203 P.3d 1175
Ariz.
2009

OPINION

HURWITZ, Justice.

¶ 1 Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2(a)(3) precludes post-conviction relief based on any ground “waived at trial, on appeal, or in any previous collateral proceeding.” Claims predicated on “a significant change in the law that if determined to apply to defendant’s case would probably overturn the defendant’s conviction or sentence,” Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.1(g), are excluded from the general rule of preclusion under certain circumstances, Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.2(b). This case requires us to determine when a “significant change in the law” occurs.

I.

¶ 2 In February 2003, a Maricopa County grand jury indicted John Herbert Shram for three counts of sexual conduct with a minor “under the age of fifteen years,” and two counts of molestation of the same victim. Each charged crime was a class 2 felony. See A.R.S. §§ 13-1405(B), -1410(B) (2001). The indictment charged that each offense was a dangerous crime against children (“DCAC”) under A.R.S. § 13-604.01 (Supp. 1998). 1 See id. § 13-604.01(L)(1) (defining various crimes “committed against a minor who is under fifteen years of age” as “[d]an-gerous crimes against children”). The presumptive term of imprisonment for a DCAC involving “first degree” sexual conduct with a minor under the age of fifteen in violation of A.R.S. § 13-604.01(C) is twenty years. See id. (providing that “[a] dangerous crime against children is in the first degree if it is a completed offense and is in the second degree if it is a preparatory offense”). Sentences imposed for multiple violations of § 13-604.01(0 must be served consecutively. Id. § 13-604.0HK).

¶ 3 Shrum avoided the risk of lengthy consecutive sentences by entering into a plea agreement. Under the agreement, Shrum admitted guilt to two amended counts (Counts 1 and 3) of attempted sexual conduct with a minor, each a class 3 felony. See id. §§ 13-1001(0(2), -1405(B). The remaining counts were dismissed. The plea agreement recited that each crime to which Shrum pleaded guilty was a DCAC in the second degree. Sex id. § 13 — 604.01(D)(1). The agreement provided that if Shrum received a sentence of imprisonment on Count 1, he would be placed on lifetime probation on Count 3.

114 Under A.R.S. § 13-604.01(1), the presumptive term of imprisonment for attempted sexual conduct with a minor under the age of fifteen was ten years. The superior court imposed a mitigated sentence of eight years on Count 1 and lifetime probation on Count 3. Shrum did not object to these sentences.

¶ 5 On August 5, 2003, Shrum filed a notice of post-conviction relief (“PCR”) under Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1. That Rule provides for an “of-right” PCR proceeding for defendants entering guilty pleas. Shrum later moved to dismiss the PCR proceeding, stating, “I no longer wash to contest the judgment of guilt or sentence.” The motion acknowledged that a dismissal would severely limit Shrum’s ability to file a subsequent PCR petition. The superior court granted the motion.

¶ 6 On May 12, 2008, Shram filed a second PCR notice. The notice asserted that Count 1 was improperly denominated a DCAC, and that Shrum therefore should have been sentenced not under § 13-604.01(1), but rather under the less severe general felony sentencing scheme in A.R.S. § 13-702(A). 2 The second PCR notice sought to avoid the preclusive effect of the dismissal of Shrum’s first PCR proceeding by contending that State v. Gonzalez, 216 Ariz. 11, 162 P.3d 650 (App.2007), constituted a “significant change in the law” for purposes of Rule 32.1(g). In Gonzalez, the court of appeals held that the version of § 13-604.01 in effect when Shram committed his crimes did not allow a DCAC sentence enhancement for attempted sexual conduct with a child under the age of twelve. 3 216 Ariz. at 13 ¶8, 162 P.3d at 652. The second PCR notice alleged that the victim of Shrum’s crimes was under the age of twelve.

¶ 7 The State did not dispute the age of the victim. It contended, however, that post-conviction relief was precluded because Shrum did not raise this issue in his of-right PCR proceeding and Gonzalez was not a “change in the law.”

¶ 8 The superior court rejected the State’s argument, holding that Gonzalez was “a change in the law that affects [Shrum].” The court granted post-conviction relief and ordered that Shrum be resentenced. The State then filed a petition for review pursuant to Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.9(c), which the court of appeals denied.

