STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE, V. GARY L. SIKES, APPELLANT
No. S-12-399
Supreme Court of Nebraska
June 14, 2013
286 Neb. 38 | 834 N.W.2d 767
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the Court of Appeals erred when it determined that the guaranty was not enforceable against Sears and when it therefore affirmed the district court‘s order. We reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand the cause to the Court of Apрeals with directions to reverse the decision of the district court as it pertains to Sears’ guaranty and to remand the cause to the district court with directions to enter judgment against Sears in accordance with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.
MILLER-LERMAN, J., participating on briefs.
STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE, V. GARY L. SIKES, APPELLANT.
N.W.2d
Filed June 14, 2013. No. S-12-399.
- Statutes: Appeal and Error. To the extent an appeal calls for statutory interpretation or presents questions of law, an appellate court must reach an independent conclusion irrespective of thе determination made by the court below.
- Sentences: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by the trial court.
- Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory language is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous.
- Sentences. In imposing a sentence, the sentencing court is not limited to аny mathematically applied set of factors.
- ______. The appropriateness of a sentence is necessarily a subjective judgment and includes the sentencing judge‘s observation of the defendant‘s demeanor and attitude and all the facts surrounding the defendant‘s life.
- ______. A sentence at the maximum limit is still within that limit—it is only if the sentence exceeds the statutory limit that it becomes “excessive” as a matter of law.
Appeal from the District Court for Hall County: WILLIAM T. WRIGHT, Judge. Affirmed.
Jon Bruning, Attorney General, George R. Love, and Dain J. Johnson, Senior Certified Law Student, for appellee.
HEAVICAN, C.J., WRIGHT, CONNOLLY, STEPHAN, MCCORMACK, MILLER-LERMAN, and CASSEL, JJ.
MILLER-LERMAN, J.
NATURE OF CASE
Gary L. Sikes pled guilty to driving under the influence, third offense, a Class W misdemeanor. The district court for Hall County accepted Sikes’ plea and found him guilty. It sentenced him to 365 days’ imprisonment with 1 day‘s credit for time served, fined him $600, and revoked his driver‘s licеnse for a period of 15 years. The district court further ordered that after a 45-day no-driving period, if Sikes chooses to drive, he must obtain an ignition interlock permit, install an interlock device on each motor vehicle he owns or operates, and utilize a continuous alcohol monitoring (CAM) device for the entire 15-year revocation. Sikes appeals, claiming various errors with respect to the sentence аnd sanctions imposed. We determine that no error occurred, and we affirm.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Sikes was originally charged in the district court with fourth-offense driving under the influence, a Class IIIA felony. Pursuant to a plea agreement, Sikes pled guilty to the amended information charging him with third-offense driving under the influence, a Class W misdemeanor. The district court accepted his plea and found him guilty. The district court ordered a pre-sentence investigation.
The factual basis for the plea indicates that on July 27, 2011, Sikes was pulled over in Grand Island, Hall County, Nebraska, for a driving infraction. Upon making contact with Sikes, the law enforcement officer detected impairment. A sobriety test was conducted by a certified drug recognition expert who determined that Sikes was driving under the influence of marijuana. A crime laboratory later tested a sample of Sikes’
Sikes appeared for sentencing on April 11, 2012. The record shows that defense counsel urged the court to consider probation, but the district court rejected this proposal. In explaining its decision not to place Sikes on probation, the district court emphasized that although Sikes was pleading guilty to the crime of third-offense driving under the influence, the presentence investigation report indicated that it was actually Sikes’ seventh offense of either driving while intoxicated or driving while under the influence. The court further noted that within the last 5 years, between December 2006 and July 2011, Sikes had been convicted of the offense of driving under the influence of either alcohol or another substance four times. The court addressed Sikes at sentencing and stated that
not only did you become intoxicated or use, you chose to drive at the same time. The element of the offense that creates the risk and the circumstances that you are in is that you chose to drive. From 2006 to present date, you chose to drive five times while under the influence of either alcohol or some other substance.
Quite frankly, I think your counsel did an excellent job for you in getting this pled down from a 4th [offense] to a 3rd, because rather than looking at jail time, you would be looking at prison. You are a significant danger to the people of Grand Island and the people of Hall County. You are a significant danger to the people of this state because you repeatedly chose to drive while under the influence. I can‘t, in good conscience, place you on probation simply to allow you to go through the same treatment you‘ve been through before and put the rest of us at risk.
