12 Conn. App. 294 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1987
The dispositive issue of this appeal is whether the provisions of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d), relating to the prima facie evidentiary effect of the ratio of alcohol in the defendant’s blood, are applicable to a prosecution for manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle while intoxicated in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 53a-56b. We hold that they are not.
The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, after a jury trial, of manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle while intoxicated, in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 53a-56b.
The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. At approximately 10:40 a.m. on May 11, 1985, the defendant was driving his car at approximately sixty-one miles per hour on Congress Avenue in New Haven. The speed limit in that area was twenty-five miles per hour. The defendant crossed the yellow center line of the street and hit the victim, Clifton McCarter, who was standing at the driver’s side door of a parked car, talking to Clifton Worthington, the occupant of the parked car. The impact threw McCarter into the air, and he landed head first on the defendant’s windshield and rolled off onto the road. McCarter later died as a result of this impact.
After hitting McCarter, the defendant hit another parked car, pushing it approximately thirty-two feet sideways into the road. The defendant continued driving down Congress Avenue for approximately one-tenth of a mile until he was forced to stop by Worthington and Alfred Parks, another witness to the accident. The defendant exited his car and began to walk away when Worthington and Parks stopped him. Parks told him he had hit McCarter, and requested that he return to the scene. The defendant replied, “No, you go back down there.” The defendant’s speech was slurred, and he staggered. He had an odor of alcohol on his breath.
The police arrived promptly. They observed an empty beer bottle on the front floor of the defendant’s car, near the driver’s seat. Upon request, the defendant consented to a blood test. He was taken to the hospital, where samples of his blood were taken. The test results
The defendant claims that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that it could use the prima facie evidentiary provisions of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d) in determining whether the state had established that the defendant caused McCarter’s death “in consequence of his intoxication while operating a motor vehicle.” General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 53a-56b. We agree.
General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (a) provides in pertinent part that “[n]o person shall operate a motor vehicle on a public highway . . . while under the influence of intoxicating liquor.” Subsection (c) provides in pertinent part that “[i]n any criminal prosecution for a violation of subsection (a) . . . of this section, evidence respecting the amount of alcohol ... in the defendant’s blood or urine at the time of the alleged offense, as shown by a chemical analysis of the defendant’s breath, blood or urine shall be admissible and competent” provided that seven specified procedural requirements are met. Subsection (d) provides in pertinent part that “[e]vidence admitted under the provisions of subsection (c) shall have the following force and
The defendant’s claim arises out of the following procedural history. Initially, the defendant sought a ruling from the court excluding the results of his blood test on the basis, inter alia, that the procedural requirements of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (c) had not been met.
The state presented Abraham Stolman, the state toxicologist, who testified as to the results of the blood test. During Stolman’s testimony, the state requested the court to take judicial notice of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d). The defendant objected, reminding the court, inter alia, that it had specifically declined to rule that the provisions of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a applied to the prosecution of the defendant, and claiming that the provisions of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d) were, therefore, irrelevant because the defendant was not charged with a violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (a). The court overruled the defendant’s objection, and the defendant excepted.
During its final instructions to the jury, the court specifically reminded the jury that it had taken judicial notice of General Statutes § 14-227a (d), and read the statutory provision to the jury.
“In other words, this is a rebuttable presumption that the Legislature has seen fit. Accordingly, one of the questions for you to decide is, in view of the statute and in view of all the other evidence in the case, was the amount of alcohol consumed by the accused sufficient to so affect his mental, nervous and physical processes that he lacked to an appreciable degree the ability to function properly with relation to the operation of his automobile.” The defendant duly excepted to these instructions.
We first consider and reject the state’s argument that the defendant’s claim is not reviewable because he did not raise it at trial with sufficient clarity to alert the court to his true position. The state points to the fact that the defendant initially requested the application of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (c) and (d) to his case.
We turn, therefore, to the merits of the defendant’s claim. We conclude that the provisions of General Stat
First, the language of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d) confines those provisions to a prosecution under General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (a) or (b). General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d) refers only to “[e]vidence admitted under the provisions of subsection (c)” of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a. Subsection (c) refers only to the admissibility of evidence of a defendant’s blood alcohol or drug level “[i]n any criminal prosecution for a violation of subsection (a) or (b) of this section.” Subsections (a) and (b) of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a refer to the motor vehicle violations of operation while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drug, and operation while impaired by the consumption of intoxicating liquor, respectively. The legislature has, in very specific language, created a complex statutory scheme, balancing procedural protections for the defendant against prosecutorial benefits for the state. The statutory language specifically referring to violations of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (a) and (b) must, therefore, be read to exclude its applicability to other statutes.
Second, our Supreme Court has squarely held that the procedural provisions of what was General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (c) apply only to a violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a, and not to vehicular homicide offenses defined by the Penal Code. State v. Singleton, 174 Conn. 112, 115-16, 384 A.2d 334 (1977); see also State v. Robarge, 35 Conn. Sup. 511, 513-14, 391 A.2d 184 (1977). These provisions, which give detailed procedural protections to a
The state argues that the subsequent amendment of General Statutes § 53a-56b; see footnote 1, supra; reveals the legislature’s intent that General Statutes § 53a-56b be interpreted consistently with General Statutes § 14-227a. Although the purpose of the 1985 amendment was to clarify the legislature’s intent that the term “intoxication,” as used in General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 53a-56b, referred to the same level of inebriation as the phrase “under the influence of intoxicating liquor,” as used in General Statutes § 14-227a; State v. McKenna, 11 Conn. App. 122, 130-31, 525 A.2d 1374 (1987); the legislature did not see fit to add to General Statutes § 53a-56b either the procedural protections or prosecutorial benefits defined by General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a.
