2007 Ohio 1570 | Ohio Ct. App. | 2007
{¶ 3} Upon hearing the exchange was completed, the police entered the alley with lights and sirens activated. When appellant did not immediately stop, they forced his vehicle to a stop. The marked money was not found in the vehicle or on its occupants. In retracing the path of the chase, the police discovered the $300 in marked money and .96 grams of crack cocaine in a vacant grassy lot.
{¶ 4} On October 5, 2005, appellant was indicted on four counts. Count one was for corrupting a minor with drugs due to the involvement of the juvenile passenger, a first degree felony. A specification was added since the offense occurred in the vicinity of a school. Count two was for trafficking in crack cocaine in an amount that equals or exceeds one gram but is less than five grams, a third degree felony. Again, a specification was added due to the offense being committed in the vicinity of a school and a juvenile. Count three was for tampering with evidence for disposing of the marked money and the .96 grams of crack cocaine, a third degree felony. Count four was for possession of crack cocaine in an amount that equals or exceeds one gram but is less than five grams, a fourth degree felony. *3
{¶ 5} Appellant was arraigned, and the case was set for a January 5, 2006 trial. On December 28, 2005, his attorney filed a motion to withdraw as counsel stating that appellant refused to meet him when he arrived at the jail that morning. A hearing was held on the motion the next day. Appellant opined that he did not meet with counsel enough and had "a feeling" that counsel would not work his hardest. After hearing counsel's arguments and appellant's statements, the court overruled the motion and refused to appoint substitute counsel. When asked if he could retain an attorney, the court advised that he could.
{¶ 6} On the day of the January 5, 2006 trial, appellant asked his attorney to renew the prior motion and ask that substitute counsel be appointed. The court inquired into appellant's reasons for seeking counsel's withdrawal. The court noted that it previously found no good cause for substitution of counsel. Then, the court found that appellant's new reasons did not constitute good cause and concluded that appellant did not retain an attorney in a timely manner.
{¶ 7} The case then proceeded to jury trial after which the jury found appellant guilty as charged. On January 12, 2006, a sentencing hearing was held. In a January 13, 2006 entry, the court sentenced appellant to eight years on count one (from a range of three to ten years) and a $10,000 fine, three years on counts two and three (from a range of one to five years), and twelve months on count four (from a range of six to eighteen months). The court held that all sentences would run consecutively for a total of fifteen years in prison.
{¶ 8} Appellant filed timely notice of appeal. His appointed counsel filed a twelve-page merit brief in June 2006 with three assignments of error. The state timely filed its response. Thereafter, appellant sought leave to file a supplemental brief as he had finally retained counsel. With some reluctance, we granted leave to file a supplemental brief no longer than twenty-three pages for a total of thirty-five pages, the maximum page limit. On October 23, 2006, appellant filed his supplemental brief. The state timely filed its response.
{¶ 10} "APPELLANT'S CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED AS HE WAS DENIED THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AS GUARANTEED BY THE
{¶ 11} On December 28, 2005, appellant's appointed counsel filed a motion to withdraw and to appoint substitute counsel as appellant refused to see him that morning when counsel arrived at the jail for a meeting. Counsel had a meeting with appellant the day before to review evidence at the police station and had meetings with him previously. The court held a hearing the day after the motion in order to inquire into appellant's reasons for seeking withdrawal of counsel.
{¶ 12} Appellant complained that he did not get to speak with his attorney enough times, even though he met with him at least three times in the two weeks since his conveyance from the prison to the local jail. Appellant also stated that his attorney must not have an understanding of the case or the case never would have proceeded this far because he is not guilty. He concluded that he had "a feeling" that counsel would not work to his fullest ability. The court denied the motion to withdraw finding no good cause for appellant's concerns.
{¶ 13} Then, on the day of trial, appellant asked the court to reconsider its prior denial. Appellant also asked for a continuance because his family allegedly told him that they would retain a lawyer for him. The state objected. When the court inquired of appellant, he stated that he did not think his attorney would work to his fullest ability since he tried to fire him. He claimed counsel told his aunt that he was "a no good drug dealer with a better car than him." And, he claimed that counsel called him "a punk ass kid who doesn't listen to nobody."
{¶ 14} Appellant expressed that his attorney should not have advised him to plead because appellant thought he had a good case. Appellant said that he only told counsel the name of one witness but there are others he would like to call and evidence he would like to discuss. He stated that he did not go into these matters with counsel because he wanted to fire him, even though the court had already denied his motion. He also complained that he was not brought to court for various court proceedings, like filing for discovery. *5
{¶ 15} The court explained to him that no court proceedings have taken place since his arraignment and that the filing for discovery does not take place in open court. The court stated that appellant should have advised counsel of any additional witnesses, especially after his prior motion was denied. The court then denied appellant's motion stating that counsel and the state were prepared to go to trial and opining that defense counsel was experienced and competent. The court gave appellant the chance to represent himself pro se, and he declined.
{¶ 16} On appeal, appellant contends that the trial court violated his right to effective assistance of counsel because substitute counsel should have been appointed. He claims that there was a complete and utter breakdown of the attorney-client relationship, which was demonstrated by the fact that counsel called appellant names.
{¶ 17} An indigent defendant has no right to his choice of counsel.State v. Murphy (2001),
{¶ 18} The trial court has discretion to deny requests found to be unreasonable, and thus, such decision is only reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. The court should weigh the defendant's interests in receiving new counsel against the public's interest in the prompt and efficient administration of justice. Id. A "total lack of communication preventing an adequate defense" is a factor to be considered. Id. In order to warrant replacement counsel, the breakdown in the attorney-client relationship must be of such a magnitude as to jeopardize the defendant's right to effective assistance of counsel.State v. Coleman (1988),
{¶ 19} Here, appellant's trial date of January 5, 2006 was set early in October 2005. He did not seek substitution of appointed counsel until December 28, 2005. Additionally, he did not ask for a continuance in order to retain counsel until January 5, 2006, the day of trial. The public's interests in the prompt and efficient administration of justice weigh heavily against him considering these facts. *6
{¶ 20} At the first hearing, appellant expressed nothing but "a feeling," which is insufficient to show good cause. See State v.Julious (Dec. 5, 1996), 4th Dist. No. 96CA2409 (subjective beliefs regarding what the defendant perceives are not legitimate reasons for substitution of counsel). The claim of insufficient meetings was found to lack credibility.