¶ 9 The State sought review in this Court. We granted the State’s petition for review to consider whether Gonzalez is a “significant change in the law,” 4 a recurring question of statewide importance. 5 See Ariz. R.Crim. P. 31.19(c). We have jurisdiction under Article 6, Section 5(3) of the Arizona Constitution, A.R.S. § 13-4239(H) (2001), and Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.9(g).

II.

A.

¶ 10 Before 1992, a defendant pleading guilty could challenge his conviction and sen tence on direct appeal. See, e.g., State v. Sullivan, 107 Ariz. 98, 482 P.2d 861 (1971); State v. Leuck, 107 Ariz. 49, 481 P.2d 842 (1971). After the legislature abolished direct appeals for pleading defendants, A.R.S. § 13-4033(B) (Supp.1992), Rule 32.1 was amended to provide for an “of-right” PCR proceeding in the court that rendered the challenged conviction or sentence. See Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.1, cmt. (2000 Amendment).

¶ 11 Rule 32 also streamlined A’izona procedure for collateral attacks on convictions. Previous Aizona procedure allowed multiple avenues for post-conviction relief, each with its own mechanics, requirements, and time limits. See Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.1, general cmt. Rule 32 consolidated most of these procedures into a single comprehensive remedy, the PCR proceeding. 6 Id. The Rule also required, subject to limited exceptions, that all claims for post-conviction relief be consolidated in one petition. Id,.; Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.5 (requiring PCR petition to “include every ground known to him or her for vacating, reducing, correcting or otherwise changing all judgments or sentences imposed on him or her”).

¶ 12 “[T]o prevent endless or nearly endless reviews of the same case in the same trial court,” Stewart v. Smith, 202 Ariz. 446, 450 ¶ 11, 46 P.3d 1067, 1071 (2002), Rule 32.2(a) precludes collateral relief on a ground that either was or could have been raised on direct appeal or in a previous PCR proceeding. See State v. Carriger, 143 Ariz. 142, 145, 692 P.2d 991, 994 (1984) (“[Rule 32] is not intended to unnecessarily delay the renditions of justice or add a third day in court when fewer days are sufficient to do substantial justice”). By requiring that all post-conviction claims be raised promptly, Rule 32.2(a) not only serves important principles of finality, see id. (“In all cases, civil or criminal, there must be an end to litigation.”), but also allows any relief to be issued at a time when the interests of justice, from the perspectives of the defendant, the State, and the victim, can be best served. If a new trial or further proceedings are required, these can take place promptly, before the defendant has suffered undue prejudice and evidence becomes stale.

¶ 13 Because the general rule of preclusion serves important societal interests, Rule 32 recognizes few exceptions. See Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.2(b) (listing exceptions). At issue in this case is the provision allowing a “successive or untimely post-conviction relief proceeding” to raise a claim for relief based on Rule 32.1(g). Id. Rule 32.1(g) permits post-conviction relief if “[t]here has been a significant change in the law that if determined to apply to defendant’s case would probably overturn the defendant’s conviction or sentence.”

¶ 14 The rationale for the Rule 32.1(g) exception is apparent: A defendant is not expected to anticipate significant future changes of the law in his of-right PCR proceeding or direct appeal. Nor should PCR rules encourage defendants to raise a litany of claims clearly foreclosed by existing law in the faint hope that an appellate court will embrace one of those theories. In those rare cases when a “new rule” of law is announced, Rule 32.1(g) provides a potential avenue for relief.

B.

¶ 15 Rule 32 does not define “a significant change in the law.” But plainly a “change in the law” requires some transformative event, a “ ‘clear break’ from the past.” State v. Slemmer; 170 Ariz. 174, 182, 823 P.2d 41, 49 (1991).

