State v. SilverState v. Silver
- Reporters:
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- Before:
- Perry
The defendant was convicted of the crime of obtaining money under false pretenses, and from the judgment entered on the verdict аppeals.
The defendant’s first assignment is that the trial court erred in failing to sustain his demurrer to the indictment based on his contention that the criminal action was not commenced within three years after the crime was alleged to have been committed.
The facts upon which this issue rests are not in dispute. The crime was alleged to have been committed on February 17, 1960. On November 15, 1962, an indictment was returnеd by the grand jury charging the defendant with committing the crime of obtaining money under false pretenses. This indictment was dismissed at the request of the stаte on March 20, 1963, and by order of the trial court was resubmitted to the grand jury. On April 3, 1963, the grand jury returned the indictment upon which the defendant was cоnvicted, stating in the indictment that this was the same *461 crime as had been considered by the former grand jury.
These facts disclose that the indictment returned, upon which the defendant was convictеd, was found and filed more than three years after the alleged crime was committed.
The state contends that the prosecutiоn of the defendant was commenced when the indictment of November 15, 1962, was found and filed.
It is the general rule, that, in the absence of а statute which expressly tolls the statute of limitations, such as is now provided in federal criminal procedure, the filing of an indictment upоn which no conviction or judgment can be had by reason of its dismissal will not operate to bar the operation of the statute, and, therefore, a subsequent indictment returned for the same crime, even though authorized by a court order of resubmission after the statutory period has expired, is insufficient to sustain a conviction. United States v. Ballard, 3 McLean 469, Fed. Cas. No. 14,507; United States v. Baher, 50 F2d 122; State v. Bilbao, 38 Idaho 98, 222 P 785 (reversing judgment on rehearing in 38 Idaho 92, 213 P 1025); State v. Disbrow, 130 Iowa 19, 106 NW 263, 8 Ann Cas 190; State v. Baker, 30 La Ann 1134, overruling State v. Cason, 28 La Arm 40; State v. Morris, 104 NC 837, 10 SE 454; Redfield v. State, 24 Tex 133.
On the other hand, the courts of Tennessee and Oklahoma have reached the opposite conclusion, based upon the statutes of those states. Thacker v. Marshall, Okla Cr, 331 P2d 488; Hickey v. State, 131 Tenn 112, 174 SW 269.
Statutes of limitation are of statutory origin аnd divergent results reached by different state jurisdic *462 tions rest on construction of statutes which determine when a prosecution is deemed commenced.
An examination of the statutory requirements set out in Hickey v. State, supra, discloses that a prosecution is commenced in Tennessee by the issuance of a warrant or by binding over the offender.
In Thacker v. Marshall, supra, the court points out that a prosecution is commenced under the Oklahoma statute at the time the preliminary complaint or information is filed with the magistrate in good faith and a warrant issued thereon.
It is, therefore, clear that under such statutes the dismissal of an indictment because of defect is but an interim occurrence in the course of a prosecutiоn commenced with the filing of a complaint and issuance of a warrant.
OES 131.130 provides:
“An action is commenced, within the meaning of OES 131.110 and 131.120, when the indictment is found and filed with the clerk of the court or, in cases triable without indictment, when the indictment or complaint is filed or lodged in the court or with the officer having jurisdiction of the action.”
This statute clearly states that a felony which must be prosecuted by indictment, as in this cаse, is commenced only after an indictment is found by the grand jury and the indictment is filed with the clerk of the court. Therefore, excluding murder or mаnslaughter, unless a felony indictment is returned and filed within three years, no prosecution may be had for the offense. OES 131.110.
Our statute is almost identical in its requirements with that of the state of Iowa. That court held in State *463 v. Disbrow, supra, 130 Iowa 19, 106 NW 263, in keeping with the majority rule, that the finding and filing of an invalid indictment did not toll the statutе of limitations, and, therefore, the order of the trial court remanding the matter to the grand jury would not extend the time limitation. The court stаted, page 266:
“It seems to us a reasonable and just proposition that, in the absence of any statute saving such right to the state, thе running of the statute of limitations ought not to be interrupted or suspended by the return and pendency of an indictment upon which no valid conviction or judgment can be founded. Such an indictment is no indictment. It is a nullity, and, while it may serve as authority for the trial court to continue the dеfendant in custody and cause a resubmission of the case to the grand jury, such order is in effect the mere direction that the original inquiry shall be resumed as if the defective indictment had never been voted or returned into court. It is no more than a restoration of the case to the status it occupied at the time it was originally submitted. The grand jury takes it up anew, and may present or ignore the bill, without any reference whatever to the fact that one indictment has been presented and set aside. Cases are not wanting which tend tо sustain this view. United States v. Ballard, Fed. Cas. No. 14,507; State v. Curtis, 30 La. Ann. 1166; Com. v. Keger, 62 Ky. 240; Newport News & M.V.R.R. Co. v. Commonwealth, 14 Ky. Law Rep. 197. But, without reference to the precedents from other states, out statute admits of nо other conclusion than the one we have indicated.”
Certainly, in this jurisdiction the subsequent grand jury is at liberty not to reindict the person charged with the crime, for
We have also stated in State v. Nichols, 236 Or 521, 527 and 529, 388 P2d 739, 742 and 743:
“* * * where an indictment is dismissed and the matter is resubmitted to the grand jury the prosecution is in the same posture in which it would have been if the defendant had never been indicted. Such a defendant merely has been arrеsted and held to answer. In this case he has been held to answer for a homicide. Before a magistrate he has twice been ‘bоund over’ to the grand jury. The defendant has not been convicted or acquitted. The grand jury is free, therefore, within the limitations of the statutes setting forth its duties, to indict for any crime of which it believes the accused to be guilty. SeeORS 132.380.
“* * * where the facts alleged in the first indictment have never been tried by a jury, the defendant’s status as an accused when the first indictment is held to be defective should be the same as it was before he was indicted.”
After the indictment of November 15, 1962, was dismissed, no prosecution could be maintained thereon. After dismissal, the only authority of the court was to order a resubmission of the matter to the grand jury-and to fix bail under the provisions of
There is no language to be found in the -statute to the effect that after dismissаl of an indictment brought within the allowable time “the new indictment shall not *465 be barred by any statute of limitations.” 18 TJSCA § 3288.
Since there is no saving clause in our statutes, the statute of limitations hаd run when the subsequent indictment was found and filed.
The trial court was, therefore, in error in failing to sustain the defendant’s motion.
The defendant assigns other alleged errors, but we need not consider them.
The judgment is reversed with instructions to discharge the defendant.