{¶ 21} At the second hearing, appellant claimed his attorney spoke derogatorily about him. Even if true, this would not constitute a total breakdown in communication. Nor does it establish that an adequate defense could not arise from the relationship. In any event, the court was not forced to believe appellant's claims (one of which was alleged to have taken place prior to the first hearing but was never mentioned until the second hearing).
{¶ 22} Any alleged communication problems or insufficient meetings were admitted to be a result of appellant's own refusal to speak with his attorney because of a desire to fire him. However, the court had already denied his motion, and thus, appellant had no right to act as if substitute counsel would be forthcoming. The perceived problems regarding appellant's failure to disclose all witnesses to his attorney were cured that morning as the state agreed to waive its right to discovery of the witnesses ahead of time and defense counsel had time to interview these witnesses before trial.
{¶ 23} Counsel met with appellant on various occasions. They discussed the elements of the charges and the evidence. They met to watch the videotapes and listen to the audiotapes. Counsel spoke with appellant's mother and aunt. Counsel reviewed the offered plea bargain with its attendant benefits and risks. Counsel subpoenaed the one witness provided by appellant and prepared a defense involving attacking the informant's credibility. Communication concerning the case occurred and was even attempted to be extended by counsel. Substitution was not required in this case.
{¶ 24} Nor was a continuance on the morning of trial required to allow appellant to retain counsel. The decision to grant or deny a continuance is also entrusted to the broad discretion of the trial court. State v.Unger (1981),
{¶ 25} The trial court had advised appellant when denying the initial motion that he could retain counsel. However, he did not do so in a timely manner. Instead, he appeared on the morning of trial and claimed that his family had decided to retain a lawyer for him. No retained lawyer made an appearance that day or was named by appellant. As the state pointed out, the prosecution was using witnesses who were in fear of testifying and further continuance would inconvenience the witnesses and the state. The efficient administration of justice called for denial of the last minute motion for a continuance to attempt to hire a private attorney.
{¶ 26} In conclusion, the trial court heard appellant's claims and heard counsel's presentation of the case. There was no allegation of a particular issue that was not covered in the attorney-client meetings. There was no conflict of interest. Appellant's belief that counsel would not work to his fullest ability was unsupported. The court could determine that there was not a breakdown of communication of such magnitude that would jeopardize appellant's right to effective assistance of counsel. Considering the timing and the statements placed on the record, the court's decision cannot be labeled unreasonable, unconscionable or arbitrary. See State v. Glasure (1999),
{¶ 28} "THE SENTENCE IMPOSED BY THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATED THE DEFENDANT'S
{¶ 29} In Foster, the Ohio Supreme Court found that the findings required to deviate from a minimum sentence represent unconstitutional judicial fact-finding. State v. Foster,
{¶ 30} In imposing this excise remedy, the Court found the statutes capable of severance. Id. at ¶ 2, 4 of syllabus. Accordingly, the Court held that the cases before it and those pending on direct review would be remanded for resentencing where the sentencing court would no longer be subject to judicial fact-finding in order to sentence to more than minimum, concurrent sentences. Id. at ¶ 7 of syllabus, 104, 106.
{¶ 31} In accordance, appellant asks us to vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing pursuant to Foster because he was sentenced to consecutive, non-minimum sentences under a now unconstitutional sentencing scheme. The state responds with a multitude of brief arguments.
{¶ 32} For instance, the state contends that since the Foster Court merely made it easier to sentence appellant to non-minimum, consecutive sentences, appellant is not aggrieved and his case need not be remanded. Although the rationale seems logical, it flies in the face of what the Supreme Court specifically ordered regarding all cases on direct review and fails to consider that the defendants in Foster would also fit the state's definition of not being aggrieved. See id. at ¶ 104.Foster specifically ordered vacation of these void sentences regardless of the fact that the statute only makes it harder for courts to sentence to non-minimum, maximum or consecutive sentences. See id. at ¶ 105 (explicitly noting that the defendants can be sentenced more harshly on remand). Similarly, the state's argument that appellant's sentence was valid because he was not sentenced "beyond the prescribed statutory maximum" ignores the fact that this very argument was disposed of by theFoster Court. Id. at ¶ 51, 88.
{¶ 33} Finally, the state alleges that appellant waived the argument presented here because he failed to present it to the trial court. TheFoster court explicitly stated that all cases pending on direct review must be remanded for resentencing, without limiting this statement to only those cases where the defendant raised the issue. Foster at ¶ 104. Thus, this court has declined to apply the waiver doctrine toFoster sentencing issues presented in a direct appeal. State v.Buchanan, 7th Dist. No. *9
05MA60,
{¶ 34} This assignment has merit and is sustained. "Although new sentencing hearings will impose significant time and resource demands on the trial courts within the counties, causing disruption while cases are pending on appeal, we must follow the dictates of the United States Supreme Court." Foster at ¶ 104. Likewise, we must follow the dictates of the Ohio Supreme Court. Consequently, appellant's sentence is vacated, and the case is remanded for resentencing under Foster.
{¶ 36} "THE JURY VERDICT OF GUILTY FOR POSSESSION OF CRACK IN EXCESS OF ONE GRAM WAS BASED UPON INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE."
{¶ 37} Whether or not the state presented sufficient evidence is a question of law dealing with adequacy. State v. Thompkins (1997),
{¶ 38} The general elements of drug possession are: knowingly obtaining, possessing or using a controlled substance. R.C.
{¶ 39} Appellant urges on appeal that there is no evidence that he possessed the requisite amount of crack cocaine. The state responds that there is sufficient evidence that he possessed the 2.46 grams of crack that he sold the informant (plus the .96 grams found in the vacant lot). The state notes that the argument on whether appellant in fact possessed the drugs that the informant allegedly purchased would be a credibility argument, not a sufficiency argument.
{¶ 40} Construed in the light most favorable to the state, a rational fact-finder could find beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant knowingly possessed the crack cocaine sold to the informant and that this amounted to 2.46 grams. The informant *10 testified that appellant handed her crack in two baggies which she turned over to police. (Tr. 155-56, 163, 165). The chain of custody and forensic testimony established that those baggies contained 2.46 grams of crack cocaine. (Tr. 211-12, 323-24). This is sufficient evidence of the elements of count four. A reasonable person could also conclude that appellant possessed the additional .96 grams of crack cocaine found abandoned with the marked money and that he thus possessed 3.42 grams total.1
{¶ 41} Credibility, as to whether it was actually the juvenile who handed the informant the crack cocaine, for instance, is primarily a jury question. See State v. DeHass (1967),
{¶ 43} "DEFENDANT-APPELLANTS CONVICTION FOR CORRUPTING ANOTHER (A JUVENILE) WITH DRUGS IS NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE * * * AND/OR IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE * * *."