Based upon the Court‘s review of the record in this case, the presentence investigation prepared, and the foregoing factors, I have determined you‘re not a candidate for probation because there is a substantial risk that you will continue your criminal conduct, and you are in
need of correctional treatment best provided by a correctional facility, and any less sentence would depreciate the seriousness of your crime, which is significant, but also promote disrespect for the law. Quite frankly, sir, you‘ve got an attitude that doesn‘t stop. You‘ve got an attitude that society is mistreating you because it sanctions you when you become under the influence of something and then drive. It‘s an attitude I‘ll have to change.
As noted above, the district court sentenced Sikes to 365 days’ imprisonment with 1 day‘s credit for time served, fined him $600, and revoked his license for 15 years. The district court stated that after a 45-day period of no driving, if Sikes chooses to drive, he must obtain and install an ignition interlock device on each motor vehicle he owns or operates and that he must retain a permit and the ignition interlock device for the entire 15-year period. At the hearing, the district court further stated that Sikes “must, during any pеriod of time that [he is] driving following [his] release from confinement, use a [CAM] device for the entire 15 year period of [his] revocation.”
In its written order, filed April 12, 2012, the district court ordered the same terms as orally pronounced, except that in connection with the use of the CAM device, the written order added the additional phrase that Sikes must “abstain from alcohol use” for the period of interlock revocation.
Sikes appeals.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
On apрeal, restated, Sikes claims that (1) it was error for the district court to order him to use a CAM device, because the monitoring of alcohol use is not related to the facts underlying his current conviction, namely, having driven under the influence of marijuana; (2) it was error for the district court to state in its written order that Sikes must abstain from alcohol use during the interlock revocation period because in its oral pronouncement the court did not include abstention from alcohol use as a sanction; and (3) the sentence and sanctions imposed were excessive.
[1] To the extent an appeal calls for statutory interpretation or presents questions of law, an appellate court must reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the court below. State v. Medina-Liborio, 285 Neb. 626, 829 N.W.2d 96 (2013).
[2] An appellate court will not disturb a sentenсe imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by the trial court. State v. Watt, 285 Neb. 647, ___ N.W.2d ___ (2013).
ANALYSIS
Sikes assigns three errors. Each of the assigned errors is governed by the Nebraska Rules of the Road,
Ordering the Use of a CAM
Device Was Not Error.
In his first assignment of error, Sikes asserts that in the instant case, he was convicted of driving under the influence of marijuana, and that since a CAM device is used to detect the presence of alcohol in a person‘s system, see
In this case, Sikes was convicted of his third offense of driving under the influence. Section
Sikes is guilty of violating
In this case, Sikes bears the status of an individual convicted of
Ordering the Abstention From Alcohol Use
in Connection With the Use of a CAM
Device for the Interlock Period of
Revocation Was Not Error.
In his second assignment of error, Sikes claims that because the oral pronouncement did not specify abstention from alcohol use, he should not have been ordered to abstain from alcohol use in connection with his use оf a CAM device during the interlock revocation period, as the written order provided. Because abstention from alcohol use in connection with the use of a CAM device during the interlock revocation period is required by statute in this case, we find no merit to this claim.
The State has provided a helpful summary of the applicable law as follows:
If the sentencing court elects to provide the defendant[s] with the interlock option, the court can further require that they are outfitted with a CAM device and refrain from the use of alcohol for a period of time not to exceed the maximum term of license revocation ordered by the court.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,197.01(2) . The district courtin the present instance elected to give Sikes the option to acquire interlock and CAM devices if Sikes chooses to continue driving.
Brief for appellee at 9. Given the law, the Statе urges us to reject Sikes’ second assignment of error. We agree with the State that this assignment of error is without merit.
To understand the basis for our rejection of Sikes’ claim, we must review numerous statutes. Pursuant to
In order for the convicted person to operate a motor vehicle during revocation, pursuant to
Reading
[3] With respect to the conditions assoсiated with the use of a CAM device, Sikes contends that even though the use of a CAM device has been ordered, a convicted person need not abstain from alcohol use. We reject this assertion. Section
In connection with his assignment of error, Sikes urges us to strike the additional matter in the written order, such thаt the order to abstain from alcohol use while using a CAM device would be eliminated. Sikes refers us to State v. Schnabel, 260 Neb. 618, 618 N.W.2d 699 (2000), and argues that an oral sentencing pronouncement controls over a subsequent written order. Given the facts in this case, the principles in Schnabel do not control.