¶ 16 The archetype of such a change occurs when an appellate court overrules previously binding case law. In Walton v. Arizona, for example, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment does not require that a jury find the aggravating circumstances authorizing the imposition of the death penalty. 497 U.S. 639, 647-49, 110 S.Ct. 3047, 111 L.Ed.2d 511 (1990). Ring v. Arizona expressly overruled Walton. 536 U.S. 584, 609, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002). Thus, before Ring, a criminal defendant was foreclosed by Walton from arguing that he had a right to trial by jury on capital aggravating factors; Ring transformed existing Sixth Amendment law to provide for just such a right. Ring was thus “a significant change in the law” under Rule 32.1(g). See State v. Towery, 204 Ariz. 386, 390 ¶ 9, 64 P.3d 828, 832 (2003). In Towery, this Court therefore did not treat the Rule 32 petitions before it as precluded; rather, it addressed whether the relevant change in the law should be applied retroactively. Id. at 390-93 ¶¶ 10-25, 64 P.3d at 832-35. Concluding that the new rule was not retroactive, the Court denied post-conviction relief. Id. at 394 ¶ 31, 64 P.3d at 836; see also Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 358, 124 S.Ct. 2519, 159 L.Ed.2d 442 (2004) (reaching same conclusion). 7

¶ 17 A statutory or constitutional amendment representing a definite break from prior law can also be a Rule 32.1(g) “significant change in the law.” Thus, for example, when the legislature amended A.R.S. § 13-453 to allow prisoners serving life sentences to become parole-eligible after twenty years in prison, the court of appeals concluded that a defendant’s Rule 32 petition was not precluded because the new statute was a change from previous law. State v. Jensen, 193 Ariz. 105, 107 ¶ 13, 970 P.2d 937, 939 (App.1998). Rather than summarily rejecting the Rule 32 petition as precluded, the court of appeals considered it on the merits, eventually concluding that the legislature did not intend the amendment to apply retroactively. Id. at 107-09 ¶¶ 14-22, 970 P.2d at 939-41. 8

hi.

¶ 18 Shrum contends that the court of appeals’ opinion in Gonzalez was a “significant change in the law” within the purview of Rule 32.1(g) and that his second PCR petition, based on Gonzalez, is therefore not precluded under Rule 32.2(b). But he concedes that, unlike Ring, Gonzalez overruled no prior appellate decision. Nor does Shrum argue that § 13-604.01, the statute interpreted in Gonzalez, materially changed between the dates his crimes were committed and the court of appeals’ opinion was issued.

¶ 19 Gonzalez applied no novel technique of statutory construction; it merely concluded that in enacting § 13-604.01 the legislature omitted, likely unintentionally, any provision for DC AC sentence enhancement for attempted sexual conduct with a minor under the age of twelve. 216 Ariz. at 13-15 ¶¶ 5-15, 162 P.3d at 652-54 (“[T]he plain language of § 13-604.01 does not encompass attempted sexual conduct with a victim under the age of twelve.”). Nor does Gonzalez rest on a changed interpretation of Arizona constitutional law. In short, the law was not changed in any way by Gonzalez. Before that decision, § 13-604.01 contained no language expressly authorizing DCAC enhancement of sentences for attempted sexual conduct with a minor under the age of twelve. No precedent interpreted § 13-604.01 as allowing such enhancement. After Gonzalez, the law remained precisely the same. 9

¶ 20 Shrum nonetheless contends that Gonzalez was a change in the law because “up to that that point [courts] had assumed that [§ ] 13-604.01 applied to all defendants sentenced for attempted sexual conduct with a minor.” He does not, however, identify any appellate decisions, reported or otherwise, so holding, and we are aware of none. Gonzalez does not purport to overrule any prior opinion; at most, it is merely the first appellate opinion interpreting § 13-604.01 on the issue now before us.

¶ 21 An appellate decision is not a significant change in the law simply because it is the first to interpret a statute. Nor is an appellate opinion a change in the law simply because it reverses a trial court judgment; such correction of trial court legal error is a routine occurrence in appellate review. No different conclusion is compelled merely because trial courts other than the one whose judgment is on appeal had previously made the same error. See Jensen, 193 Ariz. at 109 ¶ 25, 970 P.2d at 941 (“Superior court decisions are not binding on [appellate courts].”); In re Molz, 127 Cal.App.4th 836, 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 131, 137 (2005) (“[T]rial [court] decisions, of course, have no precedential authority.”). Those decisions are not binding on other courts; they establish at most the law of a particular case, not the kind of generally applicable law established in published appellate opinions. Cf. Ariz. R. Sup.Ct. 111(c) (providing that appellate memorandum decisions are not binding precedent).