{¶ 44} Appellant argues that his conviction of corrupting another with drugs was not supported by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. As aforementioned, sufficiency and weight are distinct concepts with *11
different tests applying to each. Thompkins,
{¶ 45} The essential elements of corrupting another with drugs are: knowingly, by any means, induce or cause a juvenile, who is at least two years younger than the offender, to commit a felony drug abuse offense when the offender knows the age of the juvenile or is reckless in that regard. R.C.
{¶ 46} First, appellant contends that there was insufficient evidence that Markis Hopkins, the person with appellant during the drug deal, was a juvenile. The testimony of both Hopkins and the detective established that Hopkins was born October 4, 1988, he was sixteen years old at the time of the offense, and he turned seventeen two months later. (Tr. 243, 318). The detective then testified that appellant was born May 16, 1985 and was two and a half years older than Hopkins. (Tr. 318). As such, the evidence established that Hopkins was a juvenile who was at least two years younger than appellant.
{¶ 47} However, appellant contends that a person is not established to be a juvenile even if he is under eighteen unless evidence demonstrates that he is not married. He cites R.C.
{¶ 48} Initially, we note that appellant fails to acknowledge the other evidence tending to show that Hopkins was not married at the time. For instance, he referred to the mother of his child as his "girlfriend." He also revealed that he lives with his mother, who is his "guardian." Other evidence showed that his sister was once his guardian and that his mother signed his plea agreement.
{¶ 49} Next, we note that the state fails to respond to appellant's specific argument about Hopkins' marital status. We noticed that the trial court instructed the *12 jury that a juvenile is an unmarried person under the age of eighteen. (Tr. 467). Considering the state's question on Hopkins' marital status and the court's charge, the state likely shares the mistaken belief that they must prove Hopkins is unmarried.
{¶ 50} However, the first sentence of R.C.
{¶ 51} As a matter of fact, this offense has its own companion definition statute, where the legislature specifically defined a juvenile merely as a person under the age of eighteen. R.C.
{¶ 52} Second, appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence that he knew the juvenile's age or was reckless in that regard. A person has knowledge of circumstances when he is aware that such circumstances probably exist. R.C.
{¶ 53} The informant testified that appellant had a "kid" with him nicknamed "Squirt," who looked younger. (Tr. 165). Testimony established that Hopkins and appellant have known each other for a couple of years. They played in the same basketball league and were in different age groups. Hopkins knew that appellant was nineteen or twenty at the time of the offense. (Tr. 244). Hopkins stated that appellant likewise knew he was a juvenile. Hopkins testified that appellant was with him when he was arrested for a curfew violation the year before the current offense. (Tr. 277, 377). Hopkins testified that he and appellant are friends, such good friends that he admittedly started out testifying untruthfully in order to protect appellant. (Tr. 261, 270). *13
{¶ 54} Furthermore, the jury was able to view tapes showing Hopkins after the arrest. (Tr. 392). See State v. Pottersnak (June 29, 2001), 7th Dist. No. 00JE19 (noting that the jury, who viewed the videotape of the drug transaction capturing the juvenile's appearance, was in the best position to evaluate whether appellant acted recklessly with regard to the juvenile's age). Finally, the jury was able to view Hopkins as he testified a mere five months after the offense. See State v. Aponte (Aug. 13, 1998), 8th Dist. No. 73121 (stating that the trial judge saw the juvenile when he testified and could determine if it appeared that he could possibly be two years younger than the defendant). In accordance, a rational juror could find beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant had knowledge of Hopkins' age or was reckless in that regard.
{¶ 55} Third, appellant avers that there was insufficient evidence that Hopkins committed an underlying felony drug abuse offense. The informant testified that it was appellant with whom she set up the deal on the phone, it was appellant who asked her how much money she had, and it was appellant who handled the drugs and money. Hopkins confirmed this testimony. Thus, appellant claims that Hopkins took no part in the trafficking offense, noting that Hopkins' mere presence is not complicity. Regarding Hopkins' offer to assist in the future, appellant argues that any intent must be in the present tense.
{¶ 56} The state agrees that mere presence is insufficient but urges that such is not the only factor in this case. The state claims that the evidence established that Hopkins was appellant's trainee and concludes that there is sufficient evidence that Hopkins was complicit in the drug trafficking offense here. The state alternatively argues that Hopkins basically offered to sell the informant crack cocaine in the future and that such offer is felony drug trafficking in itself because drug trafficking constitutes selling or offering to sell a controlled substance. See R.C.
{¶ 57} As to the state's alternative argument, appellant counters that a conditional offer to sell in the future is not trafficking as the offer must be a present offer. See State v. Young (Feb. 7, 1991), 2d Dist. No. 12011. Appellant then points out that the trial court instructed the jury that the underlying felony drug abuse offense was that the juvenile was complicit to drug trafficking, not that the juvenile committed a *14 separate drug trafficking offense with the offer. He also notes that the state did not rely on this theory below.
{¶ 58} To uphold a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting, the evidence must show that with shared criminal intent, the defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the crime. State v. Johnson (2001),
{¶ 59} Here, Hopkins was the front-seat passenger in appellant's car. The informant called appellant and was instructed to meet in an alley just before the exchange. The informant approached the driver's side window. Appellant asked the informant how much money she had. She responded that she had $300. Appellant then gave her two bags of crack cocaine. Thus, Hopkins was present during an obvious drug deal. However, the facts indicate there was participation and not just passive presence.
{¶ 60} That is, we also find that the record supports a conclusion that the strong companionship and other relevant, circumstantial evidence contemplated by Johnson can be found in the facts of this case. Hopkins and appellant were friends who had known each of other for a couple years. (Tr. 244, 261). Hopkins had been present at quite a few past drug deals. (Tr. 203). He was known by the nickname of "Squirt." (Tr. 155). Both appellant and Hopkins were talking to the informant during the deal. (Tr. 164). In fact, Hopkins asked her where she had been and noted that he had not seen her in awhile. (Tr. 155, 163).