We acknowledge that there is some difference between the oral pronouncement and the language of the written order regarding the utilization of the CAM device. At the hearing, the district court orally stated that Sikes “must, during any period of time that [he is] driving following [his] release from confinement, use a [CAM] device for the entire 15 year period of [his] revocation.” In its written order, the district court included the additional phrase, which states that in connection with the use of the CAM device, Sikes must “abstain from alcohol use” for the period of interlock revocation.
Although the oral pronouncement is not precisеly the same as the written order, the oral pronouncement was sufficient. It was not a mispronouncement in need of correction. Compare State v. Clark, 278 Neb. 557, 772 N.W.2d 559 (2009) (stating erroneous oral pronouncement of sentence gave defendant more credit for time served than reflected by record, and thus district court had authority to correct this error in its written sentencing order). As explained above, the ordering of
As a general matter, it would be preferable for a sentencing court to orally state that the convicted person was to use the CAM device at all times during the period of revocation and that the convicted person must, as a consequence of using the CAM device, also abstain from alcohol use at all times; however, failure to do so does not invalidate the oral pronouncement or result in any meaningful discrepancy with the written order. The statutes control and amplify the sanctions; and the statutes rеquire that where utilization of the CAM device has been ordered, the convicted person must abstain from the use of alcohol at all times. In sum, we determine that the oral pronouncement was sufficient and not meaningfully different from the written order and that the written order to abstain from alcohol use was not erroneous. We find no merit to Sikes’ second assignment of error.
The Sentence and Sanctions Were
Not an Abuse of Discretion.
For his third assignment of error, Sikes claims that the district court abused its discretion because it imposed an excessive sentence. We find no merit to this assignment of error.
[4-6] In imposing a sentence, the sentencing court is not limited to any mathematically applied set of factors. State v. Ramirez, 284 Neb. 697, 823 N.W.2d 193 (2012). The appropriateness of a sentence is necessarily a subjective judgment and includes the sentencing judge‘s observation of the defendant‘s demeanor and attitude and all the facts surrounding the defendant‘s life. Id. An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by the trial court. State v. Watt, 285 Neb. 647, ___ N.W.2d ___ (2013). A sentence at the maximum limit is still within that limit—it is only if the sentence exceeds the
At the time Sikes was convicted,
Sikes was sentenced to 365 days’ imprisonment with 1 day‘s credit for time served, fined $600, and had his license revoked for a period of 15 years. After a 45-day period of no driving following his release from jail, Sikes was given the option to drive during revocation by obtaining and installing an ignition interlock device. Should he choose to drive, Sikes was also ordered to utilize a CAM device and abstain from alcohol use for the 15-year period. The sentence and sanctions imposed were within the statutory limits.
The record shows that a presentence investigаtion was ordered. It reflects that Sikes has a criminal record, including a history of driving under the influence. The district court properly considered Sikes’ prior driving convictions in imposing the sentence and sanctions. See State v. Ramirez, supra.
The presentence investigation report indicates that Sikes is 53 years old, has completed high school, and was unemployed. Sikes’ criminal history includes convictions for numerous traffic violations, contributing to the dеlinquency of a minor, flight to avoid arrest, resisting arrest, third-degree assault,
The presentence investigation report further shows that, overall, Sikes falls into the “High Risk” range using the “Level of Service/Case Management Inventory,” which is a risk/need assessment tool specifically designed to detеrmine the degree of risk that the defendant presents to the community. Sikes scored in the “High Risk” range for the “Alcohol/Drug Problem” category on the inventory, and the report states that Sikes “admits he has had a problem with his use of alcohol including several arrests for [driving under the influence].” The presentence investigation report also shows that the “Simple Screening Instrument,” which is an assessment tool used to determine the presencе of a current substance abuse problem and identify the need for further assessment, was administered by a probation officer. The results indicate that Sikes has a moderate to high risk for alcohol or drug abuse.
We further note that at the hearing, the district court emphasized the fact that in the last 5 years, “[f]rom 2006 to present date, [Sikes] chose to drive five times while under the influence of either alcohol or some other substance.” In view of the facts of the case and Sikes’ record, we determine that the sentence and sanctions imposed are appropriate and that the district court did not abuse its discretion.
CONCLUSION
We determine that the district court did not err when it ordered that, should Sikes choose to drive, he utilize a CAM device and abstain from alcohol use for the period of the
AFFIRMED.