On the basis of our conclusion that the provisions of General Statutes § 14-227a do not apply to a prosecution under General Statutes § 53a-56b, we must decide whether the trial court’s instructions to the jury regard
We note, first, that the court’s instructional error was a continuation of its midtrial ruling, made at the request of the state, taking judicial notice of the effect of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d). The court made that ruling in the presence of the jury and immediately followed it by reading the provisions of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d) to the jury. Moreover, the timing of that procedure was significant. Stolman had just testified that the result of the test of the defendant’s blood alcohol level was .18 percent. The court immediately thereafter read General Stat
Furthermore, the court’s charge emphasized the role of the statute in the jury’s determination of the issue of the defendant’s intoxication. The court instructed the jury that it had taken judicial notice of the statute, and further that “[t]he statute concerning ten-hundredths of 1 percent, .10 weight by alcohol within a person’s blood, presumes that such person is under the influence of alcohol unless other countervailing evidence shows that the defendant was in control of his faculties. In other words, this is a rebuttable presumption that the Legislature has seen fit.” The court then told the jury that “ [accordingly, one of the questions for you to decide, in view of the statute and in view of all the other evidence in the case, was the amount of alcohol consumed by the accused sufficient to so affect his mental, nervous and physical processes that he lacked to an appreciable degree the ability to function properly with relation to the operation of his automobile.” Thus, the court added the heavy weight of the statutory presumption to the jury’s determination of whether the defendant was intoxicated. Moreover, the court’s charge was preceded by the state’s closing argument. In that argument, the state referred at least nine times to the defendant’s blood alcohol level as exceeding the “legal limit.” Thus, the court’s charge reinforced the state’s argument that the law itself deemed the defendant to have been intoxicated.
We note finally that the critical issue in this case was whether the defendant was intoxicated at the time of
There was also evidence, however, that the first police officer at the scene of the accident, who observed the defendant for two to three minutes, detected no signs of intoxication, that the defendant had no trouble following instructions, and that his performance of the physical tests administered to evaluate his level of alcohol influence ranged from “fair” to “sure.” Moreover, there was evidence that the defendant had only two hours of sleep the previous night, that he had no difficulty in understanding that he was waiving his rights when he gave the police a statement, and that he had no difficulty in signing the blood test consent form.
We reject the state’s argument that the court’s instruction was not misleading because it referred the jury, not only to the statute, but also to “all the other evidence in the case” in determining whether the defendant was intoxicated. The critical error in the court’s charge was not that it permitted the jury to find the
There is error in part, the judgment of conviction as to manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle while intoxicated is set aside, and the case is remanded for a new trial on that count of the information.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 53a-56b provides in pertinent part: “A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle while intoxicated when, in consequence of his intoxication while operating a motor vehicle, he causes the death of another person. For purposes of this section, ‘intoxication’ shall include intoxication by alcohol or by drug or both.” This statute was amended in 1985. The amendment, in part, deleted the term “intoxication” and substituted in its place the phrase “under the influence of intoxicating liquor.” Public Acts 1985, No. 85-147. See State v. McKenna, 11 Conn. App. 122, 126 n.2, 525 A.2d 1374 (1987).
The defendant was also convicted of evading responsibility in violation of General Statutes § 14-224 (a). His appeal does not involve this conviction.
This claim was clearly without merit. See State v. Singleton, 174 Conn. 112, 115-16, 384 A.2d 334 (1977).
The court stated that it did not have to rule on those claims because the state “does not have two sets of standards” depending on whether the prosecution is under General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a or under General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 53a-56b, and because the defendant had not established that the alleged procedural requirements had not been met.
The court stated: “[Yjesterday the court took judicial notice that our Legislature has enacted a law that says in effect that .10 or more by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood shall be prima facie evidence that he was under the influence of intoxicating liquor or insofar as the operation of his automobile is concerned. . . . One of the things you are entitled to do and I recalled to you before earlier during our charge, the fact that I took judicial notice of this part of the statute 14-227a (c), I believe it is that the Legislature has seen fit to describe, as you will recall, intoxication. I’m sorry. That’s (d) which I’m not going to read you all the paragraph but only that part that I read to you yesterday. ‘Evidence that at such time the ratio of alcohol in the blood was ten-hundredths of 1 percent or more of alcohol by weight shall be prima facie evidence that the defendant was under the influence of intoxicating liquor.’ ”
The state also claims in its brief that the defendant filed a request to charge which invited the court to charge on the prima facie provisions of General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 14-227a (d). The alleged request to charge, which the state quotdsm apparent good faith reliance on copies delivered to it at trial, however, is neither included in the copies of the defendant’s requests to charge filed with the trial court, nor contained in the certified trial court file on record in this appeal.
General Statutes § 14-227a has been subsequently amended further. See General Statutes (Rev. to 1987) § 14-227a.
The state, in its brief, urges us, in the event that we find a nonconstitutional error, to apply a harmless error analysis based solely on the claim that the evidence as to the defendant’s guilt was overwhelming. It cites four cases in support of this claim: State v. Silva, 201 Conn. 244, 251, 513 A.2d 1202 (1986); State v. Brown, 199 Conn. 14, 25, 505 A.2d 690 (1986); State v. Talton, 197 Conn. 280, 288-90, 497 A.2d 35 (1985); State v. Conroy, 194 Conn. 623, 626-27, 484 A.2d 448 (1984). These cases are inapplicable, since they involve the standard that governs where there is a claim that evidence was erroneously admitted. This is not the appropriate analysis to determine whether a nonconstitutional instructional error requires reversal. See State v. Shifflett, 199 Conn. 718, 754, 508 A.2d 748 (1986).