{¶ 61} Hopkins also told her that she could call him if she could not get through to appellant. (Tr. 155, 176-177, 191-192). He then gave her his number. Hopkins testified that he did this so he could connect the informant to appellant in the future. (Tr. 251-252). Even if offering to conditionally assist in a future sale is insufficient intent in itself to constitute drug trafficking, such offer can be used to show Hopkins' *15 participation in the current sale. Moreover, one of the defense's own arguments was that it was the juvenile who handed over the drugs rather than appellant.
{¶ 62} Construing this evidence in the light most favorable to the state, a rational juror could find that Hopkins committed an underlying felony drug abuse offense of complicity to drug trafficking. Moreover, there is the fact that Hopkins testified that he admitted his guilt when he pled to complicity to drug trafficking in juvenile court regarding this incident. (The propriety of introducing this plea and resulting adjudication will be discussed where it is raised in assignment of error number seven.)
{¶ 63} Finally, appellant argues that there is insufficient evidence that he caused or induced Hopkins to commit the underlying offense of complicity to drug trafficking. Specifically, he contends there was no evidence he influenced Hopkins or prevailed upon him by persuasion or argument. The state responds by reviewing various cases upholding the evidence concerning inducement.
{¶ 64} In one case, the defendant and the juvenile were observed interacting together as buyers approached. However, it was the juvenile that actually sold the drugs in that case. The juvenile testified that the drugs were his and that he was not selling for the defendant. Still, the court concluded that there was sufficient evidence of inducement and that the conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.State v. Johnson (Sept. 7, 2000), 8th Dist. No. 76865.
{¶ 65} In another case, the defendant invited the informant in while holding a crack pipe. When the informant asked to purchase crack cocaine, the defendant asked her fourteen-year-old son if he had any to sell. When he did not, she went next door and returned with her twelve-year-old son, who sold crack cocaine to the informant. The court held that this was sufficient evidence of inducement. State v.Calloway (May 20, 1998), 9th Dist. No. 97CA6709.
{¶ 66} We add a further case where the defendant flagged down an informant's vehicle and asked what he needed to buy. When the informant noted his drug desires, the defendant signaled to a juvenile twenty feet away and told the juvenile what the informant wanted. The juvenile then sold the informant drugs. Upon addressing the *16 inducement element, the appellate court concluded that the defendant's conviction was proper. State v. White (June 7, 1995), 9th Dist. No. 94CA5936.
{¶ 67} In all of those cases, it was the juvenile who sold the drugs. This is not such a wholly distinguishing factor since we are evaluating the element of inducement to be complicit, rather than the level of participation of the juvenile. We also note that consent of the juvenile is not a defense to inducement. See State v. Jones, 5th Dist. No. 05CA59,
{¶ 68} "The word induce is commonly understood to mean to lead on, prevail upon or to move a party by persuasion or influence. Oxford English Dictionary (1961 Edition); Webster's Third New International Dictionary. The word induce connotes the use of persuasion or influence by a party on another to effect a result." Carrothers v. Hunter (1970),
{¶ 69} We also point out that the phrase "by any means" is located in the statute immediately before "induce or cause." R.C.
{¶ 70} Hopkins was not yet seventeen. Appellant was two and half years older than Hopkins. They were friends. Hopkins attempted to cover for appellant on the stand before admitting he was lying. Hopkins attended past drug deals with appellant. (Tr. 203). Hopkins offered his phone number to the informant so that she could call him if she could not get in contact with appellant in the future. (Tr. 155, 176-177, 191-192). Hopkins testified that he made this offer so that he could assist the informant in connecting with appellant. (Tr. 251-252). One can reasonably infer appellant, as the informant's main drug dealer, encouraged such request. *17
{¶ 71} Moreover, it seems from the cases cited that providing the opportunity to a juvenile to be complicit in drug trafficking is sufficient evidence of inducement. When construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, one can reasonably infer that appellant knowingly influenced Hopkins in a manner so as to induce him to be complicit in his drug trafficking. For all of the foregoing reasons, there existed sufficient evidence of corrupting a juvenile with drugs to allow the case to be submitted to the jury.
{¶ 72} Upon the jury's verdict, weight of the evidence becomes the next issue. We reiterate weight of the evidence concerns the effect of the evidence in inducing belief. Thompkins,
{¶ 73} Because credibility of the witnesses and weight of the evidence are questions primarily the province of the fact-finder, a verdict is reversed on manifest weight of the evidence grounds only in exceptional circumstances. See id.; DeHass,
{¶ 74} Here, the jury chose to construe the evidence before it as establishing that appellant knew that Hopkins was a juvenile who was at least two years his junior or was reckless in that regard and as establishing that appellant induced Hopkins' complicity to the drug trafficking offense that occurred herein. Although a rational juror could find that appellant was not reckless regarding the juvenile's age, that the juvenile was not actually complicit or that appellant did not induce the juvenile, such does not make the verdict against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 75} When there are two fairly reasonable views of the evidence, we do not choose which one is more believable. State v. Gore (1999),
{¶ 77} "THE TRIAL COURT'S 'OFF THE RECORD' COMMUNICATION WITH THE JURY CONTRAVENED CRIM.R. 22 AND CRIM.R. 43(A), CONSTITUTED STRUCTURAL ERROR, AND VIOLATED DEFENDANT-APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO A RECORD OF, AND TO BE PRESENT DURING, A CRITICAL STAGE OF THE TRIAL PROCEDINGS, HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL, AND HIS RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND A FUNDAMENTALLY FAIR JURY TRIAL AS GUARANTEED BY THE [CONSTITUTION]."
{¶ 78} Here, the record establishes that at the end of deliberations, the jury set forth a question. However, the question was not preserved, and the answer was not recorded. Appellate counsel, who is different from trial counsel, claims that this procedure violated the right to have all proceedings recorded. Since the record is silent about the presence of appellant or his attorney for the question answering, he assumes that it was done outside the presence of appellant and his attorney, citing State v. Sales, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-175, 2002-Ohio-6563. Thus, he also claims that the procedure violated appellant's right to be present and to have the presence of counsel at a critical stage.
{¶ 79} "In any trial, in any court, the party accused shall be allowed to appear and defend in person and with counsel." Section
{¶ 80} In implementing this right, Crim.R. 43 provides in pertinent part: "The defendant shall be present at the arraignment and every stage of the trial, including the impaneling of the jury, the return of the verdict, and the imposition of sentence, except as otherwise provided by these rules." Another rule provides that in the case of a serious offense, all proceedings shall be recorded. Crim.R. 22.
