assailant is about to commit a felony upon him. The right of one assaulted -to kill his assailant in self-defense should not be limited by his ability to distinguish between felonies and misdemeanors. He must be guided by a reasonable apprehension of death or great bodily harm, and the fear or apprehension of this latter from an unlawful beating at the hands of the assailant may be sufficient, even when the assault is lacking in some of the elements of felony.

7. The first sentence of paragraph 16 of the charge is also open to the criticism that it is confused and unintelligible. It reads: “‘Heat of passion,’ as used in defining ‘manslaughter,’ means a condition of quick anger or sudden injury engendered by some real or supposed injury suffered at the time, and amounting to a temporary dethronement of reason, which must be sufficient to arouse an irresistible and uncontrollable passion in a reasonable person. ’5

Obviously the expressions “quick anger” and “sudden injury” are not synonymous. The phrase “sudden injury” expressed a physical not a mental condition. To a conscientious juror, endeavoring to gain from this instruction any distinct idea of the meaning of the expression ‘ ‘heat of passion, ’ ’ it would be palpably misleading and confusing, as was doubtless the fact upon the trial of this cause.

In other respects the charge to the jury was fair and intelligible, covering all the points upon which instructions were required.

Counsel for defendant at the trial requested 31 instructions, all of which were refused. It is insisted that there are 21 of these that the court should have given. It is neither necessary nor proper to discuss them. Sufficient has already been said in regard to instructions to guide the court in a retrial of the cause.

It is contended by counsel that the facts in the case do not justify a verdict for murder in the second degree. As the cause must be tried again, and as, upon another trial, different conditions may be presented by the proof, we do not deem it proper to express an opinion on this point.

Let the judgment be reversed, and the cause remanded„ with directions to grant defendant a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.

Hunt and Pigott, JJ., concur.