State v. Sheridan

Oct 9, 1903
Reporters:
,
Before:
Weaver
Weaver, J.

*166, WEONGFUI/ mission of” tainedihere-by’ *165The defendant, an. ice dealer, was charged with having maliciously injured or destroyed a quantity of ice belonging to a competitor in business by putting upon it a large quantity of salt. The prosecuting witness claiming that his ice had been maliciously destroyed, and, having been informed that appellant bought a barrel of salt from a local merchant a day or two before that date, filed a preliminary information before a justice of the peace, and caused a warrant to issue for the appellant’s arrest. At the same time the prosecuting witness filed an affidavit alleging the purchase of salt by appellant, and stating his belief that said salt was used in perpetrating the act of malicious mischief above mentioned, ‍​‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​‍and that “said salt, or the barrel in which it was contained,” was in the possession of appellant at his residence in Rock Rapids. On these allegations he asked for a warrant to search the appellant’s residence and seize the described articles if found. A search warrant was thereupon issued, and the officer, in executing it, claimed to have found in the cellar of appellant’s residence an empty salt barrel. On the trial in the district court the officer, as a witness for the state, identified the barrel so found, *166and said article was then offered and admitted in evidence over appellant’s objection. The correctness of this ruling is the principal question discussed by counsel. Our state Constitution (article 1, section 8) guarantees the security of the people in their right to he exempt in their persons, houses, papers, and effects from unreasonable searches and seizures. Section 9 of the same article provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Under these provisions we have lately held that the admission of evidence procured by wrongful and forcible examination, by the officers of the state, of the person of one accused of crime, was reversible error. State v. Height, 117 Iowa, 650. The principle involved was there very thoroughly discussed, and the authorities carefully reviewed, and, so far as the same are applicable. here it is unnecessary to again present them. We shall-therefore confine our inquiry upon this branch of the case to the ‍​‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​‍point whether the question now before us falls within the scope of the doctrine announced in that decision.

It is conceded by the Attorney General that, the search warrant was issued without the authority of law, and that the search and seizure made thereunder were. wrongful. It was also shown by the evidence upon the trial, and’without dispute, that the search warrant was asked for, procured, and served for the sole “purpose of obtaining testimony” against the appellant. For the purposes of this appeal we may admit it has often been held that the mere fact that evidence, has been developed by the wrongful act or trespass of an officer or any other person will not necessarily render it inadmissible, but we ere confronted by the further fact that the evidence objected to was obtained by a palpable abuse of judicial process. In the Height Case, we said that, while an officer may properly testify to criminating facts discovered by him in the execution of a warrant lawfully issued, yet “a party to a . *167suit can gain nothing by virtue of violence under the pretense of process, nor will a fraudulent or unlawful use of process be sanctioned by the courts. In such cases parties will be restored to the rights and positions they possessed before they were deprived thereof by the fraud, violence, or abuse of legal process. * * *. The search was for the mere purpose of securing evidence by an invasion of the private person of the defendant, and we ‍​‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​‍think there is no consideration whatever which will justify it.” To the same effect, see Reifsnyder v. Lee, 44 Iowa, 101. The last quoted .clause applies with equal force to the present case. The search was for the mere purpose of securing evidence by the.invasion of the private residence of the-defendant. The sacredness of his person against such an act is protected by no higher or stronger guaranty than that of his home, his papers, and effects. In Boyd v. The United States, 116 U. S. 616 (6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 524, 29 L. Ed. 746),the constitutional prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures is said to be closely related to the immunity which the citizen enjoys against being compelled to bear witness against himself, and it is there held that the compulsory production by the defendant of an article to be used in evidence against him in a prosecution for crime or enforcement of a penalty is, in effect^ a violation of that constitutional provision. If in that case, instead of ordering the defendant to produce the desired article or paper, the court, without authority of law, had issued a search warrant, under which the sheriff invaded the private room or safe of the defendant, and thus obtained the means of securing his conviction, would not the violation of the constitutional guaranty have been as ’ palpable, and the admission of the evidence thus secured as clearly erroneous, as was the method actually employed?