{¶ 81} The state makes much of the fact that there was no objection on the record to the jury question and the answering process employed. Since appellant is *19 presuming that neither he nor his counsel were present and were not later advised, he states that they could not have objected.
{¶ 82} It has been established that the defendant has the right to be present when the court communicates with the jury. State v. Abrams
(1974),
{¶ 83} Appellant cites to the Tenth District's Sales case in support of his position. That court found that the record affirmatively indicated absence (as per Chinn) where the court reporter indicated in the transcript the presence the defendant and his counsel at the time the jury was brought back to the courtroom after reaching a verdict but did not similarly make such indication at the time of the jury question. Id. at ¶ 14.
{¶ 84} This situation is distinguishable from Sales as the court reporter did not indicate appellant and counsel were present at either stage for purposes of comparison of internal indicators in the record. Contrary to appellant's reply, it was not the fact that one could infer that counsel was present at the verdict reading that was relevant inSales. Rather, it was the fact that the court reporter indicated presence at that point. Plus, Sales may not even be in line with theChinn holding, and Sales is in no way binding on this court.
{¶ 85} We note a prior acknowledgement by the Tenth District: "While it is prudent for the trial court to note the presence of all parties whenever the court is in session, it is not unusual for the court to neglect to do so." State v. Blackwell (1984),
{¶ 86} Finally, we point out that where a jury question and answer are not recorded, the defendant can utilize App.R. 9 to supplement the record. See, e.g., State v. Hill, (Feb. 17, 1993), 9th Dist. No. 92CA5332 (holding that such was appellant's required burden). See, also,State v. Abdalla (Sept. 25, 1996), 6th Dist. No. 95-CA-00150 (noting that the supplemental record submitted pursuant to App.R. 9(E) showed that the court met with both prosecution and defense counsel in chambers to discuss the jury's question). Such procedure could not only have clarified what exactly the question entailed, including whether there was any prejudice to appellant, it could also have disclosed who was present and whether consent to answer off the record was given. .See, e.g., Pearson, 8th Dist. No. 51300; State v. Maldonado (Sept. 12, 2001), 9th Dist. No. 01CA007759 (cannot view critical stage claims due to evidence being de hors the record). See, also, State v. Franklin,
{¶ 87} Notably, even answering jury questions outside the defendant's presence is not per se reversible. See Abrams,
{¶ 88} We also point out that words of guilt had to be filled in and twelve different signatures had to be placed upon four counts some with specifications that needed separate signatures. Such form completion could not have been performed within one minute. However, a mere one minute after notifying the court that they had a question, the jurors returned their verdict. (Tr. 480). As such, it seems the question was simple, procedural and related to what they should do with their completed verdict. For all of the foregoing reasons, appellant has failed to establish reversible error regarding the jury question. *21
{¶ 90} "THE DEFECTIVE JURY INSTRUCTION ON THE COUNT OF CORRUPTING ANOTHER (A JUVENILE) WITH DRUGS CONSTITUTED STRUCTURAL AND/OR PLAIN ERROR AND DEPRIVED DEFENDANT-APPELLANT OF RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND RIGHT TO A JURY DETERMINATION ON EACH ELEMENT * * *."
{¶ 91} First, we address appellant's claim that the court should have defined "cause" in its jury instructions when setting forth the elements of corrupting another with drugs. .Notably, appellant failed to object below. The failure to object to a jury instruction waives all but plain error. State v. Jackson,
{¶ 92} Either way, the Supreme Court has "emphatically remind[ed] trial courts that they should limit definitions, where possible, to those definitions provided by the legislature in order to avoid unnecessary confusion and needless appellate challenges." State v.Williams (1988),
{¶ 93} Moreover, the pertinent statutory provision sets forth "cause" as an alternative to "induce." R.C.
{¶ 94} Next, we address appellant's argument that although the court listed the elements of corrupting another with drugs, named the underlying felony drug offense as complicity to trafficking in drugs and listed the elements of drug trafficking, the court committed error by failing to define complicity for the jury. Appellant urges that the court should have charged the jury that complicity is aiding and abetting and that presence as a knowing spectator is insufficient. Appellant also alleges that the court failed to note that the complicity must be knowing. *22
{¶ 95} The state counters with an argument that complicity is also a term of common usage, which need not be defined in a jury instruction. The state alternatively posits that the elements of Hopkins' underlying crime need not be explained as thoroughly as the elements of appellant's principal offense.
{¶ 96} Apparently, neither party noticed that prior to setting forth any of the elements, the court did explain complicity. First, the court noted that Hopkins is alleged to be an accomplice. Then, the court recited that an accomplice is one who knowingly assists or joins another in the commission of a crime. The court concluded that whether Hopkins was appellant's accomplice is a matter to determine from viewing all of the facts and circumstances to which the jury decides to afford weight. (Tr. 462). Contrary to appellant's contention here, the trial court did define complicity and explain that the complicity must be knowing.
{¶ 97} Although not detailed, the definition was not erroneous. If anything, the court's definition is more favorable to appellant than use of certain holdings set forth by the Supreme Court. That is, to uphold a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting, the evidence must show that with shared criminal intent, the defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the crime. State v. Johnson (2001),
{¶ 98} Additionally, a jury charge lacking the desired "mere presence" instruction is not deficient. See State v. Gilliam, 7th Dist. No. 03MA176,
{¶ 99} Furthermore, we have a preservation problem here as well. "On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give any instructions unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection." Crim.R. 30. As the state points out, appellant failed to object to the jury instruction below and thus waived all but plain error. See Jackson,
{¶ 100} The appellate court may recognize plain error if substantial rights are affected, even if the error was not brought to the attention of the court. Crim.R. 52(B). However, before an appellate court can recognize plain error, the court must find obvious error affecting such substantial rights that it was outcome determinative. State v.Noling,
{¶ 102} "THE STATE'S USE OF THE ALLEGED JUVENILE ACCOMPLICE'S GUILTY PLEA AND DELINQUENCY ADJUDICATOIN FOR COMPLICITY TO TRAFFICKING IN CRACK COCAINE AS SUBSTANTIVE EVIDENCE OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT'S GUILT OF CORRUPTING ANOTHER (A JUVENILE) WITH DRUGS AND TRAFFICKING IN COCAINE VIOLATED EVID.R. 609(D), EVID.R. 803(21) AND R.C.
