1 Appellant and one Adams engaged in a quarrel upon one of the streets in the city of Ottumwa, resulting in the exchange of several shots between them, one of which took effect upon Adams’ arm. The shooting is admitted, but appellant claims that his act in so doing was in defense of his person against the attack of Adams. There is evidence which justified the jury in finding that defendant was the aggressor, and appellant’s claim that the verdict is without support is of no merit
2 II. In the seventh instruction to the jury the court said: “(7) Whoever assaults another person with the intent to inflict .upon such person some injury of a more grave and serious character than an ordi- . nary battery, is guilty of an assault with intent to inflict a great bodily injury.” This instruction is clearly erroneous. It overlooks a material ingredient of the offense, to-wit: the unlawfulness of the assault. State v. Wyatt, 76 Iowa, 328; State v. Smith, 102 Iowa, 656. The attorney general contends that the error, if any, is without prejudice, for the reason that the instructions as a whole required a finding by the jury that the assault was unlawful before they would be justified in finding a verdict of guilty. To> this proposition we cannot agree, for the reason that some of the other instructions relating to the question of self-defense are erroneous.
*7263*725III. Appellant asked the court to instruct that if, after considering the whole evidence, the jury enter*726tained a reasonable doubt as to whether or not the shooting was in self-'defense, they should acquit him. This instruction was refused, and none was given covering the point, save the gefieral ones relating to reasonable doubt. The law seems to be well settled that the burden is upon the state to show that the defendant was not acting in self-defense, and this it must do so by evidence sufficiently strong to remove all reasonable doubt. State v. Morphy, 33 Iowa, 270; State v. Porter, 34 Iowa, 131; State v. Fowler, 52 Iowa, 103; State v. Cross, 68 Iowa, 180; State v. Dillon, 74 Iowa, 653; State v. Donahoe, 78 Iowa, 486. No instruction to this effect was given. Such omission, in view of the instruction asked, was prejudicial error. Contention is made that, as no evidence was adduced by the state tending to show that the act was in self-defense, the burden was upon the defendant to establish the claim that his act was so done. This proposition is mooted, but not decided, in State v. Gross, supra. The court, as now constituted, cannot see any good reason for. incorporating such qualification into the rule. As said in State v. Porter, supra: “The defendant is entitled to an acquittal if he shows by the facts attending the commission of the offense, proved either by himself or the state, that there is a reasonable doubt that his act was willful.” If the evidence introduced by the state negatives the idea of self-defense, this, in itself, is affirmative proof that the .act was not justifiable. But such evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, does not change the rule as to the burden of proof. Aside from this, however, there was some evidence adduced by the state which tended to show that Adams was the aggressor; and it was the duty of the court, under all of the authorities, to place the burden upon the state of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the shooting Wfis unjustifiable,
*7274 IY. Adams was in defendant’s saloon just prior to the time the shooting occurred, and defendant ordered him out of the place and off; the premises. The defendant asked an instruction to the effect that he had a right to do this, and that if Adams, after leaving the place, made an assault upon defendant, defendant was justified in repelling the assault. No such instruction was given, and error is predicated upon the omission. We think that this, proposition, limited by the thought that .defendant’s act in so doing was not for the purpose of provoking a difficulty with Adams, should have been given. Some other errors are complained of, but, as the questions presented are not likely to arise upon a re-trial, we do not consider them. For the errors pointed out, the judgment is reversed.