¶ 22 Shrum also argues that Gonzalez constituted a change in the law because, before that decision, many lawyers misunderstood § 13-604.01. We are skeptical, however, that the accuracy of such a claim could be demonstrated reliably. But more importantly, even if such a misunderstanding of the law on the part of some lawyers conceivably might support claims for ineffective assistance of counsel, such a misunderstanding cannot establish that the law has changed. For purposes of Rule 32.1(g), a change in the law cannot be established by the subjective opinions of counsel.

¶ 23 We therefore conclude that Gonzalez was not a Rule 32.1(g) “significant change in the law.” The relief sought in Shrum’s second PCR proceeding was therefore precluded under Rule 32.2(a), and the superior court erred in granting post-conviction relief.

IV.

¶ 24 For the reasons above, we vacate the superior court’s order that Shrum be resen-tenced. This case is remanded to the superi- or court, which should dismiss Shrum’s second PCR proceeding.

CONCURRING: RUTH V. McGREGOR, Chief Justice, REBECCA WHITE BERCH, Vice Chief Justice, MICHAEL D. RYAN and W. SCOTT BALES, Justices.

Notes

1

. The indictment alleged that the conduct charged in the first two counts occurred between May 1, 2002 and February 1, 2003; the remaining charged conduct allegedly occurred between January 1, 1999 and May 1, 2002. The relevant portions of § 13-604.01 did not change during the period in which the crimes were alleged to have occurred. Because § 13-604.01 was materially amended in 2008, all citations in this opinion are to the version in effect on January 1, 1999, unless specifically otherwise noted.

2

. In December 2007, Shrum filed a Motion to Modify Sentence under Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 24.3. The superior court denied the motion.

3

. Section 13-604.01(0) applies to first degree sexual conduct with a minor who is twelve, thirteen, or fourteen years of age; section 13-604.01(B) governs first degree sexual conduct with a minor under the age of twelve. At the time Shrum was convicted, § 13-604.01(1) provided that attempted (second degree) sexual conduct with a minor in violation of § 13-604.01 (C) was subject to a presumptive term of imprisonment of ten years. Subsection (I), however, did not on its face govern second degree sexual conduct with a minor in violation of § 13-604.01 (B). The DCAC statute thus did not provide for sentence enhancement for attempted sexual conduct with a minor under the age of twelve. After Gonzalez was decided, the legislature amended § 13-604.01 to provide for enhanced sentencing for attempted sexual conduct with a victim under the age of twelve. See 2008 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 195, § 1 (2d Reg. Sess.) (codified at A.R.S § 13-604.01 (J) (Supp.2008)).

4

. The State's petition for review also asked us to consider whether Gonzalez was correctly decided. We denied review of that issue.

5

. At least two other pending petitions for review present this issue. See State v. Pham, No. CR-08-0326-PR; State v. Wilson, No. CR-08-0354-PR.

6

. A PCR proceeding is commenced by filing a notice of PCR in the court that rendered the conviction. Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.4(a). The defendant must then file a PCR petition including evidentiary, record, and legal support for his claims. Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.4(c)(2), 32.5. After reviewing the petition and identifying precluded claims, the court may either summarily dismiss the petition or set a hearing on claims that present a material issue of fact or law. Ariz. R.Crim. P. 32.6(c).

7

. See also State v. Rendon, 161 Ariz. 102, 103, 776 P.2d 353, 354 (1989) (concluding that decisions of this Court about whether a defendant is "armed" for purposes of the first-degree burglary statute represented a significant change in the law).

8

. See A.R.S. § 1-244 (2002) (providing that Arizona statutes are not retroactive absent language expressing clear legislative intent to that effect).

9

. The State does not appear to have raised the issue of preclusion in Gonzalez. See State v. Peek, 219 Ariz. 182, 183 ¶ 4, 195 P.3d 641, 642 (2008) (noting that State may waive preclusion).