{¶ 103} Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Evid.R. 801(C). Hearsay is generally not admissible. Evid.R. 802. However, if a rule or statute not in conflict with a rule provides for admissibility of a certain piece of evidence, then it is admissible regardless of the general hearsay ban. Id.
{¶ 104} Appellant believes that it was error to allow examination of the juvenile on his complicity plea, to permit introduction of the court record and to fail to provide a cautionary instruction that the juvenile plea and adjudication are not dispositive of an element of appellant's offense. *24
{¶ 105} First, appellant cites Evid.R. 609, which provides for situations when a conviction can be used to impeach a witness. For instance, subject to Evid.R. 403, evidence that a witness has been convicted of a crime is admissible if the crime was punishable by imprisonment in excess of one year pursuant to the law under which the witness was convicted. Evid.R. 609(A)(1). However, Evid.R. 609(D) then provides that evidence of juvenile adjudications is not admissible except as provided by statute.
{¶ 106} Next, appellant cites R.C.
{¶ 107} "Evidence of a judgment rendered and the disposition of a child under the judgment is not admissible to impeach the credibility of the child in any action or proceeding. Otherwise, the disposition of a child under the judgment rendered or any evidence given in court is admissible as evidence for or against the child in any action or proceeding in any court in accordance with the Rules of Evidence * * *."
{¶ 108} The state argues for application of the exception in Evid.R. 609(D) admitting evidence of the juvenile adjudication where permitted by statute. That statute, the state posits, is the statute defining the offense of corrupting another with drugs, R.C.
{¶ 109} Alternatively, both Evid.R. 609 and R.C.
{¶ 110} Here, the state urges that it did not use the plea to generally impeach the testifying juvenile. Rather, the state used the plea here to rebut the specific testimony by the juvenile initially denying that he was complicit to trafficking in drugs. *25
The 1980 Staff Note to Evid.R. 601(D) acknowledges this distinction between general impeachment and specific or rebuttal impeachment. The note cites State v. Hale (1969),
{¶ 111} We also dispute appellant's claims that the following hearsay exception was violated:
{¶ 112} "The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness: * * *
{¶ 113} "(21) Judgment of previous conviction. Evidence of a final judgment, entered after a trial or upon a plea of guilty * * * adjudging a person guilty of a crime punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year, to prove any fact essential to sustain the judgment, but not including, when offered by the Government in a criminal prosecution for purposes other than impeachment, judgments against persons other than the accused." Evid.R. 803(21), now enumerated as (22).
{¶ 114} Broken down into pieces, this confusing rule actually means that the physical exhibit of a witness's prior conviction record is hearsay when offered by the state unless it is offered for impeachment of that witness. There is no indication that the impeachment referred to in this rule means only general character impeachment as in Evid.R. 609. Rather, it seems clear by comparison that it includes both general character impeachment and also specific testimonial impeachment, i.e. rebuttal on a certain topic. Thus, the conviction here is subject to a hearsay exception.
{¶ 115} Here, the witness had already admitted in his live testimony that he pled guilty to complicity to drug trafficking. He then claimed that he did not understand that this was an admission to aiding and abetting the drug deal, and he recanted that he saw drugs or money being exchanged. Thus, the state wished to produce the plea agreement contained in the juvenile court's entry in order to rebut the juvenile witness's attempted recantation. *26
{¶ 116} Nevertheless, defense counsel did not object to the testimony of Hopkins or to the introduction of the plea and adjudication. Thus, appellant waived any error in admitting the testimony or the record or in failing to instruct that Hopkins' conviction should be used only for impeachment purposes. (Tr. 255, 404). Plain error is not apparent because outcome-determinative prejudice is lacking. Noling,
{¶ 117} In any case, the lack of objection can be viewed as a valid trial tactic utilized by defense counsel who wanted such records in for his own strategical purposes. See State v. Tibbetts (2001),
{¶ 118} To do this, the defense revealed to the jury that the juvenile was charged with trafficking but pled guilty to complicity, which they characterized as a reduction in the charge. In making such revelation, the defense introduced the criminal complaint in the juvenile's case and compared such charge to the offense contained in the plea and conviction. (Tr. 281). Additionally, the defense wanted the jury to see this and other documents from the juvenile file stating that the officers advised the prosecutor that the juvenile delivered the bags of crack to the informant in exchange for $300. (Tr. 282). Moreover, defense counsel wished to establish that the juvenile only received probation for his complicity plea, implying that he was testifying against appellant in order to receive a light sentence. (Tr. 284-285). Accordingly, even assuming arguendo an objection could have been entered, the failure to do so is upheld as trial strategy.
{¶ 120} "THE ADMISSION OF 'OTHER ACTS' EVIDENCE AGAINST DEFENDANT-APPELLANT * * * CONSTITUTED PLAIN ERROR * * *."
{¶ 121} Appellant complains that three excerpts of the informant's testimony revealed inadmissible other acts evidence. In the alternative, appellant claims the probative value of the statements was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Appellant also alleges that a limiting instruction was required charging that the other acts could only be used for a permissible purpose.
{¶ 122} First, the informant stated that she traded Percocet stolen from her husband to appellant in return for stolen credit cards (which cards caused her to get arrested and thus become the informant herein). (Tr. 142). She then disclosed that she purchased cocaine from appellant six or seven times in the past. (Tr. 143). The informant also testified that she initially bought from "Santana," but when he was arrested, appellant took over using the same phone. (Tr. 144).
{¶ 123} "Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident." Evid.R. 404(B). See, also, R.C.