It is said, however, that -the court will not inquire how the offered ‍​‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​‍evidence has been procured, and, even if obtained by a search warrant in violation ..of the defend*168ant?p eónsti)‘fe‘utiona.l-cir>)l‘eg,a»l‘i‘á¡g‘lnH:.s,,.i‘ti W;ilbkfeH.l be admitted;, if other-ftisetcOmpeteiitj! andfthaf 3éfen#antVo‘»ly féditeSs* is-aJi> aotion:foi‘>damágeñ:‘agairisti.tli.B-,o‘ffieeíii-bí,i5‘ers6n‘‘tíOiR-) mittmgit]i©/ia¡éfepas‘S1íil;(Ié &si¿trád‘n,<bheiíé íairfen‘CaB&S1 giMfÜ‘g’ seemirtg/ support! to: ¡this! doetriáb,: hu.fr anostrofA‘tlieih1,’ vshfrlí‘1 examined,-¡will-be fbünd ‘to be instances ininwHi&li ‘the’ in-’ ci-imináting;eYádence‘kas:been‘.disc‘0‘vef‘ed‘‘by,‘pé]ísblfs«%dt4-’ ing-without ■ colminof , authority* ‘hr ‘ibyMofflcérS‘í;‘aB‘‘ífÉ4l incidental‘reisultiof jtliéi seryÍGbYof‘-ar‘waht‘anti bb‘dire‘sk óí! other wtét ojnprdce‘ss lpgállyásstíedi“‘.‘.bí.6ne‘-!can ‘becfoun‘d--; we- think,’ ‘Miere frhe‘istate -hafefibee»‘permitted1 • tó‘hbtaim &! search waiaraufriireopfessed ‘violation.‘of lawfUndithereby’ take ji)apers-.‘0ripropentyifffiomiiJibe fh6nTe,í:0f>tbe;.*inanf‘tüs-peeteicfrof th;e¡ .crime,. ,a«|l ms:e‘ith©:ra4tteT.‘Thusf prócuiWd.din-securing; his/convictierani: T.©’ sotfold is‘itodenráscítlaté‘ítb‘e’ cohstitiitionalrguaran‘tjb.‘añdí‘-d‘epíive utí of‘»all; beneficial; force,or effect in prevíéñting ■üi^dásoñable ;ééárches‘>án’d seiz-urekn(‘,Weít‘hd®k‘tb‘e!e‘#denb‘¿‘.sihbuldíba(v-e,*b1éé‘n‘es6,ltíd,ed.i

2:-.ímpe)achí MENT Of ../witness:. iíELii! sOnei Haleyi‘wab ¡s w,ói‘» .and’ ‘exá,ihi&edr as>’8i * witness: for‘the staté.: • >-. Herwas. latef. recalled1 op ‘behalf; of ’ d‘é‘-‘‘ fendan.t.’ ! ..üiii<Msd-&xaádiimtibxr diadas ‘ásbéd>Jby‘scfoiHfSel’ >i i•tfou‘íshéestáte»>-;V<é£> ¡Bid^ou1 have ‘diiyntalk, . , , , „ , ioi witíkiiE&h^resaleiníin neids salo©»,‘..¡while tRé gilánd ¡jury‘.ivas in-‘sessidir‘Ufr‘-tHiS’ term ■ o-f‘ico,ürt,5 wherein -iytotf told‘Ed iTressleTthahyóü’liheW ■ aH-abOjiit that doe dealy‘.ánd) that, yon’ would-tell-thé “Wlo-le-thiingV“Whether;;yotir.!brptli¿f!‘Jack:wás:>agáíins‘tiyOn,!0i>:‘not?; QnuIDidn.’t yqu‘átateanviny“‘df0cbj ‘a®.d.-íiñb the” ípr ©sebee1-Of’ Ed TresslerpftV-M‘le: the (grand jury .wíasdná‘eásioiij ánd‘ljúst before you..wbre called .as>>a iwitness.‘beifore-tih‘e gfánd‘jury, fchát you¡l>nfe\¥!allqabout»tlié ice“ide’alj!and5 ^yóüü‘Wfrülb’ -b‘e > willing’ >tO) felllát‘ñH b‘íCfe® »app‘éll ant’S ¡ bbj ©cHaóíí jW :tb’é‘se’ ¡ questions as beibgváinmateriálkand! not kí-oss^xíatíñináti‘on-were overralaólyw and-‘-the; ; witness‘» answered;’ each® in the negative. The‘” state-Jwas their qisriitittecl’ *-tó: ‘ire-d call Tressler, who testified^ > -over’ timely‘* ‘obyó‘cti‘ohá,‘1 *169that Haley clid make the statements referred to. This, we think, was error. It is an elementary rule that a. witness cannot be impeached upon a collateral or immaterial matter. Such ‍​‌​‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌​‍was clearly the character of this testimony. It had no relevance to the matters stated by the witness in his testimony in chief, and therefore was not cross-examination. The alleged statements were not made by the appellant, nor by the witness in his presence. They were, in effect, a declaration that the witness kn<pw “all about the ice deal,” and would tell the truth about it. Assuming that he so said, it had no tendency direct or indirect to incriminate the appellant. The state would not have been entitled to prove it as a part of its case. It was both collateral and immaterial, and should have been excluded.

The judgment of the district court is reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial. — Reversed.