21 Ohio St. 2d 258 | Ohio | 1970
Each.- count of the indictment was framed in the following language, so far as is material to the issue here:
“ .. . Edward N. Simmaiis ... at tlie County of «Ottawa did, by false pretense and with intent to defraud,' procure the signature of another as maker to a check, 'the value of said instrument being $60 or more, to-wit: . . . [a more-specific-description of the offense is here set forth] .. /contrary to- Section 2911.01 of the Revised Code .of Ohio
'• -That section sets forth three separate and distinct.offenses, the- transgression of any one of which constitutes justification-for-the imposition of the penalty herein provided; The offense material to this case is that ‘ ‘ [n].o person shallj by -false'pretense and with intent to defraud . . . procure the signature of another as. maker . . . to-a . . check-. ; -. v” - .-
'“In án'indictrpeñt . . '. charging an offense, each count shall contain, and is sufficient if it contains in substance,, a statement that the accused- has committed some public offense therein specified. Such statement may be made in ordinary-and concise language without any technical aver-ments or any allegations not essential to be proved. It may be in the words of -the section of the- Revised Code describing the offense or declaring the matter charged to be a public .offense, or in any words sufficient to give' the accused notice of the .offense of which he is charged. ” R. C. 2941.-05. See, also, R. C. 2941.-06,. outlining a form of indictment, and R. C. 2941.07, specifying forms which, may be used in changing' offenses, although no form is stated therein for the offénse with which we are concerned.
However, “[i]t is sufficient in ah indictment . . where it is-necessary to allege an intent to -defraud, to allege that the:-accused- did the act with.intent to defraud, Without''alleging an intent to defraud a'particular person or. corporation R. C. 2941.19.
:We reverse the judgmént of the lower court and reinstate the judgment of conviction.
Moreover, the accused had notice of every element of the offense, the burden of proof of which would be imposed upon the state at his trial. The phrase “by false pretense” was notice that the state had assumed the burden of proving that the accused made a false representation-of an existing fact or past event, knowing it to be false at the time he made it. The phrase “intent to defraud” was a signal that the state would be required, and would attempt, to prove that it was the intention of the accused that the false representation be acted upon by the party to whom it would be proven to have been made. The word “procure” was a warning that the state would offer proof to show that the false pretense was, in fact, relied and acted upon. Finally, venue was alleged.
Thus, all the essential elements of a crime defined by R. C. 2911.01 were included in the indictment. If detailed specifications of the various counts were insufficient or absent, defendant’s recourse was to request a bill of particulars pursuant to R. C. 2941.07.
At no time or place during the entire proceedings, neither in the trial court, the appellate court, nor in this court, has the defendant complained that the state. failed
Cimprits is distinguishable in that words denoting the elements of malice and force, which are essential to the crime for which the defendant therein was convicted, were missing, as was, presumably, the proof of those elements. On the other hand, Kennedy, decided in 1877, is representative of the sophistry of an era in which the courts were yet unable to break cleanly from the centuries-old tradition of common-law pleading. Another example is Hagar v. State, 35 Ohio St. 268, in which an indictment for breaking and entering a storeroom was held defective because the statute under which it was drawn contained only the word storehouse.
The indictment in Kennedy was meticulous in its particularity and overwhelming in its prolixity, both of which proved self-defeating. Although it accused the defendant of “falsely pretending” that a voucher (and the debt which it purported to evidence) was true and that, “with the intent, then and there, and thereby to defraud,” defendant “did procure” the signature of the maker of the check, the court held that an additional allegation that the maker “paid said . . . [false debt] by delivering [emphasis supplied] to said George B. Kennedy a check” negatived the other averments. Finally, the court said: “If the indictment had contained the averment that Kennedy, by means of the false pretenses, obtained the check from House, with intent to defraud, it would have been sufficient; but it contains no
Six years later, in Tarbox v. State (1883), 38 Ohio St. 581, Longworth, J., added to the confusion of Kennedy by attempting (at page 583) to explain it: “In other words, there was no false pretense made for the purpose of obtaining a check, but, on the contrary, with intent to obtain a payment in cash .... This case [Kennedy] ... is, if correctly decided, an authoritative decision against . . . [Tar-box’s claim].” (Emphasis supplied.)
A majority of this court shares Judge Longworth’s doubts about Kennedy to the extent that it should be, and so is, overruled.
Defendant raises two further issues which properly arise for the first time in this court by reason of the appeal of the state. He proposes that the state “has no right of appeal under E. C. 2953.02-2953.13 from an adverse decision in a criminal proceeding, and is deprived of further jurisdiction over the person of the defendant.” This proposal ignores E. C. 2953.14, which provides that “ [whenever a court superior to the trial court renders judgment adverse to the state in a criminal case or proceeding, the state, through . . . the prosecuting attorney . . . may institute an appeal to reverse such judgment in the next higher court.” (Emphasis supplied.) State v. Huntsman, 18 Ohio St. 2d 206, treats only of the right of appeal from a judgment adverse to the state by the trial court.
Defendant further proposes that “ [a]n appeal by the state under E. C. 2953.14 after reversal and discharge of the defendant is solely for purposes of clarification of the law, and the reviewing court has no personal jurisdiction over the defendant unless the mandate of the Court of Appeals to the Court of Common Pleas is stayed by an order from the Supreme Court to the appellate court pending appeal to the Supreme Court by the state.” It is conceded that no order by this court staying the judgment of the Court of Appeals herein was sought or issued. It wu? unnecessary.
The correct propositions which emerge from the foregoing review of the statutes are: (1) The appeal to this court- is by the state, through the prosecuting attorney, to reverse a judgment adverse to it in a criminal proceeding, pursuant to R. C. 2953.14; and (2) that judgment is automatically stayed without bond given by, or a specific request of, the prosecuting attorney, who is a public officer of a political subdivision of the state properly prosecuting the appeal (“suing”) in his representative capacity as such officer. Of. R. C. 2953.09, governing appeals by the accused. State v. Huntsman, supra (18 Ohio St. 2d 206).
" The mere fact that defendant is at liberty through a misapprehension of the law by the lower courts or its clerks, or even by the prosecuting attorney in this case, does not divest this court of jurisdiction of the appeal or of the defendant. The conclusions stated in State v. Aspell, 5 Ohio App. 2d 230, and relied upon by the defendant, are disapproved. The defendant is amenable to process by the state to resecure custody over him at any time.
Judgment reversed.
This section, as well as R. C. 2941.05 and 2941.06, was introduced to our Code in 1929 (113 Ohio Laws 123, 163, 164). R. C. 2941.19 was re-codified in the same sweeping revisions of our criminal procedure.