{¶ 124} Thus, the other act is admissible if it tends to show one of the listed exceptions. State v. Crotts,
{¶ 125} Additionally, one of appellant's main defense theories was that he was merely present and the juvenile was the dealer. This is a theory contradicting intent. Evidence of prior dealings, taking over a phone for the informant's prior dealer and *28 trading items for drugs would tend to prove that appellant was more than merely present. See State v. Cruz (Oct. 28, 1993), 8th Dist. No. 64007
{¶ 126} Moreover, the confidential informant's statements tend to prove identity. That is, the informant could positively identify appellant and distinguish between appellant and Hopkins because she was not just a one-time eyewitness. Rather, she had interacted with him in similar and identical situations numerous times in the near past, establishing a scheme, plan or system. As aforestated, one of the defense's theories was that it was Hopkins who did the deal, not appellant. The confidential informant's ability to differentiate between the two was critical, and thus, the trial court could have used its discretion to rule the evidence admissible as it tends to showidentity. See State v. McNeill (Apr. 1, 1997), 9th Dist. No. 95CA006158;State v. Greene (May 15, 1996), 4th Dist. No. 94CA2297; Cruz, 8th Dist. No. 64007; State v. Velez (Dec. 18, 1992), 3d Dist. No. 4-92-11. See, also, United States v. Evans (C.A.5, 1988),
{¶ 127} Contrary to appellant's assertion, the evidence's probative value is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury. Thus, exclusion was not mandatory under Evid.R. 403(A). Lastly, we note that there was no objection to any of the contested testimony below. Thus, even if admission of the testimony on supplying stolen credit cards or taking over Santana's business was error, there would have to be plain error in for us to consider using our discretionary power to recognize plain error. However, such extreme circumstances do not exist here.
{¶ 128} As for the alleged need for a limiting instruction, we set forth the following statement by the Supreme Court:
{¶ 129} "The defendant also claims that it was plain error for the trial court to fail to give a limiting instruction on the use of other acts evidence, even though it was not requested by the attorney. We decline to adopt this position, as the decision not to request a limiting instruction is sometimes a tactical one, and we do not wish to *29
impose a duty on the trial courts to read this instruction when it is not requested." State v. Schaim (1992),
{¶ 130} Here, appellant did not seek a limiting instruction. UnderSchaim, the court's sua sponte failure to give one is not plain error.
{¶ 132} "THE FOLLOWING INSTANCES OF IMPROPER CONDUCT BY THE PROSECUTING ATTORNEY, INDIVIDUALLY OR IN THE AGGREGATE, DEPRIVED DEFENDANT-APPELLANT OF HIS RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND RIGHT TO A FUNDAMENTALLY FAIR TRIAL * * *."
{¶ 133} The two-fold test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the prosecutor's conduct at trial was improper and whether it prejudicially affected the substantial rights of the defendant. State v. Lott (1990),
{¶ 134} Appellant sets forth six allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, which he asks us to review individually and then cumulatively. First, he complains that during voir dire, the prosecutor represented as fact that appellant was caught selling crack cocaine. When defense counsel objected to the remark, the prosecutor corrected, "It is alleged." Defense counsel repeated, "Alleged." Finally, the court reiterated, "Alleged would be the proper term." The prosecutor then restated its claim with the preface, "It is alleged * * *." (Tr. 60). Appellant now claims that the court should have instructed the jury to disregard the remark. However, the statements by counsel and the court were sufficient to remedy any issue and erase any error.
{¶ 135} Second, appellant claims that the prosecutor misstated the standard of proof during voir dire. When asking if the jurors would follow the court's charge regarding the definition of proof beyond a reasonable doubt and not hold the *30 prosecutor to the standard of a perfect case, the prosecutor mentioned that proof beyond a reasonable doubt means proof that convinces you based on your reason and commonsense that the defendant is guilty. (Tr. 65-66).
{¶ 136} The state responds by first noting that the court had just stated that it would instruct on the law and thus the prosecutor's statement was not prejudicial. The state also claims that its definition is straight out of Ohio Jury Instructions, citing 4 O.J.I. 403.50.
{¶ 137} However, the proper definition actually states that thedoubt is based upon reason and commonsense. See R.C.
{¶ 138} The trial court's instruction on proof beyond a reasonable doubt correctly stated that the doubt is based upon commonsense and reason. (Tr. 458). See State v. Frazier (1995),
{¶ 139} Third, appellant alleges that the prosecutor improperly suggested that the jury should consider other acts evidence as proof of criminal propensity. (Tr. 125). Initially, we point to our analysis of the other acts evidence under assignment of error number eight. In any event, appellant failed to object to the contested portions of opening statement and thus waived all but plain error, which is absent in this case. See State v. McKnight,
{¶ 140} Fourth, appellant complains that the prosecutor goaded defense counsel with the hearsay of police reports by suggesting that he should seek admission if he had nothing to hide. The prosecutor did question the detective about the police report by asking if it was provided to defense counsel at trial and by noting *31 that the defense did not introduce it as evidence. (Tr. 383). An objection was sustained because the prosecutor seemed to make a statement rather than ask a question.
{¶ 141} However, the prosecutor's remark does not have the impropriety ascribed to it by appellant. Rather, it must be read in context of the prosecutor's questions to this detective prior to the contested remark and the defense's own questioning of another detective prior to this. That is, a defense theory revolved around the juvenile complaint charging Hopkins with drug trafficking and documents attached to it indicating that Hopkins exchanged the drugs for the money. The defense also urged that Hopkins' charge was "reduced" to complicity in exchange for his testimony even though he was the principal offender. (Tr. 339). In attempting to prove this theory, the defense asked the detective where the police report was from the incident. When the detective stated that he did not have the police report with him, defense counsel denigrated the detective. (Tr. 340). This is why the state introduced the police report, to show that it was not being concealed, and this is what triggered the state to make the remark now contested. This is also why defense counsel did not object on the grounds now raised. There is no indication of an unfair trial here.
{¶ 142} Fifth, appellant complains that the prosecutor suggested that the defense had a duty to arrange for fingerprinting, DNA testing and voice analysis by asking the detective if the defense had an opportunity to perform these tests and whether the defense took advantage of such opportunity. (Tr. 382-383). On the contrary, noting that the defense could have had tests performed is not misleading and does not impose a burden. Appellant cites no cases on this issue. In fact, it was defense counsel who first inquired of the detective as to why he did not seek fingerprint evidence from the drugs and money found in the grass after the arrest. (Tr. 382). See McKnight,
{¶ 143} Lastly, appellant complains that the prosecutor urged the jury to consider Hopkins' juvenile plea and adjudication as substantive evidence of *32
appellant's guilt. (Tr. 438). In reviewing closing arguments for prosecutorial misconduct, we view the remarks in the context of the entire closing argument. State v. Treesh (2001),
{¶ 144} Just as there was no objection to the testimony based upon tactical reasons, there was no objection to the prosecutor's statement in closing either. As such, this issue is waived. We cite here to our analysis concerning the testimony on Hopkins' plea under assignment of error number seven where we point out the valid trial tactics of defense counsel. This assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 146} "THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR AND EXPOSED DEFENDANT-APPELLANT TO MULTIPLE PUNISHMENTS FOR THE SAME OFFENSE IN VIOLATION OF HIS RIGHTS UNDER THE DOUBLE JEOPARDY CLAUSES * * * WHEN IT FAILED TO MERGE THE GUILTY VERDICTS ON THE COUNTS OF CORRUPTING ANOTHER (A JUVENILE) WITH DRUGS, TRAFFICKING IN COCAINE, AND POSSESSION OF CRACK COCAINE PURSUANT TO R.C.
{¶ 147} In assignment of error number three, we discussed whether there was sufficient evidence that appellant possessed one gram of crack cocaine or more. Since a reasonable person could find that he possessed the 2.46 grams prior to handing them to the informant, we found sufficient evidence. We noted that we would later discuss whether the possession conviction should be merged with trafficking as appellant contends here. The state does not respond to this argument.
{¶ 148} The multiple offense statute provides:
{¶ 149} "(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information *33 may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
{¶ 150} "(B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them." R.C.
{¶ 151} This is the codification of one of the aspects of the judicial doctrine of merger. (Other aspects being lesser included and inferior degree offenses.)
{¶ 152} A past Supreme Court case once addressed the effect of this statute upon a situation where the defendant was charged with violations of R.C.
{¶ 153} Here, appellant was charged with drug trafficking in violation of R.C.
{¶ 154} The next question is whether he can be convicted of the degree of possession for which he was charged. That is, he was charged with possessing an amount equal to or exceeding one gram. Yet, the drugs remaining after the sale only weighed .96 grams. Essentially, we must determine whether one can be convicted of possessing the same drugs that were sold in combination with other supplies to obtain a greater weight specification.
{¶ 155} Notwithstanding the effect of the 1980 Roberts holding, later Supreme Court decisions have eliminated the portion of Roberts
instructing courts to view the particular and distinct facts of each case when comparing the elements of the two statutes. Before doing so, the Court set forth a two-tiered test for determining whether charges are allied offenses of similar import. First, the court must determine whether the elements of the crimes compared in the abstract "correspond to such a degree that the commission of one crime will result in the commission of the other." State v. Rance (1999),
{¶ 156} The framework of the test was not new. However, theRance Court changed the first prong of the test by declaring that when comparing the elements, the court must do so in the abstract rather than using the particular facts of the case before it. Id. at 639. In setting forth this rule of law, the Supreme Court expressly overruled prior Supreme Court precedent, which allowed consideration of the particular facts in each case to determine if offenses were allied and of similar import. Id. overruling Newark v. Vazirani (1990),
{¶ 157} This same rule of abstract comparisons is also applicable when considering lesser included and inferior degree offenses. See State v.Barnes (2002),
{¶ 158} Employing this new abstract analysis, many appellate courts have held that trafficking and possession are not allied offenses of similar import. Their analysis generally reasons that, in the abstract, it is possible to obtain, possess or use drugs without selling or offering to sell them and it is possible to sell or offer to sell drugs without obtaining, possessing or using them. State v. Sanders, 11th Dist. No. 2003-P-72,
{¶ 159} Using this line of cases, trafficking and possession are not allied offenses of similar import. See, also, State v. McIntosh (2001),
{¶ 160} In any event, appellant failed to object at trial or at sentencing. Failure to timely object waives the allied offense argument absent plain error. State v. Foust, *36
{¶ 161} This waiver bar applies as well to appellant's second contention under this assignment of error, that trafficking should be merged with corrupting another with drugs. Even if the argument had been preserved, it is also without merit. See, e.g., State v. McGuire (Dec. 18, 1997), 11th Dist. No. 11-192 (corrupting and complicity to trafficking not allied offenses). Contrary to the case cited by appellant, State v. Smith (Sept, 21, 1998), 12th Dist. No. CA97-08-74, which called for remanding for a factual hearing to determine if corrupting and trafficking were allied offenses, Rance has since made clear that we cannot view the distinct facts of each case to make the determination. We thus view the elements in the abstract.
{¶ 162} One does not always corrupt another when trafficking. That is, one can sell or offer to sell drugs without statutorily corrupting anyone. See R.C.
{¶ 164} "DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL * * *."
{¶ 165} In seeking reversal for alleged ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the defendant must establish deficient performance which caused prejudice to the defense. Strickland v. Washington (1984),
{¶ 166} In order to establish that counsel's performance was deficient, the defendant must demonstrate that the performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable representation by the commission of a serious error. State v. Keith (1997),
{¶ 167} To then demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the deficient performance, the defendant must prove that there exists a reasonable probability that were it not for counsel's errors, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different. Keith,
{¶ 168} Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective in various ways. Most topics raised here have been subsumed in our discussions under other assignments of error. For instance, appellant states that counsel should have objected to the other acts evidence. We refer here to our analysis under assignment of error number eight where we found the other acts evidence admissible.
{¶ 169} Appellant also complains that counsel failed to request merger of allied offenses of similar import. However, we cite to our analysis under the prior assignment of error where we concluded that the elements of the offenses compared in the abstract did not correlate to such a degree that one offense cannot be performed without committing the other offense.
{¶ 170} Appellant further claims that counsel should have objected to the testimony concerning the juvenile's plea, the prosecutor's statements regarding it and the other alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct. We refer here to our analysis under assignments of error numbers seven and nine. Counsel's failure to object to the plea and introduction of other evidence from the juvenile file was a trial tactic essential to certain defense strategies.
{¶ 171} Next, appellant complains that counsel failed to object to the failure of the court to define cause in the jury instructions and the failure to define complicity. We *38 point to our analysis under assignment of error number six, concluding that defining cause was unnecessary and moot and that complicity was in fact defined.
{¶ 172} Finally, appellant complains that counsel failed to raise the unconstitutionality of Ohio felony sentencing statutes and failed to prepare an indigency affidavit for purposes of requesting waiver of fines. These arguments are moot considering our resolution of assignment of error number two where we vacated appellant's sentence and reversed and remanded the case for resentencing in light of Foster.
{¶ 173} Even if assuming only arguendo there were instances of deficient performance, our confidence in the outcome is not be shaken considering the overwhelming direct and circumstantial evidence on the contested elements. This assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 174} For the foregoing reasons, appellant's conviction is affirmed. However, his sentence is vacated, and the case is remanded for resentencing under State v. Foster,
DeGenaro, P.J., concurs.
Waite, J., concurs.
